Rust inhibitor

Phosphoric acid, principle, purpose. Phosphoric acid, principle, purpose. 1. Purpose: The main goal of phosphate treatment is to cause calcium and magnesium compounds in the boiler water to form basic hydroxyapatite and serpentine-based sludge, thereby creating milky crystal structures that prevent the formation of scale. 2. Principle: 10Ca2+ + 6PO43- + 2OH- = 10Ca•(PO4)6(OH)2↓ (hydrated apatite); 3Mg2+ + 2SiO32- + 2OH- + H2O = 3MgO•2SiO2•2H2O↓ (serpentine).
II. Requirements for treatment with trisodium phosphate:
1. Phosphate levels must be monitored and controlled as required.
2. When using phosphate for treatment, in order to avoid the formation of large amounts of precipitates inside the furnace, the hardness of the feed water must meet the specified standards.
3. To prevent scale formation, it is necessary to maintain the pH of the water inside the furnace between 10 and 12. At this pH level, calcium and magnesium salts form floating hydrated apatite and silicomagnesium slag, which helps to prevent excessive evaporation of silicon dioxide. 4. The factors that affect chemical dosing are as follows: 1) Concentration of the chemical solution 2) Output capacity of the dosing pump 3) Level of load 4) Hardness level of the feed water 5) Amount of sludge discharged from the boiler

Spray drying, process, technology. Spray drying is essentially a type of dryer that converts mistified material into granular powder; the key steps in this process are misting (dispersion), drying (heat exchange), and granulation. Spray dryers are actually also general-purpose equipment used in the ceramic industry for specialized tasks such as granulation and drying, as they play an important role in the modernization of traditional ceramic production. Reason: 1. Among the four major modern shaping methods (grouting, plastic, special, dry or semi-dry), pressure shaping of granular powders (dry or semi-dry) is recommended as the preferred method; for this purpose, modern powder production techniques are required ； 2. Easy to implement control and automation ； 3. The moisture content in the green body is at its minimum. This is evidenced by the fact that today, spray drying is used to prepare the powder materials for isostatic pressing in the production of large-capacity insulating porcelain, tableware porcelain, special ceramics, as well as over 90% of the wall and floor tiles in the world. The research and development of spray drying technology and equipment for ceramics in our country began at the end of the 1970s. The use of type 2000 pressure spray dryers in industrial production started in the mid-1980s, and now there are **standards and standardized series available for domestic spray dryers used in the ceramic industry. For over two decades, the global ceramics industry has debated the development of two technical approaches for powder production: spray drying and direct dry processing of materials. **Relevant authorities have also approved projects related to dry processing methods and organized evaluations of the results achieved. I have always been opposed to the use of dry methods in China, and I believe that research on spray drying technology should be strengthened. Reality shows that China should still adhere to developing spray drying technology and equipment as the way forward; the dry method can only be used under specific conditions. To this end, as our country strives to become a traditional global ceramic manufacturing hub or a leading power in this field, the ceramic industry must pay close attention to the research on spray drying technology and equipment, including at least the following topics. 1. Spray drying harmless emission technology aims for emissions that are smoke-free, dust-free, and non-toxic. 2. Technologies for improving the quality of granular powders, including characteristics such as high density, uniform moisture content, appropriate particle size distribution, and good flowability. It is likely that solutions will need to be sought in areas such as the air distributor, nozzles, analysis of the thermal field within the tower, and methods for controlling pressure gradients. 3. Energy-saving technologies and measures for spray dryers. Based on the current production volume of wall and floor tiles in our country, tens of thousands of tons of diesel are used daily; therefore, research on energy savings and the use of multiple energy sources in spray drying holds significant economic importance. 4. Technologies for improving the production efficiency of spray dryers. 5. Research on the most effective and reasonable optimization techniques such as airflow method, pressure method, and centrifugation method.

