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In hydraulic systems, when the oil flow is suddenly blocked or reversed, a sharp increase in pressure occurs; this phenomenon is known as hydraulic shock. The main causes of hydraulic shock are sudden changes in hydraulic velocity, the inertial force of rapidly moving components, and the insufficient sensitivity of certain hydraulic components in responding to changes. When oil flows within a conduit at a certain speed, if the flow path of the oil is suddenly blocked at some point (for example, by closing a valve), the flow velocity of the oil will drop from a certain value to zero in an instant. At this time, the kinetic energy of the flowing oil is converted into compression energy, resulting in a sharp increase in pressure and thus hydraulic shock. The inertial force of working components moving at high speeds can also cause pressure surges in the system. For example, when a cylinder component needs to change direction, the directional control valve quickly closes the oil discharge line of the cylinder; as a result, oil can no longer be discharged, but the piston continues to move due to inertia, which leads to a sharp increase in pressure and thus a pressure surge. In hydraulic systems, the slow response of certain hydraulic components – such as their inability to open the oil passages in a timely manner – can also lead to a rapid increase in pressure, resulting in shocks.