Outline of China’s Energy Conservation Technology Policy

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Outline of China’s Energy-Saving Technology Policies **National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Science and Technology, June 2005** List of Personnel Involved in the Revision of the “Outline of China’s Energy-Saving Technology Policies” Leadership Group for Organizing the Revision: Chairman: Jiang Weixin Vice-Chairmen: Shi Dinghuan, Zhao Jiarong, Li Li Members: Xu Jie, He Bingguang, Xu Zhiqiang, Li Baoshan, Cui Gang, Lv Wenbin, Niu Bo Advisory Expert Committee: Chen Qingtai, Yang Zhenhuai, Guo Zengyuan, Jiang Yihua, Hui Fei, Liu Xianfa, Dai Yande, Miao Tianjie, Zhu Liangdong, Chen Heping, Wang Qingyi, Xu Jianzhong, Wang Bangcheng Revision Team: Chairman: Zeng Wu Members: Jia Xiaoli, Lian Rongquan, Xin Dingguo, Zhang Jintong, Jin Wenlong, Wang Yi, Ding Hang Industry Experts: Mi Jianhua, Li Guitian, Song Shanming, Jiang Liangyou, Zheng Ziyu, Zhang Jintong, Zhang Deyi, Yu Boyan, Sun Degang, Wang Yimin, Hong Shaohé, Li Dongru, Liu Qunxing, Cui Yi, Cheng Xue, Tu Fengxiang, Yin Xuguang, Cai Fengtian, Li Qingxiang, Tian Yishui, Jin Wenlong, Jia Xiaoli, Lian Rongquan, Xin Dingguo Preface Energy is the material foundation upon which human existence depends. The low per capita availability of energy resources and a weak domestic supply capacity mean that, in the long term and overall, an insufficient energy supply is a fundamental characteristic of China’s national conditions. Our country is at an important stage of economic and social development. With the rapid economic growth and the continuous improvement in people’s living standards, as well as the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, energy demand will increase significantly. During the first 20 years of this century, in order to achieve the ambitious goal set at the 16th Party Congress of doubling the GDP, the energy sector faced serious challenges: firstly, there was a shortage of reserves, with China’s per capita availability of energy resources being only half of the world average ； Second, the energy utilization efficiency is far below the world’s advanced levels ； Third, the energy structure dominated by coal leads to severe environmental pollution ； Fourth, the large-scale import of oil poses a serious threat to **’s economic security. The extensive economic growth model, characterized by high energy consumption and severe environmental pollution, hinders the achievement of the overall goal of building a moderately prosperous society; conserving energy is a practical solution to these issues. Our country has **always attached great importance to energy conservation; as early as the early 1980s, it adopted a policy of giving equal emphasis to development and conservation, with priority placed on conservation in the short term. In 1984, the **Planning Commission**, the **Economic Commission**, and the **Science and Technology Commission** jointly prepared the \"Outline of Energy-Saving Technology Policies\", which was revised by these three commissions in 1996. The 1996 \"Outline of China’s Energy-Saving Technology Policies\" (hereinafter referred to as the \"Outline\") systematically outlined the energy-saving technology policies for the major energy-consuming industries, specifying the goals that China’s energy-saving technologies should achieve by the year 2000. The introduction and implementation of the two outlines, particularly the 1996 Outline, have achieved remarkable results in promoting the advancement of energy-saving technologies in our country. In 2002, the energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP was 50% lower than that in 1990, resulting in a cumulative savings of 700 million tons of standard coal in terms of energy use ； The energy utilization efficiency of 33% represents an increase of about 5 percentage points compared to 1990. However, China’s energy consumption level still lags far behind international advanced levels. According to research by relevant institutions, in 2000, calculated at current exchange rates, China’s energy consumption per million dollars of GDP was 1,274 tons of standard coal, which is 2.4 times higher than the world average. It is also 2.5 times higher than that of the United States, 4.9 times higher than that of the European Union, 8.7 times higher than that of Japan, and 0.43 times higher than that of India. Nine years since the release of the Outline, significant changes have taken place in China’s economic situation and the level of energy-saving technologies. On January 1, 1998, the Energy Conservation Law of the People’s Republic of China was officially promulgated and put into effect. In June 2004, the Executive Meeting of the State Council approved in principle the Draft Medium- and Long-Term Energy Development Plan (2004–2020). In November of the same year, the National Development and Reform Commission issued a Special Medium- and Long-Term Energy Conservation Plan, which outlined the goals and key areas for energy conservation by 2010. Under the new circumstances, it is highly necessary to summarize the experiences and lessons gained from China’s energy-saving efforts over the past two decades, introduce new energy-saving technologies, revise and improve