Japanese Level 2 Grammar
Thread Content
Japanese Level 2 Grammar 1: When bread, fish, etc., turn black due to overcooking or too strong a flame. 1) Burn 2) Be on fire 3) Blacken 4) Scorch 2 This job doesn’t go smoothly unless one actually accumulates a lot of ( ). 1) Experience 2) Experience 2) Real power 4) Discovery 3) Something that is turned to operate vehicles, machines, etc. 1) Pipe 2) Button 3) Handle 4) Pin 4) Putting rice into a dish. 1) tsugu 2) sosoogu 3) moru 4) toru 5) An expression of sympathy for someone else’s misfortune. 1) Pitiful 2) Understanding/affinity 3) Climate 4) Human kindness 6. I thought a strong typhoon would come today, but it seems it moved southeastward during the night. 1) cross 2) go past 3) pass through 4) deviate from 7 This spring break, I plan to spend time on an island in the south by the sea, （ ）to see beautiful fish and things like that｡ ； 1) Go down 2) Fall 3) Descend 4) Dive 8. Since there have been ( ) deaths, it is better not to use this drug. 1) Truly 2) Simply 3) Indeed 4) Directly The sound of practicing the piano was described to the person next to 9 as ( ). 1) Great 2) Interesting 3) Noisy 4) Envious 10 It’s （ ） that such a serious person should skip school in silence. Did something happen? 1) Unrelated 2) Carefree 3) Calm 4) Rare 11. I don’t do jobs that bring no profit. ( ) 1) Desirable 2) Correct 3) Equal 4) Undoubtedly 12 The bus driver turned the steering wheel sharply to the right at the curve ( ). 1) Twisted 2) Turned 3) Cut 4) Curled 13: A story with absolutely no underlying facts. 1) Assumption 2) Fictional 3) Estimation 4) Fantasy 14 If I cheer for a soccer match all day long, my throat will become completely ( ) and I won’t be able to speak. 1) Dried out 2) Clogged 3) Broken 4) Blocked 15 “We must win today’s game,” he had been （ ） since morning. 1) Pull 2) Retract 3) Turn around 4) Be enthusiastic 16 Today, the roads are likely to be crowded, so I think trains are ( ) than cars. 1) Confirmation 2) Correct 3) Probability 4) Certain. The official ( ) for 17 ** was announced. 1) Estimate 2) Opinion 3) Viewpoint 4) Explanation 18 When she wears bright red lipstick, she looks beautiful ( ). 1) A period 2) Well, somehow 3) An extra layer 4) Ordinary 19 If you keep eating like that, you will get sick ( ). 1) Any moment now 2) Forever 3) Soon 4) At any time 20 There are many things to carry, so please send 2 or 3 young people from over there to help a bit ( ). 1) Give it 2) Send it 3) Call it 4) Pass it over 21. It’s been in use for 20 years ( ), but it’s a very important umbrella for me. 1) Slowly 2) Anxiously 3) In ruins 4) Lying around. 22 The cluster of destroyed buildings （ ） the scale of the disaster. 1) Discuss it 2) Give instructions 3) Call someone 4) Tell a story 23 The cold and other conditions are severe｡ ； 1) Lonely 2) Difficult 3) Harsh 4) Steep 24 Various places. Everywhere. 1) Extremely 2) Increasingly 3) Everywhere 4) Vastly 25 When I went to Tokyo Station for the first time, I was （ ） and missed my Shinkansen. 1) Hesitation 2) By chance 3) Slowly 4) It’s about time 26. A personality that doesn’t get anxious or worried. 1) Cheerful 2) Fine 3) Carefree 4) Easygoing 27 Please go up those stairs and walk straight ahead. It’s the room on the right side, number 3 ( ). 1) Section 2) Block 3) Number 4) Step 28 The amount seems to be extremely high. 1) Swelling 2) Generally 3) Enormous 4) Huge 29 He neglected his duty on duty, and was severely scolded by the teacher. 1) Prolonged 2) Taken too long 3) Hindered 4) Neglected 30 It’s simple to understand once you say it, but the manager talks in such a （ ） way that it’s troublesome. 1) Dull 2) Repeated 3) Sweet 4) Sharp 6) ~ue/~ue ni. Not only is he smart, but he also works hard. \"Ue\" forms a nominal form; its conjugation is the same as that of nouns, and the inflected form is used. It can be used in both present and past tenses, with \"no\" following the noun. Here it indicates accumulation or progression, meaning something like “not only... but also...”. Similar expressions include \"に plus え/に plus えて\", and so on. ○In addition to the construction work, an accident has also occurred, leaving the roads extremely congested. (There are construction works on the road, another accident has occurred, and it’s become quite crowded. ) I got lost on the road and was also caught in the rain. (I not only got lost but also got caught in the rain.) ) ○ It’s inexpensive, and the quality is excellent. (The price is low and the quality is good.) ) Chapter ○ contains many errors in the Chinese characters, as well as numerous grammar mistakes, so it’s hard to understand what is being written. (This article is not only full of spelling mistakes but also has many grammar errors; it’s unclear what was written.) ) ○ He is trusted by everyone in the class. It’s because they have a strong sense of responsibility, and they are also able to put themselves in other people’s shoes. (He is trusted by his flight mates because he is responsible and always considers others’ feelings. ) ○ The vegetables from this grocery store are fresh and inexpensive. (The vegetables from that store are both available and cheap.) ) ○ Everyone dislikes this job because it’s troublesome and time-consuming. (This job is time-consuming and troublesome, so no one wants to do it.) ） 7）~on/~above/~even on/~during After finishing that/after careful consideration/seemingly It is the nominal usage in the “ue” form; the conjugation is the same as in the previous item. 「~\"Above,\" \"~above,\" and \"even above\" are used as adverbs in sentences, while \"は\" and \"も\" are used to emphasize the tone ； 「~\"Above,\" and \"~above\" are attributive phrases that modify nouns. ①Used before a verb in the past tense, it indicates “after …”, meaning similar to 「てから」; the preceding element usually serves as a foundation required for what comes next. Using a noun with a verbal meaning + の can also achieve the same effect. ○A decision will be made after review. (A decision will be made after review.) ) Let’s decide after meeting in person. (Let’s decide when we meet.) ) I will reply after consulting with my family. (I will reply after discussing it with my family.) ) I want to decide whether to rent the apartment or not after checking the interior of the room. (I hope to check out the apartment before deciding whether to rent it.) ) The election was held after the United Nations peacekeeping forces ensured the safety of the area. (The election takes place under the security guarantees provided by United Nations peacekeeping forces.) ② Used after a noun or a verb in the present tense to indicate a certain aspect or perspective, equivalent to “with regard to…” At this point, “上” can be replaced with words such as “関係”, “点”, “面”, or “場合”. ○In terms of work, I’m far from his level. (I’m not as good as him at work.) ) Sports are important for maintaining health. (It’s important for sports teams to stay healthy.) 8) Once it becomes like this, it is generally used after the past tense of a verb to express the meaning of “since... then...”, and is often used when it is clear that there is no other option left in the preceding situation. It is the same as 「 Above」 and 「からには». ○Since that’s the way things are, there’s nothing to be done about it. (Since that’s the case, there’s nothing that can be done.) ) Once you decide to take the university entrance exam, go all out. (Since I’ve decided to take the college entrance exam, I must work hard to pass it.) ) Once it is stipulated in a meeting, one should follow the rules even if they personally object to them. (Since it was decided at the meeting, individuals must comply even if they object.) ) Once the rules are revised, the previous methods will likely have to be changed. (Since the rules have been changed, past practices can only be altered.) 9) ~うちに/~ないうちに While watching TV/while it’s still bright/before it gets dark. “うち” is used in a nominal form; its conjugation is the same as that of nouns, and it is preceded by the conjugated form of a verb, in the format of “noun + の”. ①「“Uchi” is preceded by words that indicate a state or time, showing a certain period of time, and what happens during that period follows. ○If I were dating a Japanese person, I would gradually get better at speaking Japanese without even realizing it. (When interacting with Japanese people, my Japanese improves without me even realizing it.) ) It’s better to have various experiences while still young. (One should experience as much as possible while still young.) ) ○ Please come and play when you have time. (Come by if you have time.) ) I think I’ll take them to Mount Fuji again while my parents are still healthy. (I want to take my parents to Mount Fuji again while they’re still in good health. ) ② The phrase that comes before 「うち」 is the negative form of a verb; that is, 「~ないうちに」, which indicates doing another action before this particular action or situation occurs. ○Let’s clean before the customers arrive. (While the guests haven’t arrived, finish cleaning up quickly.) ) ③「~しているうちに」is more commonly used ； There is also the usage of 「するうちに」 in written form. 「~After \"while doing it,\" it can refer to the overall change over the entire period, or the change at a specific moment ； And after 「するうちに」, there can only be the overall change over the entire period. ○√As I researched the information, I came to understand various things. ○√As I researched the information, I came to understand various things. (While researching, I understood many things.) ) ○√I fell asleep while talking on the phone with a friend. ○╳I fell asleep while talking on the phone with a friend. (Fell asleep while on the phone with a friend.) ) While reading the letter from my mother back home, I couldn’t help but shed tears. (Looking at the letters from my mother sent from our hometown, I find myself crying without realizing it.) ○ As I lived there, I gradually came to like that town. (As I lived there, I fell in love with that city.) 10) Isn’t it in the ~う (intentional form)? Shall we all go together? It is used after the negative form of verbs (the intentional form), and carries an attitude of seeking the other party’s consent or encouraging them to take action together. It is more polite and is mostly used in situations where one is proposing that everyone take action together. ○Let’s do our best to help those who are in trouble, right? (Let’s do our best to extend a helping hand to those in need, shall we?) ! ) Since you’ve gone to the trouble of making it, why not give it to me? (It was made especially for us, so let’s eat it.) ) It’s already late, so let’s go home. (It’s getting late; let’s go back.) ) ○ Don’t just stay at home; let’s go to the park instead. (Don’t stay at home all the time; go to the park!) ) Since we’re here in Japan, why not try climbing Mount Fuji? (It’s been such a hassle to come to Japan; let’s climb Mount Fuji.) ) 11) ~ Get る The best possible method/It’s also possible that such a thing might happen. “ Get る” can be pronounced as “うる” or “える”; however, in actual usage, the conjugation of the verb “える” is used. 「\" Got it る\" is attached to the conjunctive form of a verb to form a compound verb, meaning \"possible\"; its negative form, \" Got it ない (えない)\", means \"impossible\". 「\"Possible\" and \"Impossible\" are more commonly used. It belongs to the classical written language. ○The possibility of an accident is also conceivable. (It could also be an accident.) ) ○ It’s impossible for the machine to stop. (Machines cannot stop.) ) ○ It’s impossible for that person to do such a horrible thing. (He couldn’t possibly do something so outrageous.) ) ○ Something that normally wouldn’t happen occurred. (What is normally impossible happened.) ) ○ It’s impossible for someone so honest to deceive others. (It’s impossible for such an honest person to lie.) ) ○ The greatness of that song cannot be expressed in words at all. “That piece is so wonderful that it’s impossible to describe in words. ） 12）~Thanks to/~It’s because of Thanks to the fact that I was told / It’s because of him interfering. It is a formal noun; its conjugation is the same as that of a noun. The first part is the cause, and the second part is the result. The former term usually refers to someone else’s kindness or a favorable situation, while the latter term denotes a good outcome, often accompanied by the speaker’s gratitude. It is also possible to put the result first and the reason second, using the structure \"……のは……おかげだ\". Sometimes the 「おかげ」structure can also be used in situations to express irony regarding unfavorable outcomes. ○Thanks to you, my life was saved. (It’s thanks to you that I was able to save my life.) ) ○ Thanks to your invitation, I was able to have a pleasant holiday. (Thanks to your invitation, I had a pleasant holiday. ) ○ Thanks to his help, the work was finished much faster. (Thanks to his help, the work was completed ahead of schedule.) ) ○ Thanks to the magazine mentioning the store’s name, many customers started to come. (Because the store name was published in the magazine, more customers came. ) ○ Thanks to the cool weather in summer, many tourists come here. (It’s cool in the summer here, and many tourists come to visit. ) ○ Thanks to the kind nurses, my time in the hospital is pleasant. (Because the nurses are very kind, hospital life is also very pleasant.) ) I was able to get into university thanks to the teacher. (I was able to get into university thanks to my teachers.) ) ○ I suffered a lot because of that guy. (It’s all because of him that I’ve run into bad luck.) ) 13) ~There is a risk. There is a risk that a typhoon will make landfall. “おそれ” is a noun; it can be written in kanji as 「 fear れ」or 「 Yu ». It indicates the likelihood of adverse consequences. It is followed by a participial form connected to a verb or a structure of \"noun + の\". Others such as \"...there is a risk,\" \"...there is a possibility,\" and \"...there are concerns\" can also convey similar meanings. ○There is a risk of heavy snow today. (It might snow heavily today.) ) ○ Here, the plot numbers are relatively soft, so there is a risk of buildings collapsing. (The foundation here is soft, which may cause the building to collapse.) ) ○ At this point, this animal is at risk of going extinct. (If this continues, this animal is at risk of going extinct. ) ○ If no measures are taken now, there is a risk of a major accident occurring. (If no action is taken now, it could lead to a major accident.) ) If the heavy rain continues, there is a risk of flooding. (If it keeps raining heavily, floods may occur.) ） 14）~かぎり/~かぎりは/~かぎりでは/~ないかぎり As far as I know, it’s fine as long as one doesn’t go to dangerous places; we can go out as long as it doesn’t rain heavily. Before 「かぎり」, a verb in its nominal form, or a noun/adjective + である, as well as the negative form 「ない」, is used. ①It is used to indicate a limited scope; verbs such as 「 Know る」 and 「 see る」 often precede it, and it means something like “based on the information known” or “from the perspective of…”. 〇Judging from GNP, Japan is wealthy, but people’s actual living standards are still poor. (Just looking at GNP, Japan seems very wealthy, but in reality, poverty still exists among its citizens. ) Judging from her complexion, she seems to be in good health. (Just by looking at her face, she seems to be in good health.) ) From a political perspective, the two countries continue to be in conflict, but their citizens are starting to do business across the border. (From a political perspective alone, the two countries remain hostile, but their people have started doing business by crossing the border.) ) ② Indicates that, on the premise of the preceding item, the latter item can be ensured. It’s equivalent to “As long as... then...”. 「The usage of 「ないかぎり」can also be translated as “unless……”. 〇As long as he takes care of things for us, we are safe. (As long as he looks after us, we will be safe.) ) As long as you are my friend, I’ll do anything for you. (As long as you’re my friend, I can do anything for you.) ) As long as I have a pen, I intend to keep writing novels. (As long as I can hold a pen, I will keep writing novels.) ) As long as there are night shifts, there will be no applicants for this job. (As long as there are night shifts, no one will apply for this job.) ) I won’t forgive (allow) it unless you say sorry. (I won’t forgive you unless you say sorry.) ) It is said that Chicago is dangerous, but this area is safe as long as you don’t walk around alone at night. (It is said that Zhiji Street isn’t safe, but it’s safe in this area as long as you don’t walk around alone at night.) ) Your disease will not improve unless you undergo surgery. (Your illness won’t get better unless you have surgery.) ) 〇 On this island, there will be a shortage of drinking water unless it rains. (On this island, there is not enough drinking water unless it doesn’t rain.) ） 15）~かけだ/~かけの/~かける: Still eating half of the rice / A magazine that is still being read / He was about to say something. “Verb in te-form + かける” forms a new compound verb; the te-form of this verb, “~かけ”, can be used as a noun to form the phrase “~かけだ” ； 「~Uses such as “~かけ” as an attributive and “~かけで” as an adverbial, etc. It indicates that an action was carried out to some extent or has just begun, but stopped halfway. 〇The unfinished letter is gone. (The letter that was half-written is missing.) ) I was in a hurry, so I left without finishing my meal. (Out of haste, I left after eating half of my meal.) ） 〇 Starts to say something, then stops. (Hesitates before speaking.) ) Additionally, compound verbs formed with 「かける」 can also be used to express the act of exerting some action or influence on someone else; the verb used in such cases can generally have the particle \"に\" added to indicate the object of that action. 〇I will approach him and try to get his approval. (I’ll do his work so that he can get approval votes.) ） 〇Whenever there’s anything, she immediately comes over to talk. (She comes to discuss things whenever there is a problem.) ) 〇 While talking while driving, I almost collided with the car in front of me. (Driving while chatting, and ended up hitting the car in front.) ) 〇I thought he was a student because he looked young, so I approached him to talk, but actually he was a teacher. (It looks very young, so I thought it was a student; only after talking did I realize it was actually a teacher.) )26) From that perspective/~From my point of view, generally, it is used after a noun; \"から\" indicates the basis for a judgment, meaning \"from...it seems...\". Similar to this are Article 24 \"from that perspective\", Article 29 \"from this viewpoint\", etc. ○Given that person’s grades, it’s absolutely impossible for them to pass the university entrance exam. (Judging from his grades, it’s unlikely he’ll be able to get into college.) ) From a foreign perspective, Japan might be a country that is difficult to live in. (From the perspective of foreigners, Japan might be considered a place that is not easy to live in.) ) Compared to last year, there has been a lot more rain this year. (Compared to last year, there has been a lot of rainfall this year. ) Given that it thinned out so quickly, this ring is likely to be a plated product. (It fades so quickly; it seems this ring is gold-plated.) ) From the way he speaks, it seems he isn’t from Shanghai. (Poised by the way he speaks, he doesn’t seem to be from Shanghai.) ） 27） Just because…/Even though it’s cold… “から” is followed by the terminal form of a conjugated verb and is used to indicate a reason, but the speaker denies the conclusion that can be drawn from this. It indicates that even if the preceding reason is sufficiently strong, it does not lead to the subsequent outcome, and no causal relationship can be established between them. It means something like “Although... but...”, or “One cannot... just because...”