Safety measures, polypropylene safety measures: The polypropylene refining project utilizes S-PP technology from the Italian company Hymerus; it is one of the chemical production projects in our province that features the most advanced technical equipment, the highest level of automation, and also the greatest fire risk. 　The production process of polypropylene involves the polymerization of raw materials such as propylene and hydrogen in a loop reactor, under the action of highly active catalysts. Its production process involves the use of large amounts of flammable and explosive gases, as well as chemical hazards that are highly harmful to human health. Key raw materials such as propylene and hydrogen are gases classified as Class A fire hazards; the main catalysts, including FF-4S, GF-2A, and solid powders, are highly corrosive and release hydrogen chloride gas when exposed to air and water, causing severe burns upon contact with human skin; the co-catalyst triethylaluminum (TEAL) is a colorless liquid that can catch fire on its own in air, and it reacts with water to produce aluminum hydroxide and ethane, leading to explosions; contact with this substance also causes severe burns; the antioxidant, carbon monoxide, is a toxic gas; the final product, polypropylene powder, is an flammable dust. To ensure the safety of polypropylene production, which involves high risks, in addition to strictly adhering to relevant technical standards and specifications, the following targeted measures have also been adopted during the project construction. 　1 Safety measures for the production process 　1.1 In accordance with the safety requirements of the production process, the entire installation is equipped with safety valves, thermal relief valves, and pressure control valves to provide pressure limitation protection for the main equipment and piping; alarm devices are installed in critical areas. 　1.2 A venting device is installed at the loop reactor section; in emergency situations, hydrocarbon substances are discharged to the refinery’s flare system for combustion. 　　 　　 1.3 The loop reactor is equipped with an automatic nitrogen fire suppression system; in the event of overheating, the gate valve of the feeding system can be automatically closed, and nitrogen will be injected into the reactor to extinguish the fire. 　1.4 Nitrogen is used in each feeding hopper to isolate the materials being added from air, and antioxidants are added during the polymerization reaction to reduce the oxygen content and prevent explosions. 　1.5 To prevent dust explosions from occurring with polypropylene powder, this device uses a sealed nitrogen system to transport the polypropylene powder. 　1.6 To prevent fires caused by the leakage of the highly active catalyst triethylaluminum in the reaction tube, the interlock system automatically shuts off the gate valve and activates nitrogen for fire suppression once the temperature rises beyond a certain level. There is also an oil flushing system available for use when the system needs to be shut down for maintenance; the residual liquid after flushing is automatically mixed with additives to deactivate the catalyst. 　1.7 In the extrusion granulation section, to prevent the generation of sparks, in accordance with the internationally standard protection rating IP-55, all motors are of fully enclosed air-cooled type; all equipment in the explosion-proof area is equipped with reliable anti-static grounding protection. 1.8 The central control room of automated production can implement interlocked control over the pressure, temperature, materials, and any abnormal incidents associated with the entire equipment setup during the main manufacturing processes, thereby meeting the safety requirements of those processes. 　2. Fire-fighting facilities within the production area 　In addition to ordinary indoor and outdoor fire hydrants as well as conventional building fire extinguishers, this area is also equipped with specialized fire-fighting facilities. 　 2.1 Fire alarm and detection system: a) A total of 43 gas detectors of the American MODE series are installed at locations in the polymerization unit area where flammable gases may leak; b) 16 explosion-proof flame detectors of the American Edward EST-2 type are installed in the aluminum alkyl storage area; c) A total of 250 detectors of various types, including ordinary smoke detectors, intelligent photoelectric smoke detectors, explosion-proof temperature detectors, and control linkage modules from American Edward, are installed in places such as laboratories, chemical storage areas, the main control room, and extrusion granulation rooms; d) Flame-retardant wires are used for the control cables in the main control room, in addition to 1200 meters of temperature-sensitive linear cable PHSC190; e) 4 sets of infrared beam-type smoke detectors are installed in the finished product warehouse. 2.2 In the polymerization reaction area of outdoor equipment, for ring-type reactors with a very high fire risk, as well as for Propylene liquid storage tanks and equipment used in raw material preparation, 6 high-pressure water guns of the SP40 model are installed. These guns have a water pressure of 0.8 MPa, a range of 74 m, and a flow rate of 46 L/s. In the event of a fire, three water guns are used at each location to provide redundant protection and extinguish the fire simultaneously; the water consumption in such cases is 494 m3/h. 2.3 The automatic sprinkler system is equipped with 14 explosion-proof composite flame detectors in the outdoor installations throughout the polymerization reaction area, which are used to monitor critical areas. There are three sets of deluge valves, along with 429 sprinklers, all of which serve to carry out corresponding monitoring and enable automatic protection mechanisms. 2.4 Fixed dry powder automatic fire extinguishing systems: Alkyl aluminum ignites spontaneously when exposed to air and explodes when in contact with water. It is generally believed that fires involving aluminum alkyls cannot be extinguished; therefore, this plant opted for fixed dry powder fire suppression systems for protection, with each system containing 150 kg of dry powder. Let an explosion-proof composite flame detector be used for detection. When a fire occurs, the detector is activated, which in turn starts the pressurization mechanism inside the dry powder container. As the pressure in the cylinder increases, the sealing membrane is ruptured, and the dry powder is discharged through the pipes; this process takes 10 seconds. 2.5 Other facilities: Indoor fire hydrants are installed as per standard procedures. In areas such as the finished product warehouse and laboratory, there are a total of 35 indoor fire hydrants, 221 building fire extinguishers, 2 portable combustible gas detectors, 4 sets of TA94 type air respirators, 6 gas masks, and 4 sets of fire-resistant and heat-insulating clothing. 3 Fire Protection Organization and Fire Fighting Plans 　　3.1 Fire protection operations are carried out by the professional fire brigade based at the main plant of the refining and chemical company. The brigade consists of 122 firefighters and is equipped with 13 fire trucks: 4 2DX517GXFPM65 Yellow River foam trucks, 2 14912800436×4PF Steyr foam trucks, 1 TCF12000 Mercedes heavy-duty foam truck, 1 F32MDT Bolangtao articulated ladder truck, 2 F20 Dongfeng dry powder trucks, 1 Mitsubishi gas suppression vehicle, and 1 X25 communication and command vehicle. 3.2 The polypropylene workshop has a voluntary fire protection team consisting of 30 members, and has established thirteen fire safety regulations including the \"Fire Protection Procedures\", the \"Fire Protection Equipment Management System\", and the \"Safe Use of Fire Management Regulations\". 3.3 Various fire extinguishing plans for possible fires were formulated, along with 8 fire fighting tactics for areas such as the plant area, the aluminum alkyl unit, the oxygen production station unit, and the polymer purification unit. Detailed plans were made regarding the deployment of vehicles and personnel for fire fighting, the provision of fire extinguishing agents, and various precautions, and these plans were put through drills.