the \"Outline,\" so as to continue guiding the advancement of energy-saving technologies in the country, directing investment flows, and achieving the goals set out in the energy-saving plans. This revision is guided by the scientific outlook on development, reflects the characteristics of a market economy, and meets the requirements of sustainable development ； An approach that combines short-term and long-term considerations is adopted, focusing on energy-saving technologies and process equipment to be promoted by 2010, while giving appropriate consideration to medium- to long-term development (by 2020). The Outline is based on **industrial policies and science and technology development plans, emphasizing energy conservation across society** ； Promote new energy-saving processes, technologies, materials, and products ； Restrict and phase out outdated process technologies and equipment ； Promote advanced foreign energy-saving technologies and scientific management practices suitable for China’s national conditions ； It clarifies the goals, levels, and approaches that various industries in our country should achieve in terms of energy conservation over the coming period. The purpose of revising the Outline is to promote the development of a resource-conserving industrial structure, product structure, and consumption pattern through advances in energy-saving technologies, accelerate the construction of an energy-saving society, provide a basis for regions and industries to formulate medium- and long-term as well as annual energy-saving plans, and guide energy-saving efforts in areas such as infrastructure development, technological upgrading, and scientific research. Table of Contents 1. Achieving optimal allocation and rational use of energy resources…………………………………………(1) 2. Energy-saving upgrades for general equipment and utilization of waste heat and energy……………………………………………(3) 3. Development and promotion of new energy-saving technologies and materials…………………………………………………(6) 4. Implementation of energy-saving regulations and standards, as well as enhanced scientific management……………………………………………(8) 5. Energy conservation in industry ………………………………………………………………………(10) 5.1 Power industry…………………………………………………………………(10) 5.2 Steel industry…………………………………………………………………(12) 5.3 Non-ferrous metal industry and gold industry………………………………………………(13) 5.3.1 Non-ferrous metal industry………………………………………………………(13) 5.3.2 Gold industry……………………………………………………………(15) 5.4 Building materials industry……………………………………………………………(16) 5.5 Chemical industry…………………………………………………………………(18) 5.6 Petrochemical industry……………………………………………………………(20) 5.7 Oil and gas industry…………………………………………………………(22) 5.7.1 Onshore oil and gas industry ……………………………………………（22） 5.7.2 Offshore oil and gas industry ……………………………………………（24） 5.8 Coal industry…………………………………………………………………(25) 5.9 Mechanical and electrical industry…………………………………………………………………(27) 5.10 Electronic information industry …………………………………………………………(29) 5.11 Light industry …………………………………………………………………(30) 5.12 Textile industry …………………………………………………………………(32) 6. Energy conservation in construction ………………………………………………………………………(33) 6.1 Energy conservation in residential buildings……………………………………………………………(33) 6.2 Energy conservation in municipal services………………………………………………………(35) 7. Energy conservation in transportation ………………………………………………………………………(37) 7.1 Railway transportation…………………………………………………………………(37) 7.2 Road transportation…………………………………………………………………(38) 7.3 Waterway transportation…………………………………………………………………(40) 8. Energy conservation in agriculture ………………………………………………………………………(41) 8.1 Energy conservation in rural areas……………………………………………………………(41) 8.2 Energy conservation in agricultural production……………………………………………………………(42) 9. Energy conservation in government agencies …………………………………………………………………(43) 1. Achieving optimal allocation and rational use of energy resources Achieving optimal allocation and rational use of energy resources is an important aspect of improving overall energy efficiency, transforming the mode of economic growth, and building a resource-conserving society. It aims to promote coordinated interaction among the economy (industry), energy (resources), and the environment (ecology) from the outset. This includes adjusting and optimizing industrial structures, sectoral structures, corporate structures, product structures, energy consumption patterns, and supply systems, while also planning for energy development, transportation, storage, processing, conversion, and fuel substitution, in order to achieve the best possible overall benefits from energy use and foster economic and social development that is energy-efficient. 