. It is often used in conjunction with structures such as \"not necessarily\" and \"not exactly.\" ○No matter how much money one has, it’s not good to spend too much of it. (No matter how rich one is, money should not be wasted.) ) Just because it seems simple, it doesn’t necessarily mean it can be done right away. (Although it seems simple, it may not be possible to do it right away.) ) ○ Since my graduation thesis isn’t yet finished, I’m not happy just because I’ve secured a job. (Although the job has been secured, my graduation thesis isn’t finished yet, so I can’t be too happy.) ) Just because the president changes, it doesn’t mean that the political situation will improve right away. (Though a new president has taken office, the political situation cannot improve right away.) ) For people, spiritual richness is what is most necessary above all. Just because one becomes materially wealthy does not necessarily mean they are happy. (For people, spiritual abundance is what is most needed.) Even with material wealth, one is not necessarily happy. ) Just because you’ve read the instructions doesn’t mean you can do it right away. (Although I’ve read the instructions, it’s impossible to do it right away.) ) Just because the parents are intelligent does not necessarily mean that the children will also be intelligent. (Even if parents are intelligent, their children are not necessarily intelligent.) ) ○ No matter how little money you have, it’s not good to refuse to eat. (Though you can’t avoid eating even if you have no money.) ) Just because one has a strong body does not mean that one can neglect hygiene. (Although one is in good health, it’s still important to pay attention to hygiene.) ） 28） Once~/From~ Since a promise was made/Since things have come to this point, whatever it takes. \"から\" is used before verbs, the terminal form of conjugated verbs, and the \"である\" form of nouns; it can be used in both past and present tenses. It means “since... then...”, and its meaning is somewhat similar to that of item 3 「~ Above」 and item 8 「 up は». Subsequently, terms such as determination, judgment, and obligation are used. 「「からは」has an archaic tone and is not commonly used to convey the same meaning. ○Since they are children, it is only natural for them to take care of their parents. (Since they are children, it is only natural to take care of their parents.) ) ○ Since that person is opposing it so strongly, I think there must be some reason for it. (Since he objects so strongly, I think there must be a reason.) ) ○ Since I’ve taken on this job, I’ll give it my all. (Once you accept this job, you must give it your best effort.) ) ○ Since one is taking the university entrance exam, one wants to pass it. (Since I’m taking the university entrance exam, I want to pass it.) ) Since I’m in China, I follow Chinese customs. (Since I’m in China, I’ll follow Chinese customs.) ) Since my boss asked me to do it, I can’t refuse. (Since it was my boss who asked me to do it, of course I couldn’t refuse.) ) Once I say I’ll do something, I will see it through to the end no matter what happens. (Since I said I would do it, I must see it through no matter what happens.) ) It’s something that we all decided after discussing it many times. Since we’ve made the decision, let’s strive to succeed. (This was decided after much discussion by everyone; once it’s settled, we must work hard to make it succeed.) ） 29） From ~’s perspective / From ~’s point of view / As seen from ~ / Even from ~’s standpoint, this record shows that / Even considering high school grades, “から” is used before a noun to indicate the basis for a judgment, meaning “based on……it seems that……”. It is mainly used to express speculative opinions in speech, and therefore can be used in conjunction with expressions such as 「ようだ」, 「らしい」, and 「みたいだ». It is similar to Article 24 \"from the perspective of\" and Article 26 \"from that standpoint\". ○Judging from these footprints, it seems to be a rather large animal. (From the footprints, it seems to be a rather large animal.) ) Since the husband is taking the child to kindergarten, it seems that the wife has not returned yet. (It was the man who took the child to the zoo.) It seems the wife hasn’t returned yet. ) The ECG also shows no apparent problems. (From the ECG, it seems there’s no problem.) ) From the townscape, it seems to be a town with a long history. (Judging from the appearance of the streets, this place seems to be a city with a long history.) ) From the chart, it can be seen that China’s economy is on an upward trajectory. (As can be seen from the chart, China’s economy is on an upward trend.) ） 30）~Instead of Going to the movie, instead of going out to watch a film, we watch TV at home. ①It is used after the verb in its nominal form to indicate some form of compensation or reward. The first and second items generally have equal value. Exchangeable, implying a mutual exchange of costs, or the meaning of one replacing the other. ○As a thank you for your help, let’s treat you to sashimi tonight. (You helped me out; I’ll treat you to sashimi tonight.) ) ○ Pay by card instead of in cash. (No cash needed; payment by credit card.) ) ○ Instead of working on Saturday, I was given the day off tomorrow. (Work on Saturday, with rest starting tomorrow.) ) ② Placed after a \"noun + の\", it indicates representation of the former. ○I came to say hello today in place of my mother. (I am here to greet you on my mother’s behalf today. ) ③ When attached to the conjugated form of a verb, it can also express “although... but...”. ○It’s not very sturdy, but it’s also never had any serious illnesses. (Although my body isn’t very strong, I’ve never had any serious illnesses.) ) ④ \"かわりに\" can sometimes be used on its own as a conjunction, expressing meanings such as substitution or compensation. ○Since my mother caught a cold, my father prepared dinner in her place. (Mom had a cold, so Dad made dinner.) ） 31）~きみ Slightly sick/Feeling tired. The ending word \"きみ\" is added after the conjugated form of a verb to form a compound word; in such compounds it is pronounced as \"ぎみ\", indicating that one has this feeling, but not with complete certainty. It means something like “a bit…”, “feel slightly…”. ○Lately, he has been a bit arrogant. (Lately he’s been a bit proud and haughty.) ) ○ That person seems to be a bit anxious. (He’s a bit impatient.) ) The approval rating of the Cabinet has slightly declined compared to the previous month, but the decrease is small. (The cabinet’s approval rating has dropped slightly compared to last month, but the decrease is minimal.) ○ I felt like I had a cold and skipped school yesterday. (I had a slight cold yesterday and didn’t go to school.) ) ○ I’ve been getting too little exercise lately and have gained weight. (I’ve been getting less exercise lately and have gained weight.) ） 32）~きり/~きりだ: Left and never returned; I’ve only seen her once since last year. “きり” is used after the verbal form in its nominal form (usually in the past tense) or after nouns; in spoken language, “っきり” and “ぎり” are also used. ①It is preceded by past-tense verbs, usually followed by negations or negative expressions, indicating that after the previous action is completed, the situation never changes again. ○She said she was going out for some shopping and has never returned. (She said she went out to buy something and never returned. ) ○There was one phone call, and since then there has been no further contact. (There was only one phone call, and no further contact ever. ) ○ I’ve only drunk a glass of milk this morning and haven’t eaten anything else. (I had a cup of milk this morning and haven’t eaten anything since.) ) ○ My grandmother has been bedridden ever since she caught a cold last month. (Grandma has been bedridden since she caught a cold last month. ) ② The structure “……きり……ない” is equivalent to “……しか……ない”, meaning only. 「\"Kiri\" can also be used in combination with \"shika\". ○Was this the last rice we had? (Is that all the rice there is?) ) ○ This week, I only met Mr. Lin once. (I only saw Kobayashi once this week.) ) ③ Indicates a limit, equivalent to words like “only” or “just,” and generally refers to a small quantity. ○Is this all the money you have? Is that all the money you have? ) ○ Only two days remain this year as well. (Only two days are left this year.) ) 33) ~kiru/~kireru/~kirenai Believe completely / Can one say that for sure? / Unable to eat it all. The “kiru” form, when combined with the conjunctive form of a verb, creates Godan compound verbs that convey the meaning of completeness or reaching a limit. Generally, these verbs emphasize that an action has been carried out thoroughly, or that a certain state has been achieved to a great extent ； 「\"きれる\" is an expression of the possible aspect for compound verbs, meaning \"to be able to complete\"……” ； 「\"きれない\" is the negative form of the possible tense, meaning \"cannot completely...\". ○My father, who had returned home, had a tired look on his face. (The father who returned home seemed very tired. ) I wanted to stop several times along the way, but I finally completed the marathon course. (I wanted to give up several times along the way, but I still finished the entire marathon.) ) ○ A task of this size can be completed in one day. (These tasks can be finished in a day.) ) ○ My monthly allowance is too large; I can’t eat it all. (I get too much pocket money every month, and I can’t use it all.) ) ○ With such a variety of delicacies, it’s impossible to eat them all. (There are so many dishes; it’s impossible to eat them all.) ） 34）~Even though/Yet Although you know it~ “くせ” is a formal noun; its conjugation is the same as that of nouns, and it can be used in the form of the inflected form along with “noun + の”. 「「くせに」functions as a conjunctive particle that indicates contrast; it has a more accusatory tone than 「のに」, is used in spoken language, and the second element in the sentence is often omitted. It means something like “Although... yet...”. Also, \"くせして\" can convey the same meaning.
○Despite being a child, they speak in an adult-like tone. (Although it’s just a child, it speaks in an adult tone.) ) ○ He doesn’t like studying, yet he wants to become a scholar. (I don’t like studying*, I still want to be a scholar. ) ○ Even though he has no money, … (He doesn’t have any money, yet…) ○ The section chief never overlooks others’ mistakes, but turns a blind eye when he makes the same kind of mistakes himself. (The section chief never overlooks others’ mistakes, but if he makes the same mistake himself, he acts as if nothing has happened. ) ○ Tarou can’t eat much, yet he wants to put a lot of food on his plate. (Taro can’t eat much, yet he insists on having many dishes on his plate.) ) ○ You know it, so why won’t you tell me? (You clearly know why – why don’t you tell me?) ) ○ That person has been in Japan for 3 years, yet they can’t even say “good morning”. It’s absolutely ridiculous. (He stayed in Japan for 3 years, but couldn’t even say “good morning.” It’s really surprising. ） 35）~くらい/~ぐらい/~くらいだ/~ぐらいだ I’m too tired to walk anymore/It’s so embarrassing that I want to cry. 「くらい」 is used after the conjugated form of a verb to indicate degree. A noun, adverb, or particle can also be directly attached in front. 「“ぐらい” is mostly used in spoken language. 「~The 「くらい」 form is used as an adverbial in sentences ； 「~The 「くらいの」 form can be used as an adjective. ○I was so happy that I couldn’t speak for a while. (Too happy to speak.) ) I cared about hair dirt to the point of being neurotic. (Worried about getting my hair dirty to an almost neurotic level.) ) It was a road so narrow that only one car could pass through at a time. (In the past, this was a narrow road that could barely accommodate one car.) ) The ring I received from him had a tiny gemstone attached to it, so small that it was barely visible. (The ring he gave me had a small, almost invisible gemstone in it.) ○ Mr. H, who turned a small local business into a global corporation, once said that his life had been one of continuous failures. I was once again reminded that without the ability to endure failure, as this man does, success is not possible. (Mr. H turned a small local business into a global corporation; he once said that his life was a series of failures, which shows that one cannot achieve success without being able to endure failures like he did. ）36）~げ Sad/solitary. It is an ending particle that is generally used to form compound adjectives together with adjectives or the stems of na-adjectives (including na-adjectives, adjectives, or auxiliary verbs such as \"ない\" and \"たい\"), and sometimes it can also be attached after the verb stem form. It denotes a certain expression, appearance, feeling, etc. There are also more common expressions such as \" Confidence ありげ\" (seems confident) and \" Confidence なげ\" (seems lacking confidence). ○His face was anxious as he went to check the results of eligibility. (When he went to check the results, he appeared uneasy.) ) ○ Hearing the news about the earthquake, he looks worried. (Hearing the news about the earthquake, she showed a worried expression on her face.) ) The person injured in the traffic accident was calling for help with a pained voice. (The person injured in the traffic accident cries for help in a pained voice.) ) ○ The children are playing happily. (The children are playing happily.) ) ○ Sitting silently, seemingly dissatisfied. (Sitting there in silence, with a displeased expression on his face.) ） 37）~こそ It’s me who should say that./It’s precisely because I understand. ①「こそ」 is an emphasis particle that follows nouns, particles, or adverbs, used to emphasize the subject and various syntactic elements. It is equivalent to “Only... can...”, “It is precisely...”. 「The verb’s conjunctive form + てこそ is an idiomatic expression used to emphasize the necessity of what the verb conveys. 「~The “precisely because” structure is used to emphasize the reason, similar to “it is because...”. ○This is the true Japanese cuisine. (This is the real Japanese cuisine. ) ○ It is precisely that thorough individualism that defines Paris. (That kind of absolute individualism is Paris.) ) ○ Now is the time for the whole world to work together to create peace. (It is time for the whole world to work together to create peace.) ) ○ I’ve been working overtime continuously and am suffering from lack of sleep. Today I’m going to sleep in slowly. (I’ve been working overtime continuously and haven’t gotten enough sleep; I need to get a good night’s sleep today.) ) ○ It’s precisely him with whom I should get along well. (I’ve decided to get along well with him.) ) True success comes only through effort. (Only through effort can there be true success.) ) It is because of you that I have been able to work so hard up to this point. (It is because of you that I have been able to hold on to this day. ) ○ You shouldn’t make so much noise. It’s because I’m thinking of you that I pay attention to various things. (Don’t be so impatient.) It is precisely because I’m thinking of you that I keep reminding you at every turn. ) ② Use the sentence patterns 「~こそすれ」 and 「~こそしたが」, with the te-form of a verb (the stem of a sa-verb) preceding them, to emphasize the first element and to show a contrast between the two elements. ○Although the number of customers coming to the store decreased due to the recession, they didn’t stop coming at all. (Due to the economic downturn, there are fewer customers for electricity, but it’s not completely deserted.) ) ○ I’ve never been praised by my boss; on the contrary, I’ve only been scolded. (I’ve been criticized by my boss; I’ve never received any praise once.) ) I would never think of skipping work, except maybe on days off when commuting. (I go to work even on days off; the idea of slacking off never even crosses my mind.) ) ○ Those who fail deserve sympathy, not laughter. (Pity only those who fail; never laugh at them.) ） 38）~koto ka How lonely it is/How many times have I warned you? It is used before a particle in a nominal form to express strong emotions; it usually corresponds to the interrogative word in the sentence, creating a rhetorical question tone. It is an affirmative expression, used to convey emphasis or exclamation. Emphasizes the great extent of the fact in the sentence. Be careful not to confuse it with Article 148, \"ものか\". \"ことか\" is used for a strong affirmative statement, whereas \"ものか\" is one of the forms used for a strong negative statement. ○It would be wonderful to be with that person. (It would be so great to be with him.) ) ○ For so long, I’ve wanted to see you so much. (Do you know how much I want to see you? ) ○ I was poor, and I’ve thought about dying so many times. (Due to poverty, I have thought about dying more than once.) ) ○ I’ve thought about quitting such a tough job so many times. (It’s not just about how many times I’ve wanted to quit such a tough job.) ） 39）~From this, since there are many U.S. military bases in this area, the use of the formal noun form \"こと\", as well as the conjunctional pattern involving nouns. In a sentence, it is used to indicate a cause or reason; the fact mentioned earlier serves as a clue that leads to the conclusion or result that follows. ○With so many people gathered, I felt that some incident must have occurred. (Seeing a large crowd gathered, I realized something must have happened.) ) ○ It was clear that she had come because a handkerchief was lying there. (Seeing the handkerchief here, I know she was here. ) ○ She is liked by everyone because she is kind to everybody. (She is loved by everyone because she is kind to all. ○ Because her father was a renowned scholar, she tended to be viewed in a special light by those around her. (Because her father was a renowned scholar, people around her tended to view her in a special light.) ) ○ Since this place used to be a castle, it still has rows of old and magnificent houses. (This place used to be a castle, so many ancient and magnificent buildings still stand here to this day.) ) By facilitating communication between people, a relationship of trust can be established between them. (One must seek interaction with others in order to build a relationship of trust. ） 40）~koto – It’s something that one should try to do by oneself. ① The nominal form \"koto\" is preceded by the conjugated form of a verb. It conveys a strong sense of reminder or persuasion, and is similar to expressions such as “should…”, “it’s best to…”, “must…”. Therefore, the verb in the preceding clause is generally used in the present tense. 