1.1 It is necessary to establish a rational layout for energy development and utilization, make significant adjustments and optimizations to the energy structure, and achieve efficient use of energy resources. The rational layout for energy development and utilization should take into account the distribution and consumption patterns of energy resources in China, as well as the needs of economic and social development in the eastern, central, and western regions, as well as in urban and rural areas. High-energy-consuming industries should be located as close as possible to energy sources. In conditional mining areas, energy industries such as coal-fired power generation, coal-fired power and aluminum production, coal chemical industry, and integrated operations involving coal for building materials; natural gas chemical processing along with optimized utilization of energy resources; integrated separation of light hydrocarbons from imported LNG along with optimized use of cold energy; as well as diversified operations including oil refining, chemical manufacturing, and cogeneration, are developed. Natural gas should be given priority for use in areas or industries with higher capacity, such as cities. Reasonably adjust the proportion of power generation from conventional and renewable energy sources, increase the share of large-capacity, environmentally friendly supercritical and ultra-supercritical generating units, raise the proportion of cogeneration, and increase the share of secondary energy derived from coal conversion. Develop distributed CCHP energy systems. 1.2 Adjust the production structure and energy consumption pattern of high-energy-consuming industries; increase the utilization rate of scrap steel, reduce the iron-to-steel ratio, and raise the ratios of coal injection, continuous casting, and output per unit of steel produced ； Develop energy-saving wall materials and energy-efficient windows, and prohibit the use of solid clay bricks. Adjust the structure of chemical products and develop fine chemicals ； Significantly increase the proportion of coal used, and reasonably adjust the production proportions of coking coal and thermal coal. Expand and increase the substitution rate of high-energy-consuming products ； Increase the proportions of light and heavy diesel as well as marine diesel engine oil. Strategies for optimizing the layout of high-energy-consuming industrial chains in the context of economic globalization ； Prevent the relocation of energy-intensive and highly polluting industries to our country: optimize the ratio of the secondary and tertiary industries, etc. 1.3 Practice scientific mining methods, make rational use of coal, oil, and gas resources, and increase the recovery and utilization rates. Establish large-scale coal production bases, and exploit resources based on their type and quality in order to boost recovery rates ； Significantly increase the amount of raw coal sent for washing, and raise the proportion of washed coal. Protect coking coal resources; it is strictly prohibited to use primary coking coal as thermal coal ； High-quality anthracite for use in civil, chemical, and metallurgical applications is supplied; the ash and sulfur content of the coal powder used for blast furnace injection should be below 14% and 1% respectively ； Accelerate the introduction and development of technologies for the recovery and utilization of coal mine gas, in order to reduce gas emissions as soon as possible. When developing oil and gas resources, it is strictly prohibited to extract oil in the absence of facilities for recovering associated gas and condensate. Accelerate the exploration, development, and utilization of natural gas resources to increase its share in China’s energy structure. Pay attention to the recovery and utilization of light hydrocarbons and cold energy in imported LNG ； Optimize energy utilization in oil fields and refineries to improve the efficiency of oil resource utilization. The coking industry should produce various types of coke, such as metallurgical coke, foundry coke, and gasification coke, depending on the intended use of the coke. Phasing out the production of lump coke and low-quality machine-made coke by a set deadline. The requirements for ash content, sulfur content, and moisture content of the coal used in coking are to remain stable at below 12%, 1%, and 7%, respectively. 1.4 Local utilization of low-calorific-value mineral fuels: On the premise of technical and economic feasibility, mineral fuels with a calorific value of 12,560 kJ/kg or less, such as lignite, subbituminous coal, coal slime, and coal gangue, can be utilized locally. Low calorific value coal gangue with a value of over 10,500 kJ/kg is used as fuel for industrial boilers ； Develop and promote circulating fluidized bed power generation technology that utilizes coal gangue for combustion; in mining areas with the necessary conditions, gangue power plants or thermal power plants can be built using coal gangue. Coal gangue with a calorific value of less than 4200 kJ/kg is used to produce gangue bricks and lignite bricks, or as fuel, an ingredient, concrete aggregate, and block material in cement plants. Brick and tile factories located near coal mines and power plants should develop coal gangue bricks, fly ash bricks, and other building materials. Develop the use of low-quality coal to produce chemical products such as methanol. Exploring technical approaches for lignite utilization: Developing integrated lignite power generation ； Establish a brown coal gasification demonstration plant ； Developing processes for drying lignite and rapid pyrolysis ； Lignite direct liquefaction and binder-free molding technologies, etc. Lignite is mainly used locally as fuel and for producing building materials, with efforts also being made to develop comprehensive utilization technologies for lignite. Accelerate research on technologies for the development and utilization of oil shale resources; oil shale with a higher oil content is used to produce shale oil, while that with a lower oil content is used as a fuel source and for other comprehensive applications. 1.5 In metallurgical and chemical production, a policy of using high-quality raw materials should be adopted. For raw materials used in steel production, non-ferrous metals, and chemical industries, it is necessary to carefully process the ore, improve the quality of the concentrate appropriately, stabilize its composition, and reduce its moisture content, thereby facilitating energy savings in the smelting process. 1.6 Increase the recycling rate of waste materials: Strengthen the recycling of waste materials and expand processing capacity. Recycling of scrap steel, scrap non-ferrous metals, plastic waste, broken glass, waste paper, used tires, end-of-life vehicles, obsolete electronic equipment and components, used batteries, and old household appliances, etc. Industrial waste such as metal slag, bagasse, papermaking wastewater, and fly ash is comprehensively utilized to create a circular economy industry chain. Comprehensively utilize crop straws, biogas digester residues, and human and animal excreta to recycle produce energy, fertilizers, etc. 1.7 Improve the quality, cleanliness, and efficiency of urban civilian energy by developing city gas based primarily on natural gas. Through comprehensive planning and policy support, and by leveraging market mechanisms, efforts should be made to accelerate the development of efficient, clean, and multi-service centralized heating and hot water supply systems, as well as gas-based distributed heat, power, and cooling systems. Research is being conducted to establish a multi-energy complementary supply system in cities, in order to meet urban energy demands and address seasonal variations. 2. Energy-saving upgrades for general-purpose equipment and utilization of waste heat and energy. The main general-purpose equipment includes industrial boilers, industrial furnaces, various motors, fans, pumps, agricultural irrigation machinery, compressors, gas separation equipment, power transformers, internal combustion engines, automobiles, tractors, etc. At present, the annual energy consumption of general equipment in our country accounts for over 50% of the country’s total energy consumption, and the overall energy utilization efficiency is 10% to 15% lower than that of advanced countries. China’s industry emits large amounts of combustible gases as well as waste heat and energy every year; recovering these resources holds great potential for energy savings. 2.1 Strengthening energy-saving upgrades for industrial boilers, furnaces, and heat exchange equipment 2.1.1 Upgrading industrial boilers 2.1.1.1 Upgrading industrial boilers with an operating thermal efficiency of less than 60%. Upgrade the boiler itself and its auxiliary equipment to achieve a thermal efficiency of over 75% for industrial boilers ； Eliminate inefficient boilers in areas served by centralized heating. With the rapid development of natural gas, where conditions permit, cogeneration technologies using small or micro gas turbines or internal combustion engines coupled with waste heat boilers should be adopted to replace conventional boilers. 2.1.1.2 For newly installed industrial boilers, where feasible, circulating fluidized bed boilers, gas turbines, or internal combustion engines combined with waste heat boilers should be used for cogeneration, allowing for multi-stage utilization of steam. 2.1.1.3 In industrial cluster areas with a large number of small boilers, efficient heat, power, and cooling supply facilities should be established within the industrial park to replace these scattered small boilers, air conditioners, and voltage transformation equipment. 2.1.1.4 Promote advanced combustion devices, develop pulverized coal cyclone combustion devices, and advance boiler stratified combustion, low-NOX combustion, and energy-saving burner technologies. 2.1.2 Upgrading industrial furnaces 2.1.2.1 Improving the thermal efficiency of equipment such as heating furnaces, soaking furnaces, forging furnaces, heat treatment furnaces, as well as firing, baking, and drying furnaces. New industrial furnaces should develop in the direction of continuity, larger scale, and automation. 2.1.2.2 Use new types of thermal insulation and heat retention materials to improve the insulation of industrial furnaces. 2.1.2.3 For newly built industrial furnaces, the heat consumption of coal-fired furnaces must reach the level of first-class furnaces in China, while that of gas-fired and specially designed oil-fired furnaces should reach the level of top-class furnaces. 2.1.2.4 Furnaces with certain conditions must adopt flue gas waste heat recovery technology to improve fuel utilization efficiency. 2.1.3 Upgrading heat exchange equipment: Promote the use of efficient, long-lasting, and high-performance heat exchange devices, such as various types of shell-and-tube heat exchangers with enhanced performance, bellows-type heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, coiled tube heat exchangers, new types of high-efficiency jet heat exchangers, ceramic heat exchangers, fluidized bed heat exchangers and other high-temperature heat exchangers, as well as heat pipes and other heat exchangers suitable for ultra-low temperature differences. 