「It’s important to firmly keep in mind that one is no longer a child. (One must remember that one is no longer a child.) ) ○ During holidays, one should forget about studying and have fun to the fullest. (When resting, one should forget about studying* and have fun to the fullest.) ) ○ To detect diseases early, it is necessary to seek medical examination. (To detect diseases early, one should get checked up.) ） ② It’s not about saying “I can’t”; try doing it by yourself first. (Don’t say “I can’t”; try it yourself.) ) ○Don’t say such foolish things. (Don’t say such nonsense.) )41) It’s because of that person who sleeps in; it’s due to that person. The structure \"noun + の\" is used before a noun to indicate its characteristics, and it allows us to draw conclusions or make predictions based on those characteristics. It often goes hand in hand with \"きっと\" and \" Of course \". It is usually used in situations where \"since the former has such characteristics, it is only natural to obtain the latter result.\" ○Given who he is, there’s no need to worry; he’ll definitely pass the exam. (As for him, there’s no need to worry; he’ll definitely pass.) ) It was an era with insufficient technology, so of course such things were impossible to do. (The technology at that time wasn’t advanced enough; of course, it was impossible to do such things.) ) ○ As for that food enthusiast Mr. Yamada, there’s nothing he’s never eaten. (Shan Tian is a gourmand; is there anything he hasn’t eaten?) ) Since it’s the capable Tanaka-kun, he’ll surely do a great job. (Tanaka, who is so capable, will surely do the work well.) ) She’s so punctual that there’s no way she’ll be late. (She is very punctual and should not be late.) ） 42）~ことなく Forever without forgetting it A written expression that is generally used after the present tense conjugation of a verb, to indicate a pause in the sentence; it means “without the aforementioned action occurring even once...,” and is equivalent to the use of 「ないで». ○I worked hard until graduation without ever skipping school. (I didn’t take a single day off and persisted until graduation.) ) ○ He continued his research without rest, from early morning until late at night. (Her continuous research from morning to night without rest.) ) Even he, who was a famous singer, now lives in solitude in his old age, unknown to anyone. (He was once a famous singer; in his later years, he led a quiet life alone, unseen by anyone. ) ○ No one can succeed without making efforts. (No one can succeed without putting in effort.) ) ○ My mother spent her entire life without ever going abroad. (Mother never left her hometown and spent her entire life that way.) ） 43）~ことに/~ことには Interestingly/Surprisingly, this expression is used to convey an evaluation of what follows, with a strong emotional connotation. Previously, words expressing emotions were often used, including: past tense verbs ( surprised, troubled, relieved, etc.), adjectives, and attributive forms of adjectival nouns (happy, hateful, disappointing, strange, etc.). The –ist form is a usage of nominal forms; therefore, what precedes 「こと」 must be the conjugated form of a verb. ○To my surprise, those two were brothers. (It’s surprising that the two of them are brothers.) ) ○Unfortunately, I couldn’t remember the other person’s name. (The problem is I just can’t remember the other person’s name.) ) Sadly, the dog I loved has died. (Another person’s sad thing: their beloved dog died.) ) Strangely enough, after leaving society, my appetite improved. (Strange thing is, after quitting my job, my appetite improved.) ) ○ Unfortunately, you can’t go with us. (It’s a pity you can’t come with us.) ) I thought it would be awkward if someone saw me, but fortunately, no one saw me. (I think it would be troublesome if anyone saw it; luckily, no one saw it.) ） 44）~It is planned that~/It has been decided that classes will start on April 7th. It indicates the existence of a certain outcome or state, which is often determined objectively by the surrounding environment, or is something that has already been decided by others. It is often translated as “it is stipulated that…” ○ It is required to speak in Japanese during class. (It is stipulated that Japanese must be spoken during classes. ) The school pool is scheduled to open on June 1st. (The school swimming pool will be available for use starting June 1st.) ) In Japan, cars are required to drive on the left side of the road. (In Japan, it is stipulated that vehicles drive on the left. ) According to the agreement with Mr. Yamada, I am supposed to go to Tokyo Station by 6 o’clock. (I made an appointment with Yamada to arrive at Tokyo Station before 6 o’clock.) ) I think I’ve mentioned it many times, but pets are not allowed in this apartment. (I’ve reminded you several times that pets are not allowed in this apartment.) ) ○ Amit’s performance is scheduled to be broadcast on TV tonight. (The details of the summit meeting are scheduled to be broadcast on television tonight.) ) In contrast, 「ことにする」 represents a subjective decision; the phrase itself usually implies the subject who makes that decision. ○The meeting is scheduled to take place next Wednesday. (The meeting is scheduled for next Wednesday.) ) ○ We have decided to hold a meeting next Wednesday. (We have decided to hold the meeting next Wednesday. ） 45）~it’s not necessary. You don’t need to go; there’s no need to do such a thing. This is the usage of \"こと\" as a formal nominal form, which is usually followed by the present tense conjugation of a verb. ①It indicates that there is no need for something, that it isn’t necessary to do it. It means \"there is no need to ~\". ○It’s a minor earthquake, so there’s no need to panic. (It’s just a small earthquake.) ) ○ Your father’s illness is under control, so there’s nothing for you to worry about. (Dad’s illness isn’t serious; you don’t need to worry.) ) ○ If you hate it that much, there’s no need to force yourself to eat it. (If you don’t like it, you don’t have to force yourself to eat it.) ) ○ There’s no need to be shy among brothers; if anything happens, just let me know. (Brothers don’t need to be polite; just say what’s on your mind.) ) There’s no need to worry about fearing failure. (Don’t worry about failure.) ) ② It can also simply be used to indicate the absence of something or a certain possibility; it is generally used in cases involving verbs that do not relate to voluntary actions, so it’s important to make the distinction. ○It’s so sunny like this; it won’t rain tonight. (The weather is so nice; it won’t rain tonight.) ) 46) ~際/~際に/~際は Upon returning to one’s home country / When stopping by the port / When making a visit “際” is a noun that denotes a point in time. It is used after the verb’s stem form or \"noun + の\", to indicate that an action is being performed or that a certain situation is occurring. ○In an emergency, please sound this level. (Press this bell in case of an emergency.) ) When using it, please read the instructions first. (When using, please read the precautions first. ) When buying a car, a garage certificate is required. (When purchasing a car, a garage proof is required.) ) When visiting someone’s home, it’s better to make an appointment in advance. (When visiting someone’s home, it’s best to make an appointment in advance.) ) Since we’re going to have children too, it’s the right time to go all out and rebuild the house. (I want to have another child, so I might as well renovate the house now.) ） 47）~in the middle of/~it’s in progress During a meeting/We are currently considering it. “ the center is a noun that refers to the **middle stage** of some activity. It is used after the ている form of a verb, the adjective form, or a noun + の, to express the meaning of “being in the process of…”, “within…”. Similar to this is Article 43, Level 1, \"ところで\" and so on. ○We’re in a meeting right now, so it’s better to refrain from smoking. (The meeting is in progress; better not smoke.) ) I went out in the rain. (It was raining heavily when I went out. ) ○ During the wedding, the bride became so nervous that she felt sick. (At the wedding, the bride was too nervous and felt unwell. ) While I was busy, a friend came to visit. (I was busy when a friend came by.) ） 48）~Even... Even those who can’t write hiragana got angry./Even that gentle person got angry. A hint particle, similar in usage to 「も」, but with a stronger emphasis; it is placed after nouns, particles, etc. It means giving extreme examples in order to draw analogies to other cases. Equivalent to “even”, “not even”. 「\"でさえ\" is equivalent to \"でも\", with a stronger tone. There are also uses of 「さえも」 and 「でさえも». A similar usage is found in Item 2 of Level 1, 「すら」. Corresponding to negation indicates a complete denial. ○Few people can live near the company; some even have to commute for two hours each way. (Few people can own a home near their workplace; some even spend two hours commuting each way. ) ○ I have severe dizziness; it’s a blessing just to be able to stand. (I’m extremely dizzy; it’s hard even to stand.) ) By July, not even drizzle falls. (By July, not even light rain falls.) ) ○ Due to the economic downturn, even those who have contributed to the company for many years are being forced to leave. (Due to the economic downturn, even those who have always contributed to the company are forced to resign.) It’s embarrassing that I, an adult, didn’t know something even elementary school students know. (It’s embarrassing that I, an adult, don’t know something even elementary school students know.) ) ○ That person is even willing to forgive those who have deceived them. (He can even forgive those who deceive themselves; he’s like a god.) ) It’s a problem even Mr. ○ doesn’t understand. (This is a question even teachers don’t understand.) ) I even got into a fight with a friend. (I even had a fight with my friends.) ） 49）~さえ~ば As long as there’s time, as long as one takes the medicine – used to indicate the only necessary condition, equivalent to “as long as... then...”. ①To express a finite verb predicate, use \"verb stem + さえすれば (しなければ)\". ○As long as one appears on the Red and White Song Battle, they will quickly become known throughout the country. (Just by showing up at the Red and White Song Festival, one would instantly become famous across the country, right?) ) ○ As long as I don’t get sick, I don’t take time off from work. ②To form a predicate with a restrictive adjective, use \"adjective in stem form + さえあれば (なければ)\". ○If only the children were a little older, I could start working too. (I can start working as soon as the child gets a bit older.) ) ○ As long as it’s not dirty, any one will do. (As long as it’s not dirty, any one will do.) ) ③ To form a predicate with a limited adjective, use \"adjective stem + でさえあれば (なければ)\". ○As long as it’s quiet, it can be small. (As long as it’s quiet, it can be small too. ) Some people think, \"As long as life is comfortable, that’s enough.\" (Some people also think that “it’s enough for life to be easy.” ”) ④ Noun-based predicate: \"Noun + でさえあれば (なければ)\". ○As long as it’s metal, that’s fine. (As long as it’s metal.) ) In cases such as subject-predicate structures and verb-object structures, this method can also be used to express 51) ～しかない. コウナッタラヤルシカナイ – It is necessary to do it; there is no other way. It is placed directly after the final form of the verb, indicating that nothing else can be done, which is equivalent to “there is no choice but to…”. It is similar to the usage of 138 \"ほかない\". 〇 When my mother is not around, I have to cook by myself. (I have to cook by myself when mom isn’t around.) ) 〇 Since no one came, I had no choice but to go back. (No one came, so I had to go back.) ） 〇There are no trains, so I have to walk. (There are no trams, so I have to walk.) ) To pass the exam, one has to work hard. (To pass the exam, only relentless effort will do.) ) 〇 With my son’s current academic level, it’s completely impossible for him to get into a top-tier university, so we have no choice but to have him apply to another university. (With my son’s current abilities, it’s impossible for him to get into a top university, so I have to let him apply to other universities instead.) ） 52）～As soon as… As soon as one arrives there, “ step by step” can be used as a concluding word, placed after the conjugated form of a verb (the stem of a sa-verb), to indicate that once the preceding action takes place, the subsequent action will be carried out immediately, which is equivalent to “as soon as…”. Unlike other sentence patterns that express the idea of \"as soon as...\", such as 「～たかと think うと」, 「～たとたんに」, and 「～か～ないかのうちに」, 「 step by step」 is generally used to indicate future situations. We will deliver it as soon as it’s ready. (I’ll deliver it to you as soon as it’s ready.) ) Please reply as soon as you receive the letter. (Please write back immediately as soon as you receive the letter.) ) Please let me know as soon as next week’s schedule is finalized. (Please contact us immediately once next week’s schedule is finalized.) ) I plan to look for a job as soon as I return to my home country. (I plan to look for a job as soon as I return to the country.) ) The correspondent intends to start broadcasting as soon as they arrive on site. (Ready to start live broadcasting as soon as the special correspondent arrives.) ） 53）～It depends on / Depending on / If it’s the case that… This is how things have come to be today. It all depends on the way one expresses things. It depends on one’s grades. ① \" step by step \" can be regarded as a substantive noun, denoting the process, circumstances, order, reasons, and so on. 〇Well, that’s roughly how it is. (That’s more or less how it is.) ) It will be disposed of appropriately depending on the circumstances. (Appropriate sanctions shall be imposed depending on the circumstances.) ） 〇For these reasons, I am truly sorry. (I’m truly sorry due to this situation.) ) ② When used as a concluding word, \"jidai\" is placed directly after a noun, indicating the key determining factor – the outcome of something being determined entirely by that factor. 「“～次第だ” is used to end a sentence, while “～次第で” and “～次第では” are used within a sentence. A similar expression is Article 1, Clause 2: 「いかん」. 〇From now on, it depends on your skills. (It now depends on your skills.) ) 〇 Even matters of hell depend on money. (Money can make even ghosts grind grain.) ) It’s not a dream to achieve good grades, depending on your efforts. (Achieving good results is not a dream either; it all depends on your efforts.) ) It was said that he wouldn’t be able to play in matches for some time, but depending on his recovery, he might be able to take part in next week’s games. (Although I can’t play in matches for now, depending on my recovery progress, I might be able to take part in next week’s games.) ） 54）～jō/～jō wa/～jō mo It’s impossible under the system/There is no change on the surface/It remains the same outwardly. Here, “jō” is pronounced as “じょう”; it is a suffix that comes right after a noun and indicates “in terms of…”, “from the perspective of…”. 〇Technically, there are no issues at all. (There are no technical issues.) ) Mr. Tanaka and Ms. Ikeda have different surnames, but according to the family registry, both are Tanaka and are husband and wife. (Tanaka has a different surname from the actress Ikeda, but they are registered as husband and wife; both have the surname Tanaka.) I only have a professional relationship with him. (I only have professional contact with him.) ) 〇This movie is not good either for children’s education. (This movie is also not good for children’s education.) ) The next Secretary-General is in for a tough time. The United Nations currently has many structural problems. (The United Nations currently has many institutional problems, and it’s truly not easy to become the next Secretary-General. ） 55）～ずにいられない Can’t help doing it; can’t refrain from crying. It is used after the imperfect form of a verb to indicate that one really wants to do something, or cannot resist the urge to do it. It means something like “can’t help but…”, “involuntarily…”, “can’t resist doing…”. Article 90 “Can’t help it” conveys the same meaning. 〇It’s so interesting that I can’t help but read it to the end. (This book is very interesting; I can’t help but finish reading it.) ） 〇I can’t help but laugh. (I really can’t help but laugh.) ） When I see someone in trouble, I can’t help them. (I want to help those in need whenever I see them.) ) 〇Every year, when the sound of frogs is heard, I can’t help but think of my hometown. (Every year, when the croaking of frogs begins, I can’t help but miss my hometown.) ) It’s impossible not to lament that a police officer would commit theft – it’s the end of the world. (It’s sad that even police officers steal; it really shows how degraded society has become.) ) 〇 Drugs are terrifying. Once you drink it, you can’t help but drink it again and again. (Poisons are very scary.) It is said that once you try it once, you can’t help but try it a second and third time. ) 〇 Humans cannot live without breathing. (Humans cannot do without breathing.) ）61）～たび/～たびに Every time I go to Shinjuku. It is used before the verb in its nominal form or in the form of \"noun + の\", to indicate \"whenever... then...\"; if the element that follows it denotes a change, it means that this change occurs each time the preceding element repeats itself. Since it happens frequently, the past tense is basically not used for verbs. 〇 I get stronger with each match (My skills improve with every game.) ) The screen changes every time the 〇 button is pressed. (Each time the button is pressed, the image changes. ） 〇Every time it snows a little, transportation comes to a standstill. (Traffic comes to a standstill as soon as it snows.) ) Every time Mr. Kimura returns to Japan, he brings back Japanese language reference books for me. (Mr. Kimura always brings me Japanese reference books whenever he returns to Japan.) 〇There are books that give me a different impression every time I read them. (Some books give different impressions each time they are read.) ） Every time I look at the graduation photos, I think of him. (I think of him every time I see the graduation photos.) ） I’m amazed every time I meet him that his Japanese is getting better and better. (I’m surprised that his Japanese improves with every time we meet.) ) 〇 In the past, I would suffer from terrible back pain every time I woke up in the morning. (Used to wake up every morning with unbearable back pain.) ） 62）～だらけ: Full of mistakes. It is used after a noun to indicate that something is entirely composed of certain things; it often conveys a sense of disorder and is generally used in a negative context. Similar uses can be found in Article 18 of Level 1, where \"ずくめ\" is used (often in a negative context), and in Article 84 of Level 1, where \"まみれ\" indicates something that is covered on the surface of an object. 