2.1.4 Through legislation and strengthened law enforcement oversight, the construction and production of projects and processing equipment with high energy consumption and severe environmental pollution are prohibited. Through legislation and strengthened law enforcement oversight, projects and processing equipment with high energy consumption, such as earth coke ovens, earth sintering facilities, small blast furnaces, small converters, small electric furnaces, small rolling mills, condensing-type small thermal power plants, earth-based oil refining units, small glass melting furnaces, small calcium carbide furnaces, small yellow phosphorus production units, small caustic soda production plants, small ammonia-caustic soda production plants, small non-ferrous metal smelting facilities, small cement plants, and small sanitary ceramics manufacturers, are banned from being established or operating. 2.1.5 Strictly in accordance with the established schedule, phase out high-energy-consuming equipment and production units with outdated manufacturing technologies. Prior to 2010, priority should be given to phasing out medium- and low-voltage condensing generator sets in the power industry ； Low-power arc furnaces for iron smelting and steel production in the metallurgical industry ； Sintering furnaces for copper, lead, and zinc in the non-ferrous metals industry; reverberatory furnaces, open-type blast furnaces, and electric furnaces for melting; self-baking anode electrolytic cells with a current capacity of 60 kA or less ； Traditional methods for refining zinc, mercury, arsenic, antimony, etc ； Open-type calcium carbide furnaces in the chemical industry, two-effect evaporation systems for caustic soda production, and graphite electrode electrolyzers ； Plant with an annual production capacity of less than 10,000 tons of caustic soda ； In the household glass industry, there are chamber-type and chain-plate type annealing furnaces, etc. By the end of 2008, the building materials industry was required to phase out outdated process technologies and equipment such as dry hollow kilns of various types (except those used for producing special cements) and wet-process kilns; the production capacity of shaft kilns was also to be reduced further, with areas that have the necessary conditions supposed to eliminate all shaft kilns. Local authorities **must shut down, merge, or restructure enterprises with a production capacity of less than 200,000 tons in accordance with the law** ； Phase out conventional float glass production lines, as well as float production lines of the \"Glasgow process\" with a daily melting capacity of 100 tons or less ； Earthen kilns for sanitary ceramics, reverse-flame kilns, porous kilns, coal-fired open-flame tunnel kilns, flame-separated tunnel kilns, tunnel kilns for sanitary ceramics using crucibles ； Earthen kilns such as wheel kilns with 18 or fewer chambers, vertical kilns, roofless wheel kilns, and horseshoe-shaped kilns ； Lime soil shaft kilns, etc. 2.2 Promoting universal energy-saving equipment 2.2.1 Promoting the use of high-efficiency motors and transformers, frequency converters, and reactive power compensators; in particular, installing frequency converters on motors used in fans and pumps ； Highly efficient and energy-saving transformers are used to ensure proper matching of the on-line transformers ； Adopt power-saving technologies for economic operation. 2.2.2 Carry out systematic energy-saving upgrades to fans, pumps, and compressors to improve energy efficiency. 2.2.3 Promote the use of power-saving devices that ensure the quality of power supply in electrical grids, such as harmonic suppression devices. 2.3 Improving heating efficiency: By 2010, in cities that required heating, the penetration rate of centralized heating was to reach 50%, and in key cities it was to exceed 75%; the insulation efficiency of heating pipelines was to be above 95%, while the thermal efficiency of regional boiler rooms was to be raised to over 80%. 2.3.1 Accelerate the development of cogeneration and district heating systems, select centralized heating methods appropriately to replace decentralized, small-scale industrial boilers, and increase the proportion of heat power generation. Actively develop urban hot water supply and centralized cooling systems, advance heat and cooling technologies for summer use as well as combined heat, power, and cooling technologies; where conditions permit, gas-based distributed combined heat, power, and cooling systems can be developed. 2.3.2 Improve the control methods for thermal piping networks, promote the use of control devices such as balance valves, self-acting flow control valves, variable-speed pumps, and computers, and implement automatic monitoring of network scheduling, operation, and regulation. 2.3.3 Adopt new insulation technologies to apply insulation measures to heating pipelines, flanges, valves, and accessories in accordance with **standards ； Use mature directly-buried prefabricated insulated pipes ； Develop high-temperature resistant composite insulation pipes to reduce heat losses in heating pipelines to below 5%; improve the maintenance of steam traps and thermal valves to keep the overall leakage rate of the pipelines below 0.2%. 2.3.4 Improve the thermal efficiency of heat-using equipment and heating systems. Enterprises that use large amounts of steam should adopt a approach of \"determining electricity generation based on heat needs and combining heat and electricity generation\" to achieve hierarchical utilization of steam thermal energy ； For heating systems with large fluctuations in heat load, the use of thermal storage devices should be promoted. 2.4 Utilization of waste heat and energy from industrial furnaces: In China’s key energy-consuming industries such as steel, chemicals, building materials, petrochemicals, non-ferrous metals, light textiles, and machinery, the utilization rate of waste heat from industrial furnaces is currently only around 5%; by 2010, this rate should reach around 15%. The principle for recovering and utilizing the residual energy and heat from industrial furnaces is \"gradual utilization with high efficiency and high quality\". High-quality waste energy and heat should be prioritized for use in generating work or electricity, while low-temperature waste heat can be used for air conditioning, heating, or domestic heating purposes. The waste heat from industrial furnace flue gas can be used for preheating the air, fuel, and materials within the enterprise, as well as in external heat recovery systems. 2.5 Recovery of flammable gases released in industrial production: China emits enormous amounts of industrial combustible gases and refinery gases each year. In 2010, the average recovery rate of coal mine gas extraction was supposed to be around 65% ； Combustible gases from chemical and petrochemical enterprises, as well as refinery gases, as well as blast furnace gas, converter gas, and coke oven gas from metallurgical enterprises, are largely recovered. 2.5.1 The gas from coal mines under certain conditions can be shifted from safe extraction to productive recovery, to be used as domestic fuel in the mining area and nearby towns or as raw material for the chemical industry. 2.5.2 The gas generated in closed blast furnaces for lead and zinc recovery is used for production or power generation. 2.5.3 Recovering the furnace gas from calcium carbide furnaces, as well as the combustible gases generated in the production of carbon black, yellow phosphorus, synthetic ammonia, and sulfuric acid, along with the heat from chemical reactions, for use as fuel or raw materials. 2.5.4 Recover natural gas released from oil and gas fields and flare gas released from petrochemical enterprises for use as fuel. 2.5.5 Recovering gas released from ironmaking, steelmaking, and coking for use as fuel or raw material. . 2.5.6 Hydrogen and light hydrocarbons in refinery gas and petrochemical plant exhaust gases should be utilized as a resource wherever possible. 3. Development and promotion of new energy-saving technologies and materials 3.1 New energy-saving technologies 3.1.1 Promotion of scientific lighting design, use of energy-efficient lighting fixtures and energy-saving control systems ； Promote high-efficiency, energy-saving electronic ballasts, ceramic metal halide lamps, and semiconductor lighting fixtures (LEDs) ； Promote high-efficiency lighting products such as T4, T5, and T8 fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps, high-pressure sodium lamps, and metal halide lamps ； Improve the quality of raw materials and components used in manufacturing lighting appliances. 3.1.2 Promote new high-efficiency heating technologies such as high-infrared, far-infrared, plasma, and induction heating. 3.1.3 Promote high-temperature microwave technology, such as microwave sintering, microwave high-temperature synthesis processes, and related equipment. 3.1.4 Promote the application of membrane technology in fields such as gas separation, wastewater treatment, and electrolysis. 3.1.5 Promote the use of clean coal as a substitute for oil, as well as gasification and combustion technologies for petroleum coke. 3.1.6 Promote petroleum alternative technologies such as alcohol fuels for vehicles and biodiesel based on local conditions. 3.1.7 Promote power coal blending and civil briquettes, and develop technologies for the use of industrial briquettes. 3.1.8 Develop small and medium-sized high-efficiency coal pulverization combustion technologies and equipment. 3.1.9 Develop advanced engine technologies such as hybrid vehicles, direct injection in gasoline engines and electronically controlled common rail systems in diesel engines, multi-valve electronic fuel injection, lean combustion, increased compression ratios, engine turbocharging, as well as other fuel-saving technologies for motor vehicles. 3.1.10 Develop mechatronic technical equipment that integrates machinery, electronics, and information technology. 3.1.11 Develop the application of power electronics technology and fuzzy control technology in electrical equipment and home appliances. 3.1.12 Develop microbial technologies such as microbial oil recovery, microbial metallurgy, and microbial fertilizers. 