〇This sentence is full of mistakes. (This article is full of errors. ) This room is unoccupied, so it’s covered in dust. (This house is unoccupied and covered in dust.) ) 〇 Life is full of things that are unpredictable. (Life is full of unpredictable things.) ) Can moldy bread be eaten? (How can you eat bread that’s completely moldy?) ) 〇 I posted postcards from friends who were in various places on the wall, and before I knew it, the wall was covered with postcards. (I stuck postcards from friends from all over the place on the wall, and before I knew it it was already covered with them.) ) I went to bed wearing my clothes, so they got full of wrinkles. (Slept in one’s clothes, which became full of wrinkles.) ） 63）～ついでに When going to the post office, it is used after the verbal stem form or in the structure \"noun + の\", meaning \"by the way…\". (“Tsuideni” can also be used alone as a conjunction.) ) 〇 While I’m out shopping, let’s stop by Yoko’s house. (Go out to do some shopping; stop by Yoko’s place on the way.) ) I went to Kyoto on business and took the opportunity to meet a friend from high school. (I went to Kyoto on business and took the opportunity to visit a friend from high school.) ) I took the opportunity to visit my former teacher while in Japan for an academic conference. (I came to Japan to attend a conference, and took the opportunity to visit my former teacher.) ) I bought some sweets on my way back from a walk. (Goed for a walk and picked up some snacks along the way.) ) If you’re going to the post office, please drop off my letters as well. (If you go to the post office, please send my letter for me as well.) ） 64）～っけ I wonder what day it is today. / Was his name Kobayashi? It is an ending particle used only in spoken language, typically appearing in the forms \"だっけ\" and \"たっけ\". ①It is used to express uncertainty about something one cannot remember, often with euphemistic ways of confirming it. 〇You’ll be thirty next year, right? (You’ll be thirty next year, right?) ) 〇Where did I buy this outfit? (Where was this piece of clothing bought?) ） 〇“When was the next exam again? 」「It’s next Monday. Don’t forget. 」When is the next exam? ”“Don’t forget next Monday. ”) ② Indicates memory, sometimes carrying a feeling of nostalgia. 〇“He quit his job at the company and returned to his hometown.” 」「By the way, I said I wanted to work in agriculture back in my hometown. 」He quit his job and went back to his hometown. ”“Yes, he once said he wanted to farm at home. ”) 〇I used to go to that store a lot during my student days. (We used to go to that store a lot during our student days.) ） 65） It’s impossible. There’s no way it’s possible. This is an informal expression; \"っこ\" is a suffix that is added after the conjugated form of a verb, and it is used to emphasize negation, equivalent to \"～することはない\". 〇 Such a thing is absolutely impossible for a child to do. (Children simply can’t do such things.) ) 〇 No one will ever understand. (No one will know.) ） 〇That child is too quiet; even if they don’t understand, they won’t ask questions. (That child is too honest; even if they don’t understand, they won’t ask.) ) 〇 The two countries will never start a war. I think it can be resolved through discussion. (I think the two countries won’t go to war; it will be resolved through negotiations.) ) 〇 She will never go even if invited. It’s a date every Saturday. (She goes on dates every weekend, and she won’t go even if you invite her.) ）
○Despite being a child, they speak in an adult-like tone. (Although it’s just a child, it speaks in an adult tone.) ) ○ He doesn’t like studying, yet he wants to become a scholar. (I don’t like studying*, I still want to be a scholar. ) ○ Even though he has no money, … (He doesn’t have any money, yet…) ○ The section chief never overlooks others’ mistakes, but turns a blind eye when he makes the same kind of mistakes himself. (The section chief never overlooks others’ mistakes, but if he makes the same mistake himself, he acts as if nothing has happened. ) ○ Tarou can’t eat much, yet he wants to put a lot of food on his plate. (Taro can’t eat much, yet he insists on having many dishes on his plate.) ) ○ You know it, so why won’t you tell me? (You clearly know why – why don’t you tell me?) ) ○ That person has been in Japan for 3 years, yet they can’t even say “good morning”. It’s absolutely ridiculous. (He stayed in Japan for 3 years, but couldn’t even say “good morning.” It’s really surprising. ） 35）~くらい/~ぐらい/~くらいだ/~ぐらいだ I’m too tired to walk anymore/It’s so embarrassing that I want to cry. 「くらい」 is used after the conjugated form of a verb to indicate degree. A noun, adverb, or particle can also be directly attached in front. 「“ぐらい” is mostly used in spoken language. 「~The 「くらい」 form is used as an adverbial in sentences ； 「~The 「くらいの」 form can be used as an adjective. ○I was so happy that I couldn’t speak for a while. (Too happy to speak.) ) I cared about hair dirt to the point of being neurotic. (Worried about getting my hair dirty to an almost neurotic level.) ) It was a road so narrow that only one car could pass through at a time. (In the past, this was a narrow road that could barely accommodate one car.) ) The ring I received from him had a tiny gemstone attached to it, so small that it was barely visible. (The ring he gave me had a small, almost invisible gemstone in it.) ○ Mr. H, who turned a small local business into a global corporation, once said that his life had been one of continuous failures. I was once again reminded that without the ability to endure failure, as this man does, success is not possible. (Mr. H turned a small local business into a global corporation; he once said that his life was a series of failures, which shows that one cannot achieve success without being able to endure failures like he did. ）36）~げ Sad/solitary. It is an ending particle that is generally used to form compound adjectives together with adjectives or the stems of na-adjectives (including na-adjectives, adjectives, or auxiliary verbs such as \"ない\" and \"たい\"), and sometimes it can also be attached after the verb stem form. It denotes a certain expression, appearance, feeling, etc. There are also more common expressions such as \" Confidence ありげ\" (seems confident) and \" Confidence なげ\" (seems lacking confidence). ○His face was anxious as he went to check the results of eligibility. (When he went to check the results, he appeared uneasy.) ) ○ Hearing the news about the earthquake, he looks worried. (Hearing the news about the earthquake, she showed a worried expression on her face.) ) The person injured in the traffic accident was calling for help with a pained voice. (The person injured in the traffic accident cries for help in a pained voice.) ) ○ The children are playing happily. (The children are playing happily.) ) ○ Sitting silently, seemingly dissatisfied. (Sitting there in silence, with a displeased expression on his face.) ） 37）~こそ It’s me who should say that./It’s precisely because I understand. ①「こそ」 is an emphasis particle that follows nouns, particles, or adverbs, used to emphasize the subject and various syntactic elements. It is equivalent to “Only... can...”, “It is precisely...”. 「The verb’s conjunctive form + てこそ is an idiomatic expression used to emphasize the necessity of what the verb conveys. 「~The “precisely because” structure is used to emphasize the reason, similar to “it is because...”. ○This is the true Japanese cuisine. (This is the real Japanese cuisine. ) ○ It is precisely that thorough individualism that defines Paris. (That kind of absolute individualism is Paris.) ) ○ Now is the time for the whole world to work together to create peace. (It is time for the whole world to work together to create peace.) ) ○ I’ve been working overtime continuously and am suffering from lack of sleep. Today I’m going to sleep in slowly. (I’ve been working overtime continuously and haven’t gotten enough sleep; I need to get a good night’s sleep today.) ) ○ It’s precisely him with whom I should get along well. (I’ve decided to get along well with him.) ) True success comes only through effort. (Only through effort can there be true success.) ) It is because of you that I have been able to work so hard up to this point. (It is because of you that I have been able to hold on to this day. ) ○ You shouldn’t make so much noise. It’s because I’m thinking of you that I pay attention to various things. (Don’t be so impatient.) It is precisely because I’m thinking of you that I keep reminding you at every turn. ) ② Use the sentence patterns 「~こそすれ」 and 「~こそしたが」, with the te-form of a verb (the stem of a sa-verb) preceding them, to emphasize the first element and to show a contrast between the two elements. ○Although the number of customers coming to the store decreased due to the recession, they didn’t stop coming at all. (Due to the economic downturn, there are fewer customers for electricity, but it’s not completely deserted.) ) ○ I’ve never been praised by my boss; on the contrary, I’ve only been scolded. (I’ve been criticized by my boss; I’ve never received any praise once.) ) I would never think of skipping work, except maybe on days off when commuting. (I go to work even on days off; the idea of slacking off never even crosses my mind.) ) ○ Those who fail deserve sympathy, not laughter. (Pity only those who fail; never laugh at them.) ） 38）~koto ka How lonely it is/How many times have I warned you? It is used before a particle in a nominal form to express strong emotions; it usually corresponds to the interrogative word in the sentence, creating a rhetorical question tone. It is an affirmative expression, used to convey emphasis or exclamation. Emphasizes the great extent of the fact in the sentence. Be careful not to confuse it with Article 148, \"ものか\". \"ことか\" is used for a strong affirmative statement, whereas \"ものか\" is one of the forms used for a strong negative statement. ○It would be wonderful to be with that person. (It would be so great to be with him.) ) ○ For so long, I’ve wanted to see you so much. (Do you know how much I want to see you? ) ○ I was poor, and I’ve thought about dying so many times. (Due to poverty, I have thought about dying more than once.) ) ○ I’ve thought about quitting such a tough job so many times. (It’s not just about how many times I’ve wanted to quit such a tough job.) ） 39）~From this, since there are many U.S. military bases in this area, the use of the formal noun form \"こと\", as well as the conjunctional pattern involving nouns. In a sentence, it is used to indicate a cause or reason; the fact mentioned earlier serves as a clue that leads to the conclusion or result that follows. ○With so many people gathered, I felt that some incident must have occurred. (Seeing a large crowd gathered, I realized something must have happened.) ) ○ It was clear that she had come because a handkerchief was lying there. (Seeing the handkerchief here, I know she was here. ) ○ She is liked by everyone because she is kind to everybody. (She is loved by everyone because she is kind to all. ○ Because her father was a renowned scholar, she tended to be viewed in a special light by those around her. (Because her father was a renowned scholar, people around her tended to view her in a special light.) ) ○ Since this place used to be a castle, it still has rows of old and magnificent houses. (This place used to be a castle, so many ancient and magnificent buildings still stand here to this day.) ) By facilitating communication between people, a relationship of trust can be established between them. (One must seek interaction with others in order to build a relationship of trust. ） 40）~koto – It’s something that one should try to do by oneself. ① The nominal form \"koto\" is preceded by the conjugated form of a verb. It conveys a strong sense of reminder or persuasion, and is similar to expressions such as “should…”, “it’s best to…”, “must…”. Therefore, the verb in the preceding clause is generally used in the present tense. 「It’s important to firmly keep in mind that one is no longer a child. (One must remember that one is no longer a child.) ) ○ During holidays, one should forget about studying and have fun to the fullest. (When resting, one should forget about studying* and have fun to the fullest.) ) ○ To detect diseases early, it is necessary to seek medical examination. (To detect diseases early, one should get checked up.) ） ② It’s not about saying “I can’t”; try doing it by yourself first. (Don’t say “I can’t”; try it yourself.) ) ○Don’t say such foolish things. (Don’t say such nonsense.) )41) It’s because of that person who sleeps in; it’s due to that person. The structure \"noun + の\" is used before a noun to indicate its characteristics, and it allows us to draw conclusions or make predictions based on those characteristics. It often goes hand in hand with \"きっと\" and \" Of course \". It is usually used in situations where \"since the former has such characteristics, it is only natural to obtain the latter result.\" ○Given who he is, there’s no need to worry; he’ll definitely pass the exam. (As for him, there’s no need to worry; he’ll definitely pass.) ) It was an era with insufficient technology, so of course such things were impossible to do. (The technology at that time wasn’t advanced enough; of course, it was impossible to do such things.) ) ○ As for that food enthusiast Mr. Yamada, there’s nothing he’s never eaten. (Shan Tian is a gourmand; is there anything he hasn’t eaten?) ) Since it’s the capable Tanaka-kun, he’ll surely do a great job. (Tanaka, who is so capable, will surely do the work well.) ) She’s so punctual that there’s no way she’ll be late. (She is very punctual and should not be late.) ） 42）~ことなく Forever without forgetting it A written expression that is generally used after the present tense conjugation of a verb, to indicate a pause in the sentence; it means “without the aforementioned action occurring even once...,” and is equivalent to the use of 「ないで». ○I worked hard until graduation without ever skipping school. (I didn’t take a single day off and persisted until graduation.) ) ○ He continued his research without rest, from early morning until late at night. (Her continuous research from morning to night without rest.) ) Even he, who was a famous singer, now lives in solitude in his old age, unknown to anyone. (He was once a famous singer; in his later years, he led a quiet life alone, unseen by anyone. ) ○ No one can succeed without making efforts. (No one can succeed without putting in effort.) ) ○ My mother spent her entire life without ever going abroad. (Mother never left her hometown and spent her entire life that way.) ） 43）~ことに/~ことには Interestingly/Surprisingly, this expression is used to convey an evaluation of what follows, with a strong emotional connotation. Previously, words expressing emotions were often used, including: past tense verbs ( surprised, troubled, relieved, etc.), adjectives, and attributive forms of adjectival nouns (happy, hateful, disappointing, strange, etc.). The –ist form is a usage of nominal forms; therefore, what precedes 「こと」 must be the conjugated form of a verb. ○To my surprise, those two were brothers. (It’s surprising that the two of them are brothers.) ) ○Unfortunately, I couldn’t remember the other person’s name. (The problem is I just can’t remember the other person’s name.) ) Sadly, the dog I loved has died. (Another person’s sad thing: their beloved dog died.) ) Strangely enough, after leaving society, my appetite improved. (Strange thing is, after quitting my job, my appetite improved.) ) ○ Unfortunately, you can’t go with us. (It’s a pity you can’t come with us.) ) I thought it would be awkward if someone saw me, but fortunately, no one saw me. (I think it would be troublesome if anyone saw it; luckily, no one saw it.) ） 44）~It is planned that~/It has been decided that classes will start on April 7th. It indicates the existence of a certain outcome or state, which is often determined objectively by the surrounding environment, or is something that has already been decided by others. It is often translated as “it is stipulated that…” ○ It is required to speak in Japanese during class. (It is stipulated that Japanese must be spoken during classes. ) The school pool is scheduled to open on June 1st. (The school swimming pool will be available for use starting June 1st.) ) In Japan, cars are required to drive on the left side of the road. (In Japan, it is stipulated that vehicles drive on the left. ) According to the agreement with Mr. Yamada, I am supposed to go to Tokyo Station by 6 o’clock. (I made an appointment with Yamada to arrive at Tokyo Station before 6 o’clock.) ) I think I’ve mentioned it many times, but pets are not allowed in this apartment. (I’ve reminded you several times that pets are not allowed in this apartment.) ) ○ Amit’s performance is scheduled to be broadcast on TV tonight. (The details of the summit meeting are scheduled to be broadcast on television tonight.) ) In contrast, 「ことにする」 represents a subjective decision; the phrase itself usually implies the subject who makes that decision. ○The meeting is scheduled to take place next Wednesday. (The meeting is scheduled for next Wednesday.) ) ○ We have decided to hold a meeting next Wednesday. (We have decided to hold the meeting next Wednesday. ） 45）~it’s not necessary. You don’t need to go; there’s no need to do such a thing. This is the usage of \"こと\" as a formal nominal form, which is usually followed by the present tense conjugation of a verb. ①It indicates that there is no need for something, that it isn’t necessary to do it. It means \"there is no need to ~\". ○It’s a minor earthquake, so there’s no need to panic. (It’s just a small earthquake.) ) ○ Your father’s illness is under control, so there’s nothing for you to worry about. (Dad’s illness isn’t serious; you don’t need to worry.) ) ○ If you hate it that much, there’s no need to force yourself to eat it. (If you don’t like it, you don’t have to force yourself to eat it.) ) ○ There’s no need to be shy among brothers; if anything happens, just let me know. (Brothers don’t need to be polite; just say what’s on your mind.) ) There’s no need to worry about fearing failure. (Don’t worry about failure.) ) ② It can also simply be used to indicate the absence of something or a certain possibility; it is generally used in cases involving verbs that do not relate to voluntary actions, so it’s important to make the distinction. ○It’s so sunny like this; it won’t rain tonight. (The weather is so nice; it won’t rain tonight.) ) 46) ~際/~際に/~際は Upon returning to one’s home country / When stopping by the port / When making a visit “際” is a noun that denotes a point in time. It is used after the verb’s stem form or \"noun + の\", to indicate that an action is being performed or that a certain situation is occurring. ○In an emergency, please sound this level. (Press this bell in case of an emergency.) ) When using it, please read the instructions first. (When using, please read the precautions first. ) When buying a car, a garage certificate is required. (When purchasing a car, a garage proof is required.) ) When visiting someone’s home, it’s better to make an appointment in advance. (When visiting someone’s home, it’s best to make an appointment in advance.) ) Since we’re going to have children too, it’s the right time to go all out and rebuild the house. (I want to have another child, so I might as well renovate the house now.) ） 47）~in the middle of/~it’s in progress During a meeting/We are currently considering it. “ the center is a noun that refers to the **middle stage** of some activity. It is used after the ている form of a verb, the adjective form, or a noun + の, to express the meaning of “being in the process of…”, “within…”. Similar to this is Article 43, Level 1, \"ところで\" and so on. ○We’re in a meeting right now, so it’s better to refrain from smoking. (The meeting is in progress; better not smoke.) ) I went out in the rain. (It was raining heavily when I went out. ) ○ During the wedding, the bride became so nervous that she felt sick. (At the wedding, the bride was too nervous and felt unwell. ) While I was busy, a friend came to visit. (I was busy when a friend came by.) ） 48）~Even... Even those who can’t write hiragana got angry./Even that gentle person got angry. A hint particle, similar in usage to 「も」, but with a stronger emphasis; it is placed after nouns, particles, etc. It means giving extreme examples in order to draw analogies to other cases. Equivalent to “even”, “not even”. 「\"でさえ\" is equivalent to \"でも\", with a stronger tone. There are also uses of 「さえも」 and 「でさえも». A similar usage is found in Item 2 of Level 1, 「すら」. Corresponding to negation indicates a complete denial. ○Few people can live near the company; some even have to commute for two hours each way. (Few people can own a home near their workplace; some even spend two hours commuting each way. ) ○ I have severe dizziness; it’s a blessing just to be able to stand. (I’m extremely dizzy; it’s hard even to stand.) ) By July, not even drizzle falls. (By July, not even light rain falls.) ) ○ Due to the economic downturn, even those who have contributed to the company for many years are being forced to leave. (Due to the economic downturn, even those who have always contributed to the company are forced to resign.) It’s embarrassing that I, an adult, didn’t know something even elementary school students know. (It’s embarrassing that I, an adult, don’t know something even elementary school students know.) ) ○ That person is even willing to forgive those who have deceived them. (He can even forgive those who deceive themselves; he’s like a god.) ) It’s a problem even Mr. ○ doesn’t understand. (This is a question even teachers don’t understand.) ) I even got into a fight with a friend. (I even had a fight with my friends.) ） 49）~さえ~ば As long as there’s time, as long as one takes the medicine – used to indicate the only necessary condition, equivalent to “as long as... then...”. ①To express a finite verb predicate, use \"verb stem + さえすれば (しなければ)\". ○As long as one appears on the Red and White Song Battle, they will quickly become known throughout the country. (Just by showing up at the Red and White Song Festival, one would instantly become famous across the country, right?) ) ○ As long as I don’t get sick, I don’t take time off from work. ②To form a predicate with a restrictive adjective, use \"adjective in stem form + さえあれば (なければ)\". ○If only the children were a little older, I could start working too. (I can start working as soon as the child gets a bit older.) ) ○ As long as it’s not dirty, any one will do. (As long as it’s not dirty, any one will do.) ) ③ To form a predicate with a limited adjective, use \"adjective stem + でさえあれば (なければ)\". ○As long as it’s quiet, it can be small. (As long as it’s quiet, it can be small too. ) Some people think, \"As long as life is comfortable, that’s enough.\" (Some people also think that “it’s enough for life to be easy.” ”) ④ Noun-based predicate: \"Noun + でさえあれば (なければ)\". ○As long as it’s metal, that’s fine. (As long as it’s metal.) ) In cases such as subject-predicate structures and verb-object structures, this method can also be used to express 51) ～しかない. コウナッタラヤルシカナイ – It is necessary to do it; there is no other way. It is placed directly after the final form of the verb, indicating that nothing else can be done, which is equivalent to “there is no choice but to…”. It is similar to the usage of 138 \"ほかない\". 〇 When my mother is not around, I have to cook by myself. (I have to cook by myself when mom isn’t around.) ) 〇 Since no one came, I had no choice but to go back. (No one came, so I had to go back.) ） 〇There are no trains, so I have to walk. (There are no trams, so I have to walk.) ) To pass the exam, one has to work hard. (To pass the exam, only relentless effort will do.) ) 〇 With my son’s current academic level, it’s completely impossible for him to get into a top-tier university, so we have no choice but to have him apply to another university. (With my son’s current abilities, it’s impossible for him to get into a top university, so I have to let him apply to other universities instead.) ） 52）～As soon as… As soon as one arrives there, “ step by step” can be used as a concluding word, placed after the conjugated form of a verb (the stem of a sa-verb), to indicate that once the preceding action takes place, the subsequent action will be carried out immediately, which is equivalent to “as soon as…”. Unlike other sentence patterns that express the idea of \"as soon as...\", such as 「～たかと think うと」, 「～たとたんに」, and 「～か～ないかのうちに」, 「 step by step」 is generally used to indicate future situations. We will deliver it as soon as it’s ready. (I’ll deliver it to you as soon as it’s ready.) ) Please reply as soon as you receive the letter. (Please write back immediately as soon as you receive the letter.) ) Please let me know as soon as next week’s schedule is finalized. (Please contact us immediately once next week’s schedule is finalized.) ) I plan to look for a job as soon as I return to my home country. (I plan to look for a job as soon as I return to the country.) ) The correspondent intends to start broadcasting as soon as they arrive on site. (Ready to start live broadcasting as soon as the special correspondent arrives.) ） 53）～It depends on / Depending on / If it’s the case that… This is how things have come to be today. It all depends on the way one expresses things. It depends on one’s grades. ① \" step by step \" can be regarded as a substantive noun, denoting the process, circumstances, order, reasons, and so on. 〇Well, that’s roughly how it is. (That’s more or less how it is.) ) It will be disposed of appropriately depending on the circumstances. (Appropriate sanctions shall be imposed depending on the circumstances.) ） 〇For these reasons, I am truly sorry. (I’m truly sorry due to this situation.) ) ② When used as a concluding word, \"jidai\" is placed directly after a noun, indicating the key determining factor – the outcome of something being determined entirely by that factor. 「“～次第だ” is used to end a sentence, while “～次第で” and “～次第では” are used within a sentence. A similar expression is Article 1, Clause 2: 「いかん」. 〇From now on, it depends on your skills. (It now depends on your skills.) ) 〇 Even matters of hell depend on money. (Money can make even ghosts grind grain.) ) It’s not a dream to achieve good grades, depending on your efforts. (Achieving good results is not a dream either; it all depends on your efforts.) ) It was said that he wouldn’t be able to play in matches for some time, but depending on his recovery, he might be able to take part in next week’s games. (Although I can’t play in matches for now, depending on my recovery progress, I might be able to take part in next week’s games.) ） 54）～jō/～jō wa/～jō mo It’s impossible under the system/There is no change on the surface/It remains the same outwardly. Here, “jō” is pronounced as “じょう”; it is a suffix that comes right after a noun and indicates “in terms of…”, “from the perspective of…”. 〇Technically, there are no issues at all. (There are no technical issues.) ) Mr. Tanaka and Ms. Ikeda have different surnames, but according to the family registry, both are Tanaka and are husband and wife. (Tanaka has a different surname from the actress Ikeda, but they are registered as husband and wife; both have the surname Tanaka.) I only have a professional relationship with him. (I only have professional contact with him.) ) 〇This movie is not good either for children’s education. (This movie is also not good for children’s education.) ) The next Secretary-General is in for a tough time. The United Nations currently has many structural problems. (The United Nations currently has many institutional problems, and it’s truly not easy to become the next Secretary-General. ） 55）～ずにいられない Can’t help doing it; can’t refrain from crying. It is used after the imperfect form of a verb to indicate that one really wants to do something, or cannot resist the urge to do it. It means something like “can’t help but…”, “involuntarily…”, “can’t resist doing…”. Article 90 “Can’t help it” conveys the same meaning. 〇It’s so interesting that I can’t help but read it to the end. (This book is very interesting; I can’t help but finish reading it.) ） 〇I can’t help but laugh. (I really can’t help but laugh.) ） When I see someone in trouble, I can’t help them. (I want to help those in need whenever I see them.) ) 〇Every year, when the sound of frogs is heard, I can’t help but think of my hometown. (Every year, when the croaking of frogs begins, I can’t help but miss my hometown.) ) It’s impossible not to lament that a police officer would commit theft – it’s the end of the world. (It’s sad that even police officers steal; it really shows how degraded society has become.) ) 〇 Drugs are terrifying. Once you drink it, you can’t help but drink it again and again. (Poisons are very scary.) It is said that once you try it once, you can’t help but try it a second and third time. ) 〇 Humans cannot live without breathing. (Humans cannot do without breathing.) ）61）～たび/～たびに Every time I go to Shinjuku. It is used before the verb in its nominal form or in the form of \"noun + の\", to indicate \"whenever... then...\"; if the element that follows it denotes a change, it means that this change occurs each time the preceding element repeats itself. Since it happens frequently, the past tense is basically not used for verbs. 〇 I get stronger with each match (My skills improve with every game.) ) The screen changes every time the 〇 button is pressed. (Each time the button is pressed, the image changes. ） 〇Every time it snows a little, transportation comes to a standstill. (Traffic comes to a standstill as soon as it snows.) ) Every time Mr. Kimura returns to Japan, he brings back Japanese language reference books for me. (Mr. Kimura always brings me Japanese reference books whenever he returns to Japan.) 〇There are books that give me a different impression every time I read them. (Some books give different impressions each time they are read.) ） Every time I look at the graduation photos, I think of him. (I think of him every time I see the graduation photos.) ） I’m amazed every time I meet him that his Japanese is getting better and better. (I’m surprised that his Japanese improves with every time we meet.) ) 〇 In the past, I would suffer from terrible back pain every time I woke up in the morning. (Used to wake up every morning with unbearable back pain.) ） 62）～だらけ: Full of mistakes. It is used after a noun to indicate that something is entirely composed of certain things; it often conveys a sense of disorder and is generally used in a negative context. Similar uses can be found in Article 18 of Level 1, where \"ずくめ\" is used (often in a negative context), and in Article 84 of Level 1, where \"まみれ\" indicates something that is covered on the surface of an object. 〇This sentence is full of mistakes. (This article is full of errors. ) This room is unoccupied, so it’s covered in dust. (This house is unoccupied and covered in dust.) ) 〇 Life is full of things that are unpredictable. (Life is full of unpredictable things.) ) Can moldy bread be eaten? (How can you eat bread that’s completely moldy?) ) 〇 I posted postcards from friends who were in various places on the wall, and before I knew it, the wall was covered with postcards. (I stuck postcards from friends from all over the place on the wall, and before I knew it it was already covered with them.) ) I went to bed wearing my clothes, so they got full of wrinkles. (Slept in one’s clothes, which became full of wrinkles.) ） 63）～ついでに When going to the post office, it is used after the verbal stem form or in the structure \"noun + の\", meaning \"by the way…\". (“Tsuideni” can also be used alone as a conjunction.) ) 〇 While I’m out shopping, let’s stop by Yoko’s house. (Go out to do some shopping; stop by Yoko’s place on the way.) ) I went to Kyoto on business and took the opportunity to meet a friend from high school. (I went to Kyoto on business and took the opportunity to visit a friend from high school.) ) I took the opportunity to visit my former teacher while in Japan for an academic conference. (I came to Japan to attend a conference, and took the opportunity to visit my former teacher.) ) I bought some sweets on my way back from a walk. (Goed for a walk and picked up some snacks along the way.) ) If you’re going to the post office, please drop off my letters as well. (If you go to the post office, please send my letter for me as well.) ） 64）～っけ I wonder what day it is today. / Was his name Kobayashi? It is an ending particle used only in spoken language, typically appearing in the forms \"だっけ\" and \"たっけ\". ①It is used to express uncertainty about something one cannot remember, often with euphemistic ways of confirming it. 〇You’ll be thirty next year, right? (You’ll be thirty next year, right?) ) 〇Where did I buy this outfit? (Where was this piece of clothing bought?) ） 〇“When was the next exam again? 」「It’s next Monday. Don’t forget. 」When is the next exam? ”“Don’t forget next Monday. ”) ② Indicates memory, sometimes carrying a feeling of nostalgia. 〇“He quit his job at the company and returned to his hometown.” 」「By the way, I said I wanted to work in agriculture back in my hometown. 」He quit his job and went back to his hometown. ”“Yes, he once said he wanted to farm at home. ”) 〇I used to go to that store a lot during my student days. (We used to go to that store a lot during our student days.) ） 65） It’s impossible. There’s no way it’s possible. This is an informal expression; \"っこ\" is a suffix that is added after the conjugated form of a verb, and it is used to emphasize negation, equivalent to \"～することはない\". 〇 Such a thing is absolutely impossible for a child to do. (Children simply can’t do such things.) ) 〇 No one will ever understand. (No one will know.) ） 〇That child is too quiet; even if they don’t understand, they won’t ask questions. (That child is too honest; even if they don’t understand, they won’t ask.) ) 〇 The two countries will never start a war. I think it can be resolved through discussion. (I think the two countries won’t go to war; it will be resolved through negotiations.) ) 〇 She will never go even if invited. It’s a date every Saturday. (She goes on dates every weekend, and she won’t go even if you invite her.) ）
Also, I couldn’t post it yesterday. ○For someone who’s a child, they talk in an adult-like tone. (Although it’s just a child, it speaks in an adult tone.) ) ○ He doesn’t like studying, yet he wants to become a scholar. (I don’t like studying*, I still want to be a scholar. ) ○ Even though he has no money, … (He doesn’t have any money, yet…) ○ The section chief never overlooks others’ mistakes, but turns a blind eye when he makes the same kind of mistakes himself. (The section chief never overlooks others’ mistakes, but if he makes the same mistake himself, he acts as if nothing has happened. ) ○ Tarou can’t eat much, yet he wants to put a lot of food on his plate. (Taro can’t eat much, yet he insists on having many dishes on his plate.) ) ○ You know it, so why won’t you tell me? (You clearly know why – why don’t you tell me?) ) ○ That person has been in Japan for 3 years, yet they can’t even say “good morning”. It’s absolutely ridiculous. (He stayed in Japan for 3 years, but couldn’t even say “good morning.” It’s really surprising. ） 35）~くらい/~ぐらい/~くらいだ/~ぐらいだ I’m too tired to walk anymore/It’s so embarrassing that I want to cry. 「くらい」 is used after the conjugated form of a verb to indicate degree. A noun, adverb, or particle can also be directly attached in front. 「“ぐらい” is mostly used in spoken language. 「~The 「くらい」 form is used as an adverbial in sentences ； 「~The 「くらいの」 form can be used as an adjective. ○I was so happy that I couldn’t speak for a while. (Too happy to speak.) ) I cared about hair dirt to the point of being neurotic. (Worried about getting my hair dirty to an almost neurotic level.) ) It was a road so narrow that only one car could pass through at a time. (In the past, this was a narrow road that could barely accommodate one car.) ) The ring I received from him had a tiny gemstone attached to it, so small that it was barely visible. (The ring he gave me had a small, almost invisible gemstone in it.) ○ Mr. H, who turned a small local business into a global corporation, once said that his life had been one of continuous failures. I was once again reminded that without the ability to endure failure, as this man does, success is not possible. (Mr. H turned a small local business into a global corporation; he once said that his life was a series of failures, which shows that one cannot achieve success without being able to endure failures like he did. ）36）~げ Sad/solitary. It is an ending particle that is generally used to form compound adjectives together with adjectives or the stems of na-adjectives (including na-adjectives, adjectives, or auxiliary verbs such as \"ない\" and \"たい\"), and sometimes it can also be attached after the verb stem form. It denotes a certain expression, appearance, feeling, etc. There are also more common expressions such as \" Confidence ありげ\" (seems confident) and \" Confidence なげ\" (seems lacking confidence). ○His face was anxious as he went to check the results of eligibility. (When he went to check the results, he appeared uneasy.) ) ○ Hearing the news about the earthquake, he looks worried. (Hearing the news about the earthquake, she showed a worried expression on her face.) ) The person injured in the traffic accident was calling for help with a pained voice. (The person injured in the traffic accident cries for help in a pained voice.) ) ○ The children are playing happily. (The children are playing happily.) ) ○ Sitting silently, seemingly dissatisfied. (Sitting there in silence, with a displeased expression on his face.) ） 37）~こそ It’s me who should say that./It’s precisely because I understand. ①「こそ」 is an emphasis particle that follows nouns, particles, or adverbs, used to emphasize the subject and various syntactic elements. It is equivalent to “Only... can...”, “It is precisely...”. 「The verb’s conjunctive form + てこそ is an idiomatic expression used to emphasize the necessity of what the verb conveys. 「~The “precisely because” structure is used to emphasize the reason, similar to “it is because...”