3.1.13 Develop high-tech technologies such as new heat and mass transfer technologies, nanotechnology, superconducting technology, ultrasonic technology, magnetized emulsification technology, rare earth technology, anti-friction and lubrication technologies, new sealing technologies, corrosion prevention technologies, cleaning and rust/scale removal technologies, additive technologies, and catalytic combustion enhancement technologies. 3.2 Energy-saving new materials 3.2.1 Development and promotion of high-temperature, heat-insulating, thermal-insulating, and sealing materials 3.2.1.1 Promotion of new types of high-quality thermal and fire-resistant materials. In industrial furnaces operating at temperatures below 1250℃, high-alumina fibers and alumina silicate fiber refractory materials are widely used; in industrial furnaces operating at temperatures between 1250℃ and 1400℃, high-temperature alumina refractory fiber materials are gradually being adopted. 3.2.1.2 Promote the use in construction of high-performance insulation materials such as expanded polystyrene, extruded polystyrene, polyurethane, rock wool, glass wool, and expanded perlite, as well as new types of energy-saving wall materials and energy-saving window glass materials that help conserve land resources, make use of waste materials, and protect the environment. Research and develop phase-change energy storage materials and thin-film thermal reflective materials. 3.2.1.3 Promote the use of microporous foam polyurethane insulation materials, electroceramic heating films, etc. 3.2.1.4 Promote the use of high-temperature, high-quality refractory materials, such as high-purity magnesia, magnesio-chromium, magnesio-aluminum, and unfired cast refractory materials for use in the metallurgical and building materials industries. 3.2.1.5 Develop new high-performance insulation materials for thermal and cooling pipeline networks. 3.2.2 Developing new types of high-performance metals and metal-based composite materials. 3.2.3 Developing new, efficient energy conversion and storage devices and materials, and advancing the development of fuel cells, solar cells, metal-air batteries, supercapacitors, and related materials. 3.2.3.1 Developing lightweight alloy structural materials that are resistant to high pressure, wear, and corrosion, as well as those with improved electrical and thermal conductivity; ultra-fine grain cemented carbide materials; and high-wear-resistant metallic and non-metallic materials for use in the transportation, petrochemical, and power industries. 3.2.3.2 Develop particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites with low density, high strength, high elastic modulus, and fatigue resistance, structural materials and functional materials such as structural ceramics and porous ceramics, as well as high-performance reinforcing adhesives. 3.2.3.3 Develop technologies and related materials for fuel cell membranes, catalysts, hydrogen storage, and operation system management, in order to promote the commercial application of fuel cells. Promote the use of supercapacitors in vehicles. 3.2.4 Develop new catalysts for the chemical and petrochemical industries, as well as nanoscale additives and emulsifiers. 3.2.5 Develop various functional materials that contribute to energy savings; such as high-silicon content, low-loss silicon steel sheets for use in transformers, low-loss amorphous alloy magnetic materials, heat-resistant alloys for recovering waste heat from high-temperature flue gases, and non-metallic ceramics such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride. Recently, efforts have been made to develop neodymium-iron-boron magnetic materials, high-performance rare earth luminescent display materials, and rare earth hydrogen storage materials. 3.2.6 Develop superconducting materials such as high-temperature superconducting wires, blocks, and large-area double-sided superconducting thin films. 3.2.7 Develop materials for solar thermal utilization, including those for transmission, reflection, absorption, and energy storage, with a focus on materials related to high-temperature solar utilization technologies. 4. Implement energy-saving regulations and standards, and strengthen scientific management. Energy-saving regulations, technical standards, and specifications reflect the achievements in energy-saving technology advancement across society; meanwhile, these technical standards and specifications serve as effective measures to promote further progress in energy-saving technology on a societal level. In China, the total number of regulations, standards, and specifications related to energy conservation has exceeded 150, covering areas such as the fundamentals of energy-saving technology, energy management, efficient operation of energy-consuming systems, energy efficiency indicators for energy-consuming products, and energy-saving requirements for engineering projects. Strictly enforcing energy-saving regulations, standards, and norms, continuously expanding their scope of application, and promoting the ongoing updating of such regulations, standards, and norms are important technical policies for advancing energy conservation. Utilizing high-tech achievements to enhance the statistical measurement of energy use, as well as implementing control, supervision, and scientific management of the energy consumption process, are important aspects of energy-saving management in modern enterprises. 