. ○This is the true Japanese cuisine. (This is the real Japanese cuisine. ) ○ It is precisely that thorough individualism that defines Paris. (That kind of absolute individualism is Paris.) ) ○ Now is the time for the whole world to work together to create peace. (It is time for the whole world to work together to create peace.) ) ○ I’ve been working overtime continuously and am suffering from lack of sleep. Today I’m going to sleep in slowly. (I’ve been working overtime continuously and haven’t gotten enough sleep; I need to get a good night’s sleep today.) ) ○ It’s precisely him with whom I should get along well. (I’ve decided to get along well with him.) ) True success comes only through effort. (Only through effort can there be true success.) ) It is because of you that I have been able to work so hard up to this point. (It is because of you that I have been able to hold on to this day. ) ○ You shouldn’t make so much noise. It’s because I’m thinking of you that I pay attention to various things. (Don’t be so impatient.) It is precisely because I’m thinking of you that I keep reminding you at every turn. ) ② Use the sentence patterns 「~こそすれ」 and 「~こそしたが」, with the te-form of a verb (the stem of a sa-verb) preceding them, to emphasize the first element and to show a contrast between the two elements. ○Although the number of customers coming to the store decreased due to the recession, they didn’t stop coming at all. (Due to the economic downturn, there are fewer customers for electricity, but it’s not completely deserted.) ) ○ I’ve never been praised by my boss; on the contrary, I’ve only been scolded. (I’ve been criticized by my boss; I’ve never received any praise once.) ) I would never think of skipping work, except maybe on days off when commuting. (I go to work even on days off; the idea of slacking off never even crosses my mind.) ) ○ Those who fail deserve sympathy, not laughter. (Pity only those who fail; never laugh at them.) ） 38）~koto ka How lonely it is/How many times have I warned you? It is used before a particle in a nominal form to express strong emotions; it usually corresponds to the interrogative word in the sentence, creating a rhetorical question tone. It is an affirmative expression, used to convey emphasis or exclamation. Emphasizes the great extent of the fact in the sentence. Be careful not to confuse it with Article 148, \"ものか\". \"ことか\" is used for a strong affirmative statement, whereas \"ものか\" is one of the forms used for a strong negative statement. ○It would be wonderful to be with that person. (It would be so great to be with him.) ) ○ For so long, I’ve wanted to see you so much. (Do you know how much I want to see you? ) ○ I was poor, and I’ve thought about dying so many times. (Due to poverty, I have thought about dying more than once.) ) ○ I’ve thought about quitting such a tough job so many times. (It’s not just about how many times I’ve wanted to quit such a tough job.) ） 39）~From this, since there are many U.S. military bases in this area, the use of the formal noun form \"こと\", as well as the conjunctional pattern involving nouns. In a sentence, it is used to indicate a cause or reason; the fact mentioned earlier serves as a clue that leads to the conclusion or result that follows. ○With so many people gathered, I felt that some incident must have occurred. (Seeing a large crowd gathered, I realized something must have happened.) ) ○ It was clear that she had come because a handkerchief was lying there. (Seeing the handkerchief here, I know she was here. ) ○ She is liked by everyone because she is kind to everybody. (She is loved by everyone because she is kind to all. ○ Because her father was a renowned scholar, she tended to be viewed in a special light by those around her. (Because her father was a renowned scholar, people around her tended to view her in a special light.) ) ○ Since this place used to be a castle, it still has rows of old and magnificent houses. (This place used to be a castle, so many ancient and magnificent buildings still stand here to this day.) ) By facilitating communication between people, a relationship of trust can be established between them. (One must seek interaction with others in order to build a relationship of trust. ） 40）~koto – It’s something that one should try to do by oneself. ① The nominal form \"koto\" is preceded by the conjugated form of a verb. It conveys a strong sense of reminder or persuasion, and is similar to expressions such as “should…”, “it’s best to…”, “must…”. Therefore, the verb in the preceding clause is generally used in the present tense. 「It’s important to firmly keep in mind that one is no longer a child. (One must remember that one is no longer a child.) ) ○ During holidays, one should forget about studying and have fun to the fullest. (When resting, one should forget about studying* and have fun to the fullest.) ) ○ To detect diseases early, it is necessary to seek medical examination. (To detect diseases early, one should get checked up.) ） ② It’s not about saying “I can’t”; try doing it by yourself first. (Don’t say “I can’t”; try it yourself.) ) ○Don’t say such foolish things. (Don’t say such nonsense.) )41) It’s because of that person who sleeps in; it’s due to that person. The structure \"noun + の\" is used before a noun to indicate its characteristics, and it allows us to draw conclusions or make predictions based on those characteristics. It often goes hand in hand with \"きっと\" and \" Of course \". It is usually used in situations where \"since the former has such characteristics, it is only natural to obtain the latter result.\" ○Given who he is, there’s no need to worry; he’ll definitely pass the exam. (As for him, there’s no need to worry; he’ll definitely pass.) ) It was an era with insufficient technology, so of course such things were impossible to do. (The technology at that time wasn’t advanced enough; of course, it was impossible to do such things.) ) ○ As for that food enthusiast Mr. Yamada, there’s nothing he’s never eaten. (Shan Tian is a gourmand; is there anything he hasn’t eaten?) ) Since it’s the capable Tanaka-kun, he’ll surely do a great job. (Tanaka, who is so capable, will surely do the work well.) ) She’s so punctual that there’s no way she’ll be late. (She is very punctual and should not be late.) ） 42）~ことなく Forever without forgetting it A written expression that is generally used after the present tense conjugation of a verb, to indicate a pause in the sentence; it means “without the aforementioned action occurring even once...,” and is equivalent to the use of 「ないで». ○I worked hard until graduation without ever skipping school. (I didn’t take a single day off and persisted until graduation.) ) ○ He continued his research without rest, from early morning until late at night. (Her continuous research from morning to night without rest.) ) Even he, who was a famous singer, now lives in solitude in his old age, unknown to anyone. (He was once a famous singer; in his later years, he led a quiet life alone, unseen by anyone. ) ○ No one can succeed without making efforts. (No one can succeed without putting in effort.) ) ○ My mother spent her entire life without ever going abroad. (Mother never left her hometown and spent her entire life that way.) ） 43）~ことに/~ことには Interestingly/Surprisingly, this expression is used to convey an evaluation of what follows, with a strong emotional connotation. Previously, words expressing emotions were often used, including: past tense verbs ( surprised, troubled, relieved, etc.), adjectives, and attributive forms of adjectival nouns (happy, hateful, disappointing, strange, etc.). The –ist form is a usage of nominal forms; therefore, what precedes 「こと」 must be the conjugated form of a verb. ○To my surprise, those two were brothers. (It’s surprising that the two of them are brothers.) ) ○Unfortunately, I couldn’t remember the other person’s name. (The problem is I just can’t remember the other person’s name.) ) Sadly, the dog I loved has died. (Another person’s sad thing: their beloved dog died.) ) Strangely enough, after leaving society, my appetite improved. (Strange thing is, after quitting my job, my appetite improved.) ) ○ Unfortunately, you can’t go with us. (It’s a pity you can’t come with us.) ) I thought it would be awkward if someone saw me, but fortunately, no one saw me. (I think it would be troublesome if anyone saw it; luckily, no one saw it.) ） 44）~It is planned that~/It has been decided that classes will start on April 7th. It indicates the existence of a certain outcome or state, which is often determined objectively by the surrounding environment, or is something that has already been decided by others. It is often translated as “it is stipulated that…” ○ It is required to speak in Japanese during class. (It is stipulated that Japanese must be spoken during classes. ) The school pool is scheduled to open on June 1st. (The school swimming pool will be available for use starting June 1st.) ) In Japan, cars are required to drive on the left side of the road. (In Japan, it is stipulated that vehicles drive on the left. ) According to the agreement with Mr. Yamada, I am supposed to go to Tokyo Station by 6 o’clock. (I made an appointment with Yamada to arrive at Tokyo Station before 6 o’clock.) ) I think I’ve mentioned it many times, but pets are not allowed in this apartment. (I’ve reminded you several times that pets are not allowed in this apartment.) ) ○ Amit’s performance is scheduled to be broadcast on TV tonight. (The details of the summit meeting are scheduled to be broadcast on television tonight.) ) In contrast, 「ことにする」 represents a subjective decision; the phrase itself usually implies the subject who makes that decision. ○The meeting is scheduled to take place next Wednesday. (The meeting is scheduled for next Wednesday.) ) ○ We have decided to hold a meeting next Wednesday. (We have decided to hold the meeting next Wednesday. ） 45）~it’s not necessary. You don’t need to go; there’s no need to do such a thing. This is the usage of \"こと\" as a formal nominal form, which is usually followed by the present tense conjugation of a verb. ①It indicates that there is no need for something, that it isn’t necessary to do it. It means \"there is no need to ~\". ○It’s a minor earthquake, so there’s no need to panic. (It’s just a small earthquake.) ) ○ Your father’s illness is under control, so there’s nothing for you to worry about. (Dad’s illness isn’t serious; you don’t need to worry.) ) ○ If you hate it that much, there’s no need to force yourself to eat it. (If you don’t like it, you don’t have to force yourself to eat it.) ) ○ There’s no need to be shy among brothers; if anything happens, just let me know. (Brothers don’t need to be polite; just say what’s on your mind.) ) There’s no need to worry about fearing failure. (Don’t worry about failure.) ) ② It can also simply be used to indicate the absence of something or a certain possibility; it is generally used in cases involving verbs that do not relate to voluntary actions, so it’s important to make the distinction. ○It’s so sunny like this; it won’t rain tonight. (The weather is so nice; it won’t rain tonight.) ) 46) ~際/~際に/~際は Upon returning to one’s home country / When stopping by the port / When making a visit “際” is a noun that denotes a point in time. It is used after the verb’s stem form or \"noun + の\", to indicate that an action is being performed or that a certain situation is occurring. ○In an emergency, please sound this level. (Press this bell in case of an emergency.) ) When using it, please read the instructions first. (When using, please read the precautions first. ) When buying a car, a garage certificate is required. (When purchasing a car, a garage proof is required.) ) When visiting someone’s home, it’s better to make an appointment in advance. (When visiting someone’s home, it’s best to make an appointment in advance.) ) Since we’re going to have children too, it’s the right time to go all out and rebuild the house. (I want to have another child, so I might as well renovate the house now.) ） 47）~in the middle of/~it’s in progress During a meeting/We are currently considering it. “ the center is a noun that refers to the **middle stage** of some activity. It is used after the ている form of a verb, the adjective form, or a noun + の, to express the meaning of “being in the process of…”, “within…”. Similar to this is Article 43, Level 1, \"ところで\" and so on. ○We’re in a meeting right now, so it’s better to refrain from smoking. (The meeting is in progress; better not smoke.) ) I went out in the rain. (It was raining heavily when I went out. ) ○ During the wedding, the bride became so nervous that she felt sick. (At the wedding, the bride was too nervous and felt unwell. ) While I was busy, a friend came to visit. (I was busy when a friend came by.) ） 48）~Even... Even those who can’t write hiragana got angry./Even that gentle person got angry. A hint particle, similar in usage to 「も」, but with a stronger emphasis; it is placed after nouns, particles, etc. It means giving extreme examples in order to draw analogies to other cases. Equivalent to “even”, “not even”. 「\"でさえ\" is equivalent to \"でも\", with a stronger tone. There are also uses of 「さえも」 and 「でさえも». A similar usage is found in Item 2 of Level 1, 「すら」. Corresponding to negation indicates a complete denial. ○Few people can live near the company; some even have to commute for two hours each way. (Few people can own a home near their workplace; some even spend two hours commuting each way. ) ○ I have severe dizziness; it’s a blessing just to be able to stand. (I’m extremely dizzy; it’s hard even to stand.) ) By July, not even drizzle falls. (By July, not even light rain falls.) ) ○ Due to the economic downturn, even those who have contributed to the company for many years are being forced to leave. (Due to the economic downturn, even those who have always contributed to the company are forced to resign.) It’s embarrassing that I, an adult, didn’t know something even elementary school students know. (It’s embarrassing that I, an adult, don’t know something even elementary school students know.) ) ○ That person is even willing to forgive those who have deceived them. (He can even forgive those who deceive themselves; he’s like a god.) ) It’s a problem even Mr. ○ doesn’t understand. (This is a question even teachers don’t understand.) ) I even got into a fight with a friend. (I even had a fight with my friends.) ） 49）~さえ~ば As long as there’s time, as long as one takes the medicine – used to indicate the only necessary condition, equivalent to “as long as... then...”. ①To express a finite verb predicate, use \"verb stem + さえすれば (しなければ)\". ○As long as one appears on the Red and White Song Battle, they will quickly become known throughout the country. (Just by showing up at the Red and White Song Festival, one would instantly become famous across the country, right?) ) ○ As long as I don’t get sick, I don’t take time off from work. ②To form a predicate with a restrictive adjective, use \"adjective in stem form + さえあれば (なければ)\". ○If only the children were a little older, I could start working too. (I can start working as soon as the child gets a bit older.) ) ○ As long as it’s not dirty, any one will do. (As long as it’s not dirty, any one will do.) ) ③ To form a predicate with a limited adjective, use \"adjective stem + でさえあれば (なければ)\". ○As long as it’s quiet, it can be small. (As long as it’s quiet, it can be small too. ) Some people think, \"As long as life is comfortable, that’s enough.\" (Some people also think that “it’s enough for life to be easy.” ”) ④ Noun-based predicate: \"Noun + でさえあれば (なければ)\". ○As long as it’s metal, that’s fine. (As long as it’s metal.) ) In cases such as subject-predicate structures and verb-object structures, this method can also be used to express 51) ～しかない. コウナッタラヤルシカナイ – It is necessary to do it; there is no other way. It is placed directly after the final form of the verb, indicating that nothing else can be done, which is equivalent to “there is no choice but to…”. It is similar to the usage of 138 \"ほかない\". 〇 When my mother is not around, I have to cook by myself. (I have to cook by myself when mom isn’t around.) ) 〇 Since no one came, I had no choice but to go back. (No one came, so I had to go back.) ） 〇There are no trains, so I have to walk. (There are no trams, so I have to walk.) ) To pass the exam, one has to work hard. (To pass the exam, only relentless effort will do.) ) 〇 With my son’s current academic level, it’s completely impossible for him to get into a top-tier university, so we have no choice but to have him apply to another university. (With my son’s current abilities, it’s impossible for him to get into a top university, so I have to let him apply to other universities instead.) ） 52）～As soon as… As soon as one arrives there, “ step by step” can be used as a concluding word, placed after the conjugated form of a verb (the stem of a sa-verb), to indicate that once the preceding action takes place, the subsequent action will be carried out immediately, which is equivalent to “as soon as…”. Unlike other sentence patterns that express the idea of \"as soon as...\", such as 「～たかと think うと」, 「～たとたんに」, and 「～か～ないかのうちに」, 「 step by step」 is generally used to indicate future situations. We will deliver it as soon as it’s ready. (I’ll deliver it to you as soon as it’s ready.) ) Please reply as soon as you receive the letter. (Please write back immediately as soon as you receive the letter.) ) Please let me know as soon as next week’s schedule is finalized. (Please contact us immediately once next week’s schedule is finalized.) ) I plan to look for a job as soon as I return to my home country. (I plan to look for a job as soon as I return to the country.) ) The correspondent intends to start broadcasting as soon as they arrive on site. (Ready to start live broadcasting as soon as the special correspondent arrives.) ） 53）～It depends on / Depending on / If it’s the case that… This is how things have come to be today. It all depends on the way one expresses things. It depends on one’s grades. ① \" step by step \" can be regarded as a substantive noun, denoting the process, circumstances, order, reasons, and so on. 〇Well, that’s roughly how it is. (That’s more or less how it is.) ) It will be disposed of appropriately depending on the circumstances. (Appropriate sanctions shall be imposed depending on the circumstances.) ） 〇For these reasons, I am truly sorry. (I’m truly sorry due to this situation.) ) ② When used as a concluding word, \"jidai\" is placed directly after a noun, indicating the key determining factor – the outcome of something being determined entirely by that factor. 「“～次第だ” is used to end a sentence, while “～次第で” and “～次第では” are used within a sentence. A similar expression is Article 1, Clause 2: 「いかん」. 〇From now on, it depends on your skills. (It now depends on your skills.) ) 〇 Even matters of hell depend on money. (Money can make even ghosts grind grain.) ) It’s not a dream to achieve good grades, depending on your efforts. (Achieving good results is not a dream either; it all depends on your efforts.) ) It was said that he wouldn’t be able to play in matches for some time, but depending on his recovery, he might be able to take part in next week’s games. (Although I can’t play in matches for now, depending on my recovery progress, I might be able to take part in next week’s games.) ） 54）～jō/～jō wa/～jō mo It’s impossible under the system/There is no change on the surface/It remains the same outwardly. Here, “jō” is pronounced as “じょう”; it is a suffix that comes right after a noun and indicates “in terms of…”, “from the perspective of…”. 〇Technically, there are no issues at all. (There are no technical issues.) ) Mr. Tanaka and Ms. Ikeda have different surnames, but according to the family registry, both are Tanaka and are husband and wife. (Tanaka has a different surname from the actress Ikeda, but they are registered as husband and wife; both have the surname Tanaka.) I only have a professional relationship with him. (I only have professional contact with him.) ) 〇This movie is not good either for children’s education. (This movie is also not good for children’s education.) ) The next Secretary-General is in for a tough time. The United Nations currently has many structural problems. (The United Nations currently has many institutional problems, and it’s truly not easy to become the next Secretary-General. ） 55）～ずにいられない Can’t help doing it; can’t refrain from crying. It is used after the imperfect form of a verb to indicate that one really wants to do something, or cannot resist the urge to do it. It means something like “can’t help but…”, “involuntarily…”, “can’t resist doing…”. Article 90 “Can’t help it” conveys the same meaning. 〇It’s so interesting that I can’t help but read it to the end. (This book is very interesting; I can’t help but finish reading it.) ） 〇I can’t help but laugh. (I really can’t help but laugh.) ） When I see someone in trouble, I can’t help them. (I want to help those in need whenever I see them.) ) 〇Every year, when the sound of frogs is heard, I can’t help but think of my hometown. (Every year, when the croaking of frogs begins, I can’t help but miss my hometown.) ) It’s impossible not to lament that a police officer would commit theft – it’s the end of the world. (It’s sad that even police officers steal; it really shows how degraded society has become.) ) 〇 Drugs are terrifying. Once you drink it, you can’t help but drink it again and again. (Poisons are very scary.) It is said that once you try it once, you can’t help but try it a second and third time. ) 〇 Humans cannot live without breathing. (Humans cannot do without breathing.) ）61）～たび/～たびに Every time I go to Shinjuku. It is used before the verb in its nominal form or in the form of \"noun + の\", to indicate \"whenever... then...\"; if the element that follows it denotes a change, it means that this change occurs each time the preceding element repeats itself. Since it happens frequently, the past tense is basically not used for verbs. 〇 I get stronger with each match (My skills improve with every game.) ) The screen changes every time the 〇 button is pressed. (Each time the button is pressed, the image changes. ） 〇Every time it snows a little, transportation comes to a standstill. (Traffic comes to a standstill as soon as it snows.) ) Every time Mr. Kimura returns to Japan, he brings back Japanese language reference books for me. (Mr. Kimura always brings me Japanese reference books whenever he returns to Japan.) 〇There are books that give me a different impression every time I read them. (Some books give different impressions each time they are read.) ） Every time I look at the graduation photos, I think of him. (I think of him every time I see the graduation photos.) ） I’m amazed every time I meet him that his Japanese is getting better and better. (I’m surprised that his Japanese improves with every time we meet.) ) 〇 In the past, I would suffer from terrible back pain every time I woke up in the morning. (Used to wake up every morning with unbearable back pain.) ） 62）～だらけ: Full of mistakes. It is used after a noun to indicate that something is entirely composed of certain things; it often conveys a sense of disorder and is generally used in a negative context. Similar uses can be found in Article 18 of Level 1, where \"ずくめ\" is used (often in a negative context), and in Article 84 of Level 1, where \"まみれ\" indicates something that is covered on the surface of an object. 〇This sentence is full of mistakes. (This article is full of errors. ) This room is unoccupied, so it’s covered in dust. (This house is unoccupied and covered in dust.) ) 〇 Life is full of things that are unpredictable. (Life is full of unpredictable things.) ) Can moldy bread be eaten? (How can you eat bread that’s completely moldy?) ) 〇 I posted postcards from friends who were in various places on the wall, and before I knew it, the wall was covered with postcards. (I stuck postcards from friends from all over the place on the wall, and before I knew it it was already covered with them.) ) I went to bed wearing my clothes, so they got full of wrinkles. (Slept in one’s clothes, which became full of wrinkles.) ） 63）～ついでに When going to the post office, it is used after the verbal stem form or in the structure \"noun + の\", meaning \"by the way…\". (“Tsuideni” can also be used alone as a conjunction.) ) 〇 While I’m out shopping, let’s stop by Yoko’s house. (Go out to do some shopping; stop by Yoko’s place on the way.) ) I went to Kyoto on business and took the opportunity to meet a friend from high school. (I went to Kyoto on business and took the opportunity to visit a friend from high school.) ) I took the opportunity to visit my former teacher while in Japan for an academic conference. (I came to Japan to attend a conference, and took the opportunity to visit my former teacher.) ) I bought some sweets on my way back from a walk. (Goed for a walk and picked up some snacks along the way.) ) If you’re going to the post office, please drop off my letters as well. (If you go to the post office, please send my letter for me as well.) ） 64）～っけ I wonder what day it is today. / Was his name Kobayashi? It is an ending particle used only in spoken language, typically appearing in the forms \"だっけ\" and \"たっけ\". ①It is used to express uncertainty about something one cannot remember, often with euphemistic ways of confirming it. 〇You’ll be thirty next year, right? (You’ll be thirty next year, right?) ) 〇Where did I buy this outfit? (Where was this piece of clothing bought?) ） 〇“When was the next exam again? 」「It’s next Monday. Don’t forget. 」When is the next exam? ”“Don’t forget next Monday. ”) ② Indicates memory, sometimes carrying a feeling of nostalgia. 〇“He quit his job at the company and returned to his hometown.” 」「By the way, I said I wanted to work in agriculture back in my hometown. 」He quit his job and went back to his hometown. ”“Yes, he once said he wanted to farm at home. ”) 〇I used to go to that store a lot during my student days. (We used to go to that store a lot during our student days.) ） 65） It’s impossible. There’s no way it’s possible. This is an informal expression; \"っこ\" is a suffix that is added after the conjugated form of a verb, and it is used to emphasize negation, equivalent to \"～することはない\". 〇 Such a thing is absolutely impossible for a child to do. (Children simply can’t do such things.) ) 〇 No one will ever understand. (No one will know.) ） 〇That child is too quiet; even if they don’t understand, they won’t ask questions. (That child is too honest; even if they don’t understand, they won’t ask.) ) 〇 The two countries will never start a war. I think it can be resolved through discussion. (I think the two countries won’t go to war; it will be resolved through negotiations.) ) 〇 She will never go even if invited. It’s a date every Saturday. (She goes on dates every weekend, and she won’t go even if you invite her.) ）
Continuing from yesterday: I couldn’t post the same thread nor send replies, so I had to create a new post. ○For someone who’s just a child, they talk in an adult-like tone. (Although it’s just a child, it speaks in an adult tone.) ) ○ He doesn’t like studying, yet he wants to become a scholar. (I don’t like studying*, I still want to be a scholar. ) ○ Even though he has no money, … (He doesn’t have any money, yet…) ○ The section chief never overlooks others’ mistakes, but turns a blind eye when he makes the same kind of mistakes himself. (The section chief never overlooks others’ mistakes, but if he makes the same mistake himself, he acts as if nothing has happened. ) ○ Tarou can’t eat much, yet he wants to put a lot of food on his plate. (Taro can’t eat much, yet he insists on having many dishes on his plate.) ) ○ You know it, so why won’t you tell me? (You clearly know why – why don’t you tell me?) ) ○ That person has been in Japan for 3 years, yet they can’t even say “good morning”. It’s absolutely ridiculous. (He stayed in Japan for 3 years, but couldn’t even say “good morning.” It’s really surprising. ） 35）~くらい/~ぐらい/~くらいだ/~ぐらいだ I’m too tired to walk anymore/It’s so embarrassing that I want to cry. 「くらい」 is used after the conjugated form of a verb to indicate degree. A noun, adverb, or particle can also be directly attached in front. 「“ぐらい” is mostly used in spoken language. 「~The 「くらい」 form is used as an adverbial in sentences ； 「~The 「くらいの」 form can be used as an adjective. ○I was so happy that I couldn’t speak for a while. (Too happy to speak.) ) I cared about hair dirt to the point of being neurotic. (Worried about getting my hair dirty to an almost neurotic level.) ) It was a road so narrow that only one car could pass through at a time. (In the past, this was a narrow road that could barely accommodate one car.) ) The ring I received from him had a tiny gemstone attached to it, so small that it was barely visible. (The ring he gave me had a small, almost invisible gemstone in it.) ○ Mr. H, who turned a small local business into a global corporation, once said that his life had been one of continuous failures. I was once again reminded that without the ability to endure failure, as this man does, success is not possible. (Mr. H turned a small local business into a global corporation; he once said that his life was a series of failures, which shows that one cannot achieve success without being able to endure failures like he did. ）36）~げ Sad/solitary. It is an ending particle that is generally used to form compound adjectives together with adjectives or the stems of na-adjectives (including na-adjectives, adjectives, or auxiliary verbs such as \"ない\" and \"たい\"), and sometimes it can also be attached after the verb stem form. It denotes a certain expression, appearance, feeling, etc. There are also more common expressions such as \" Confidence ありげ\" (seems confident) and \" Confidence なげ\" (seems lacking confidence). ○His face was anxious as he went to check the results of eligibility. (When he went to check the results, he appeared uneasy.) ) ○ Hearing the news about the earthquake, he looks worried. (Hearing the news about the earthquake, she showed a worried expression on her face.) ) The person injured in the traffic accident was calling for help with a pained voice. (The person injured in the traffic accident cries for help in a pained voice.) ) ○ The children are playing happily. (The children are playing happily.) ) ○ Sitting silently, seemingly dissatisfied. (Sitting there in silence, with a displeased expression on his face.) ） 37）~こそ It’s me who should say that./It’s precisely because I understand. ①「こそ」 is an emphasis particle that follows nouns, particles, or adverbs, used to emphasize the subject and various syntactic elements. It is equivalent to “Only... can...”, “It is precisely...”. 「The verb’s conjunctive form + てこそ is an idiomatic expression used to emphasize the necessity of what the verb conveys. 「~The “precisely because” structure is used to emphasize the reason, similar to “it is because...”. ○This is the true Japanese cuisine. (This is the real Japanese cuisine. ) ○ It is precisely that thorough individualism that defines Paris. (That kind of absolute individualism is Paris.) ) ○ Now is the time for the whole world to work together to create peace. (It is time for the whole world to work together to create peace.) ) ○ I’ve been working overtime continuously and am suffering from lack of sleep. Today I’m going to sleep in slowly. (I’ve been working overtime continuously and haven’t gotten enough sleep; I need to get a good night’s sleep today.) ) ○ It’s precisely him with whom I should get along well. (I’ve decided to get along well with him.) ) True success comes only through effort. (Only through effort can there be true success.) ) It is because of you that I have been able to work so hard up to this point. (It is because of you that I have been able to hold on to this day. ) ○ You shouldn’t make so much noise. It’s because I’m thinking of you that I pay attention to various things. (Don’t be so impatient.) It is precisely because I’m thinking of you that I keep reminding you at every turn. ) ② Use the sentence patterns 「~こそすれ」 and 「~こそしたが」, with the te-form of a verb (the stem of a sa-verb) preceding them, to emphasize the first element and to show a contrast between the two elements. ○Although the number of customers coming to the store decreased due to the recession, they didn’t stop coming at all. (Due to the economic downturn, there are fewer customers for electricity, but it’s not completely deserted.) ) ○ I’ve never been praised by my boss; on the contrary, I’ve only been scolded. (I’ve been criticized by my boss; I’ve never received any praise once.) ) I would never think of skipping work, except maybe on days off when commuting. (I go to work even on days off; the idea of slacking off never even crosses my mind.) ) ○ Those who fail deserve sympathy, not laughter. (Pity only those who fail; never laugh at them.) ） 38）~koto ka How lonely it is/How many times have I warned you? It is used before a particle in a nominal form to express strong emotions; it usually corresponds to the interrogative word in the sentence, creating a rhetorical question tone. It is an affirmative expression, used to convey emphasis or exclamation. Emphasizes the great extent of the fact in the sentence. Be careful not to confuse it with Article 148, \"ものか\". \"ことか\" is used for a strong affirmative statement, whereas \"ものか\" is one of the forms used for a strong negative statement. ○It would be wonderful to be with that person. (It would be so great to be with him.) ) ○ For so long, I’ve wanted to see you so much. (Do you know how much I want to see you? ) ○ I was poor, and I’ve thought about dying so many times. (Due to poverty, I have thought about dying more than once.) ) ○ I’ve thought about quitting such a tough job so many times. (It’s not just about how many times I’ve wanted to quit such a tough job.) ） 39）~From this, since there are many U.S. military bases in this area, the use of the formal noun form \"こと\", as well as the conjunctional pattern involving nouns. In a sentence, it is used to indicate a cause or reason; the fact mentioned earlier serves as a clue that leads to the conclusion or result that follows. ○With so many people gathered, I felt that some incident must have occurred. (Seeing a large crowd gathered, I realized something must have happened.) ) ○ It was clear that she had come because a handkerchief was lying there. (Seeing the handkerchief here, I know she was here. ) ○ She is liked by everyone because she is kind to everybody. (She is loved by everyone because she is kind to all. ○ Because her father was a renowned scholar, she tended to be viewed in a special light by those around her. (Because her father was a renowned scholar, people around her tended to view her in a special light.) ) ○ Since this place used to be a castle, it still has rows of old and magnificent houses. (This place used to be a castle, so many ancient and magnificent buildings still stand here to this day.) ) By facilitating communication between people, a relationship of trust can be established between them. (One must seek interaction with others in order to build a relationship of trust. ） 40）~koto – It’s something that one should try to do by oneself. ① The nominal form \"koto\" is preceded by the conjugated form of a verb. It conveys a strong sense of reminder or persuasion, and is similar to expressions such as “should…”, “it’s best to…”, “must…”. Therefore, the verb in the preceding clause is generally used in the present tense. 「It’s important to firmly keep in mind that one is no longer a child. (One must remember that one is no longer a child.) ) ○ During holidays, one should forget about studying and have fun to the fullest. (When resting, one should forget about studying* and have fun to the fullest.) ) ○ To detect diseases early, it is necessary to seek medical examination. (To detect diseases early, one should get checked up.) ） ② It’s not about saying “I can’t”; try doing it by yourself first. (Don’t say “I can’t”; try it yourself.) ) ○Don’t say such foolish things. (Don’t say such nonsense.) )41) It’s because of that person who sleeps in; it’s due to that person. The structure \"noun + の\" is used before a noun to indicate its characteristics, and it allows us to draw conclusions or make predictions based on those characteristics. It often goes hand in hand with \"きっと\" and \" Of course \". It is usually used in situations where \"since the former has such characteristics, it is only natural to obtain the latter result.