4.1 Strictly implement energy-saving regulations and standards 4.1.1 Accelerate the formulation and revision of energy-saving regulations and standards; set strict standard requirements on the basis of sound technical and economic evaluations, and adopt more international advanced standards in line with China’s economic and technological development level, thereby continuously raising the market entry barriers for energy-consuming products. Regularly certify and announce new energy-saving technologies and products. 4.1.2 For energy-consuming equipment and household appliances that are widely used in large quantities, the formulation and implementation of advanced performance and efficiency standards should be accelerated. 4.1.3 Revise the evaluation and utilization standards for waste heat and waste energy resources, and improve the standards for product specific energy consumption and kiln energy consumption. 4.1.4 Revise the “Energy-Efficient Design Codes” for various industries. 4.1.5 Formulate and revise energy-saving evaluation standards for feasibility studies of different types of projects. In the areas of formulating energy efficiency standards, evaluating the economic viability of energy-saving projects, and assessing the environmental impact of energy use, the life cycle cost analysis method should be promoted. 4.1.6 Strengthen the supervision of the implementation and the enforcement inspections of energy-saving laws, regulations, and standards. Energy-consuming products manufactured in our country and sold on the market must meet the specified energy efficiency limits set by relevant standards; users are encouraged to use energy-saving products whose energy efficiency indicators satisfy the \"energy savings assessment criteria\". 4.1.7 Strictly implement the provisions of the mandatory **standard “Limits on Fuel Consumption of Passenger Vehicles”. 4.2 Strengthening scientific management of energy conservation 4.2.1 It is necessary to improve the systems for maintaining original records of energy consumption, statistical accounts, and analysis reports in enterprises; various industries should gradually standardize and digitize such records, statistics, and reports based on the characteristics of their own energy consumption processes. Energy-consuming units should conduct regular statistical analyses of energy consumption and energy balance analyses to improve the enterprise’s energy consumption statistics system. 4.2.2 Utilize high-tech achievements to strengthen the measurement and statistics of energy use, implement control over the energy consumption process, and ensure supervision and scientific management. Gradually establish a **energy consumption statistics system** and an **energy consumption evaluation framework**. Energy-consuming units shall, in accordance with the provisions of the **Standards for the Installation and Management of Energy Metering Instruments**, install energy metering, testing, and monitoring instruments in energy-consuming equipment and systems as required by economic operation needs. The main energy-consuming equipment and system installations should have their operating conditions adjusted in accordance with the principle of overall optimization. 4.2.3 Transforming traditional industries with information technology. Information technology is used to collect and process energy-saving information and data, thereby enabling optimized control of the manufacturing processes as well as optimized operation and management of energy-consuming equipment and systems. Encourage the development and application of energy management software. 4.2.4 Strengthen energy conservation management in engineering projects. Strict energy-saving reviews are conducted for new projects; relevant authorities shall not approve the construction of projects that do not meet the requirements of the \"Energy-Saving Design Specifications\". For implemented projects, supervision during the construction process, as well as energy-saving testing and acceptance after completion, should be strengthened. 4.2.5 Adopt the contract energy management and repayment via energy-saving benefits approach to implement energy-saving projects, and establish methods for confirming and monitoring energy-saving benefits. 4.2.6 Promote demand-side management technologies. To effectively tap into and make rational use of the resources of both supply and demand sides, public utilities such as electricity, gas, and heat supply should take the lead in implementing demonstration projects for demand-side management. 4.2.7 Strengthen energy-saving technology consulting and information services, and develop and regulate the energy-saving technology market. Strengthen the development of energy-saving technology service centers. 4.2.8 Large and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises should establish energy management centers, carry out technical exchanges through various channels, provide training for energy management personnel and operators of energy-intensive equipment, as well as conduct research and development on energy-saving products. 4.2.9 Carry out energy-saving education for the entire population, popularize knowledge of energy-saving technologies, and promote examples of energy savings and their benefits.