\" ○Given who he is, there’s no need to worry; he’ll definitely pass the exam. (As for him, there’s no need to worry; he’ll definitely pass.) ) It was an era with insufficient technology, so of course such things were impossible to do. (The technology at that time wasn’t advanced enough; of course, it was impossible to do such things.) ) ○ As for that food enthusiast Mr. Yamada, there’s nothing he’s never eaten. (Shan Tian is a gourmand; is there anything he hasn’t eaten?) ) Since it’s the capable Tanaka-kun, he’ll surely do a great job. (Tanaka, who is so capable, will surely do the work well.) ) She’s so punctual that there’s no way she’ll be late. (She is very punctual and should not be late.) ） 42）~ことなく Forever without forgetting it A written expression that is generally used after the present tense conjugation of a verb, to indicate a pause in the sentence; it means “without the aforementioned action occurring even once...,” and is equivalent to the use of 「ないで». ○I worked hard until graduation without ever skipping school. (I didn’t take a single day off and persisted until graduation.) ) ○ He continued his research without rest, from early morning until late at night. (Her continuous research from morning to night without rest.) ) Even he, who was a famous singer, now lives in solitude in his old age, unknown to anyone. (He was once a famous singer; in his later years, he led a quiet life alone, unseen by anyone. ) ○ No one can succeed without making efforts. (No one can succeed without putting in effort.) ) ○ My mother spent her entire life without ever going abroad. (Mother never left her hometown and spent her entire life that way.) ） 43）~ことに/~ことには Interestingly/Surprisingly, this expression is used to convey an evaluation of what follows, with a strong emotional connotation. Previously, words expressing emotions were often used, including: past tense verbs ( surprised, troubled, relieved, etc.), adjectives, and attributive forms of adjectival nouns (happy, hateful, disappointing, strange, etc.). The –ist form is a usage of nominal forms; therefore, what precedes 「こと」 must be the conjugated form of a verb. ○To my surprise, those two were brothers. (It’s surprising that the two of them are brothers.) ) ○Unfortunately, I couldn’t remember the other person’s name. (The problem is I just can’t remember the other person’s name.) ) Sadly, the dog I loved has died. (Another person’s sad thing: their beloved dog died.) ) Strangely enough, after leaving society, my appetite improved. (Strange thing is, after quitting my job, my appetite improved.) ) ○ Unfortunately, you can’t go with us. (It’s a pity you can’t come with us.) ) I thought it would be awkward if someone saw me, but fortunately, no one saw me. (I think it would be troublesome if anyone saw it; luckily, no one saw it.) ） 44）~It is planned that~/It has been decided that classes will start on April 7th. It indicates the existence of a certain outcome or state, which is often determined objectively by the surrounding environment, or is something that has already been decided by others. It is often translated as “it is stipulated that…” ○ It is required to speak in Japanese during class. (It is stipulated that Japanese must be spoken during classes. ) The school pool is scheduled to open on June 1st. (The school swimming pool will be available for use starting June 1st.) ) In Japan, cars are required to drive on the left side of the road. (In Japan, it is stipulated that vehicles drive on the left. ) According to the agreement with Mr. Yamada, I am supposed to go to Tokyo Station by 6 o’clock. (I made an appointment with Yamada to arrive at Tokyo Station before 6 o’clock.) ) I think I’ve mentioned it many times, but pets are not allowed in this apartment. (I’ve reminded you several times that pets are not allowed in this apartment.) ) ○ Amit’s performance is scheduled to be broadcast on TV tonight. (The details of the summit meeting are scheduled to be broadcast on television tonight.) ) In contrast, 「ことにする」 represents a subjective decision; the phrase itself usually implies the subject who makes that decision. ○The meeting is scheduled to take place next Wednesday. (The meeting is scheduled for next Wednesday.) ) ○ We have decided to hold a meeting next Wednesday. (We have decided to hold the meeting next Wednesday. ） 45）~it’s not necessary. You don’t need to go; there’s no need to do such a thing. This is the usage of \"こと\" as a formal nominal form, which is usually followed by the present tense conjugation of a verb. ①It indicates that there is no need for something, that it isn’t necessary to do it. It means \"there is no need to ~\". ○It’s a minor earthquake, so there’s no need to panic. (It’s just a small earthquake.) ) ○ Your father’s illness is under control, so there’s nothing for you to worry about. (Dad’s illness isn’t serious; you don’t need to worry.) ) ○ If you hate it that much, there’s no need to force yourself to eat it. (If you don’t like it, you don’t have to force yourself to eat it.) ) ○ There’s no need to be shy among brothers; if anything happens, just let me know. (Brothers don’t need to be polite; just say what’s on your mind.) ) There’s no need to worry about fearing failure. (Don’t worry about failure.) ) ② It can also simply be used to indicate the absence of something or a certain possibility; it is generally used in cases involving verbs that do not relate to voluntary actions, so it’s important to make the distinction. ○It’s so sunny like this; it won’t rain tonight. (The weather is so nice; it won’t rain tonight.) ) 46) ~際/~際に/~際は Upon returning to one’s home country / When stopping by the port / When making a visit “際” is a noun that denotes a point in time. It is used after the verb’s stem form or \"noun + の\", to indicate that an action is being performed or that a certain situation is occurring. ○In an emergency, please sound this level. (Press this bell in case of an emergency.) ) When using it, please read the instructions first. (When using, please read the precautions first. ) When buying a car, a garage certificate is required. (When purchasing a car, a garage proof is required.) ) When visiting someone’s home, it’s better to make an appointment in advance. (When visiting someone’s home, it’s best to make an appointment in advance.) ) Since we’re going to have children too, it’s the right time to go all out and rebuild the house. (I want to have another child, so I might as well renovate the house now.) ） 47）~in the middle of/~it’s in progress During a meeting/We are currently considering it. “ the center is a noun that refers to the **middle stage** of some activity. It is used after the ている form of a verb, the adjective form, or a noun + の, to express the meaning of “being in the process of…”, “within…”. Similar to this is Article 43, Level 1, \"ところで\" and so on. ○We’re in a meeting right now, so it’s better to refrain from smoking. (The meeting is in progress; better not smoke.) ) I went out in the rain. (It was raining heavily when I went out. ) ○ During the wedding, the bride became so nervous that she felt sick. (At the wedding, the bride was too nervous and felt unwell. ) While I was busy, a friend came to visit. (I was busy when a friend came by.) ） 48）~Even... Even those who can’t write hiragana got angry./Even that gentle person got angry. A hint particle, similar in usage to 「も」, but with a stronger emphasis; it is placed after nouns, particles, etc. It means giving extreme examples in order to draw analogies to other cases. Equivalent to “even”, “not even”. 「\"でさえ\" is equivalent to \"でも\", with a stronger tone. There are also uses of 「さえも」 and 「でさえも». A similar usage is found in Item 2 of Level 1, 「すら」. Corresponding to negation indicates a complete denial. ○Few people can live near the company; some even have to commute for two hours each way. (Few people can own a home near their workplace; some even spend two hours commuting each way. ) ○ I have severe dizziness; it’s a blessing just to be able to stand. (I’m extremely dizzy; it’s hard even to stand.) ) By July, not even drizzle falls. (By July, not even light rain falls.) ) ○ Due to the economic downturn, even those who have contributed to the company for many years are being forced to leave. (Due to the economic downturn, even those who have always contributed to the company are forced to resign.) It’s embarrassing that I, an adult, didn’t know something even elementary school students know. (It’s embarrassing that I, an adult, don’t know something even elementary school students know.) ) ○ That person is even willing to forgive those who have deceived them. (He can even forgive those who deceive themselves; he’s like a god.) ) It’s a problem even Mr. ○ doesn’t understand. (This is a question even teachers don’t understand.) ) I even got into a fight with a friend. (I even had a fight with my friends.) ） 49）~さえ~ば As long as there’s time, as long as one takes the medicine – used to indicate the only necessary condition, equivalent to “as long as... then...”. ①To express a finite verb predicate, use \"verb stem + さえすれば (しなければ)\". ○As long as one appears on the Red and White Song Battle, they will quickly become known throughout the country. (Just by showing up at the Red and White Song Festival, one would instantly become famous across the country, right?) ) ○ As long as I don’t get sick, I don’t take time off from work. ②To form a predicate with a restrictive adjective, use \"adjective in stem form + さえあれば (なければ)\". ○If only the children were a little older, I could start working too. (I can start working as soon as the child gets a bit older.) ) ○ As long as it’s not dirty, any one will do. (As long as it’s not dirty, any one will do.) ) ③ To form a predicate with a limited adjective, use \"adjective stem + でさえあれば (なければ)\". ○As long as it’s quiet, it can be small. (As long as it’s quiet, it can be small too. ) Some people think, \"As long as life is comfortable, that’s enough.\" (Some people also think that “it’s enough for life to be easy.” ”) ④ Noun-based predicate: \"Noun + でさえあれば (なければ)\". ○As long as it’s metal, that’s fine. (As long as it’s metal.) ) In cases such as subject-predicate structures and verb-object structures, this method can also be used to express 51) ～しかない. コウナッタラヤルシカナイ – It is necessary to do it; there is no other way. It is placed directly after the final form of the verb, indicating that nothing else can be done, which is equivalent to “there is no choice but to…”. It is similar to the usage of 138 \"ほかない\". 〇 When my mother is not around, I have to cook by myself. (I have to cook by myself when mom isn’t around.) ) 〇 Since no one came, I had no choice but to go back. (No one came, so I had to go back.) ） 〇There are no trains, so I have to walk. (There are no trams, so I have to walk.) ) To pass the exam, one has to work hard. (To pass the exam, only relentless effort will do.) ) 〇 With my son’s current academic level, it’s completely impossible for him to get into a top-tier university, so we have no choice but to have him apply to another university. (With my son’s current abilities, it’s impossible for him to get into a top university, so I have to let him apply to other universities instead.) ） 52）～As soon as… As soon as one arrives there, “ step by step” can be used as a concluding word, placed after the conjugated form of a verb (the stem of a sa-verb), to indicate that once the preceding action takes place, the subsequent action will be carried out immediately, which is equivalent to “as soon as…”. Unlike other sentence patterns that express the idea of \"as soon as...\", such as 「～たかと think うと」, 「～たとたんに」, and 「～か～ないかのうちに」, 「 step by step」 is generally used to indicate future situations. We will deliver it as soon as it’s ready. (I’ll deliver it to you as soon as it’s ready.) ) Please reply as soon as you receive the letter. (Please write back immediately as soon as you receive the letter.) ) Please let me know as soon as next week’s schedule is finalized. (Please contact us immediately once next week’s schedule is finalized.) ) I plan to look for a job as soon as I return to my home country. (I plan to look for a job as soon as I return to the country.) ) The correspondent intends to start broadcasting as soon as they arrive on site. (Ready to start live broadcasting as soon as the special correspondent arrives.) ） 53）～It depends on / Depending on / If it’s the case that… This is how things have come to be today. It all depends on the way one expresses things. It depends on one’s grades. ① \" step by step \" can be regarded as a substantive noun, denoting the process, circumstances, order, reasons, and so on. 〇Well, that’s roughly how it is. (That’s more or less how it is.) ) It will be disposed of appropriately depending on the circumstances. (Appropriate sanctions shall be imposed depending on the circumstances.) ） 〇For these reasons, I am truly sorry. (I’m truly sorry due to this situation.) ) ② When used as a concluding word, \"jidai\" is placed directly after a noun, indicating the key determining factor – the outcome of something being determined entirely by that factor. 「“～次第だ” is used to end a sentence, while “～次第で” and “～次第では” are used within a sentence. A similar expression is Article 1, Clause 2: 「いかん」. 〇From now on, it depends on your skills. (It now depends on your skills.) ) 〇 Even matters of hell depend on money. (Money can make even ghosts grind grain.) ) It’s not a dream to achieve good grades, depending on your efforts. (Achieving good results is not a dream either; it all depends on your efforts.) ) It was said that he wouldn’t be able to play in matches for some time, but depending on his recovery, he might be able to take part in next week’s games. (Although I can’t play in matches for now, depending on my recovery progress, I might be able to take part in next week’s games.) ） 54）～jō/～jō wa/～jō mo It’s impossible under the system/There is no change on the surface/It remains the same outwardly. Here, “jō” is pronounced as “じょう”; it is a suffix that comes right after a noun and indicates “in terms of…”, “from the perspective of…”. 〇Technically, there are no issues at all. (There are no technical issues.) ) Mr. Tanaka and Ms. Ikeda have different surnames, but according to the family registry, both are Tanaka and are husband and wife. (Tanaka has a different surname from the actress Ikeda, but they are registered as husband and wife; both have the surname Tanaka.) I only have a professional relationship with him. (I only have professional contact with him.) ) 〇This movie is not good either for children’s education. (This movie is also not good for children’s education.) ) The next Secretary-General is in for a tough time. The United Nations currently has many structural problems. (The United Nations currently has many institutional problems, and it’s truly not easy to become the next Secretary-General. ） 55）～ずにいられない Can’t help doing it; can’t refrain from crying. It is used after the imperfect form of a verb to indicate that one really wants to do something, or cannot resist the urge to do it. It means something like “can’t help but…”, “involuntarily…”, “can’t resist doing…”. Article 90 “Can’t help it” conveys the same meaning. 〇It’s so interesting that I can’t help but read it to the end. (This book is very interesting; I can’t help but finish reading it.) ） 〇I can’t help but laugh. (I really can’t help but laugh.) ） When I see someone in trouble, I can’t help them. (I want to help those in need whenever I see them.) ) 〇Every year, when the sound of frogs is heard, I can’t help but think of my hometown. (Every year, when the croaking of frogs begins, I can’t help but miss my hometown.) ) It’s impossible not to lament that a police officer would commit theft – it’s the end of the world. (It’s sad that even police officers steal; it really shows how degraded society has become.) ) 〇 Drugs are terrifying. Once you drink it, you can’t help but drink it again and again. (Poisons are very scary.) It is said that once you try it once, you can’t help but try it a second and third time. ) 〇 Humans cannot live without breathing. (Humans cannot do without breathing.) ）61）～たび/～たびに Every time I go to Shinjuku. It is used before the verb in its nominal form or in the form of \"noun + の\", to indicate \"whenever... then...\"; if the element that follows it denotes a change, it means that this change occurs each time the preceding element repeats itself. Since it happens frequently, the past tense is basically not used for verbs. 〇 I get stronger with each match (My skills improve with every game.) ) The screen changes every time the 〇 button is pressed. (Each time the button is pressed, the image changes. ） 〇Every time it snows a little, transportation comes to a standstill. (Traffic comes to a standstill as soon as it snows.) ) Every time Mr. Kimura returns to Japan, he brings back Japanese language reference books for me. (Mr. Kimura always brings me Japanese reference books whenever he returns to Japan.) 〇There are books that give me a different impression every time I read them. (Some books give different impressions each time they are read.) ） Every time I look at the graduation photos, I think of him. (I think of him every time I see the graduation photos.) ） I’m amazed every time I meet him that his Japanese is getting better and better. (I’m surprised that his Japanese improves with every time we meet.) ) 〇 In the past, I would suffer from terrible back pain every time I woke up in the morning. (Used to wake up every morning with unbearable back pain.) ） 62）～だらけ: Full of mistakes. It is used after a noun to indicate that something is entirely composed of certain things; it often conveys a sense of disorder and is generally used in a negative context. Similar uses can be found in Article 18 of Level 1, where \"ずくめ\" is used (often in a negative context), and in Article 84 of Level 1, where \"まみれ\" indicates something that is covered on the surface of an object. 〇This sentence is full of mistakes. (This article is full of errors. ) This room is unoccupied, so it’s covered in dust. (This house is unoccupied and covered in dust.) ) 〇 Life is full of things that are unpredictable. (Life is full of unpredictable things.) ) Can moldy bread be eaten? (How can you eat bread that’s completely moldy?) ) 〇 I posted postcards from friends who were in various places on the wall, and before I knew it, the wall was covered with postcards. (I stuck postcards from friends from all over the place on the wall, and before I knew it it was already covered with them.) ) I went to bed wearing my clothes, so they got full of wrinkles. (Slept in one’s clothes, which became full of wrinkles.) ） 63）～ついでに When going to the post office, it is used after the verbal stem form or in the structure \"noun + の\", meaning \"by the way…\". (“Tsuideni” can also be used alone as a conjunction.) ) 〇 While I’m out shopping, let’s stop by Yoko’s house. (Go out to do some shopping; stop by Yoko’s place on the way.) ) I went to Kyoto on business and took the opportunity to meet a friend from high school. (I went to Kyoto on business and took the opportunity to visit a friend from high school.) ) I took the opportunity to visit my former teacher while in Japan for an academic conference. (I came to Japan to attend a conference, and took the opportunity to visit my former teacher.) ) I bought some sweets on my way back from a walk. (Goed for a walk and picked up some snacks along the way.) ) If you’re going to the post office, please drop off my letters as well. (If you go to the post office, please send my letter for me as well.) ） 64）～っけ I wonder what day it is today. / Was his name Kobayashi? It is an ending particle used only in spoken language, typically appearing in the forms \"だっけ\" and \"たっけ\". ①It is used to express uncertainty about something one cannot remember, often with euphemistic ways of confirming it. 〇You’ll be thirty next year, right? (You’ll be thirty next year, right?) ) 〇Where did I buy this outfit? (Where was this piece of clothing bought?) ） 〇“When was the next exam again? 」「It’s next Monday. Don’t forget. 」When is the next exam? ”“Don’t forget next Monday. ”) ② Indicates memory, sometimes carrying a feeling of nostalgia. 〇“He quit his job at the company and returned to his hometown.” 」「By the way, I said I wanted to work in agriculture back in my hometown. 」He quit his job and went back to his hometown. ”“Yes, he once said he wanted to farm at home. ”) 〇I used to go to that store a lot during my student days. (We used to go to that store a lot during our student days.) ） 65） It’s impossible. There’s no way it’s possible. This is an informal expression; \"っこ\" is a suffix that is added after the conjugated form of a verb, and it is used to emphasize negation, equivalent to \"～することはない\". 〇 Such a thing is absolutely impossible for a child to do. (Children simply can’t do such things.) ) 〇 No one will ever understand. (No one will know.) ） 〇That child is too quiet; even if they don’t understand, they won’t ask questions. (That child is too honest; even if they don’t understand, they won’t ask.) ) 〇 The two countries will never start a war. I think it can be resolved through discussion. (I think the two countries won’t go to war; it will be resolved through negotiations.) ) 〇 She will never go even if invited. It’s a date every Saturday. (She goes on dates every weekend, and she won’t go even if you invite her.) ）