How many types of hydrogenation reactions are there? What are the differences in the reaction equipment?

The types of hydrogenation reactions described by LZ are classified based on the raw materials; it can be said that all types of oils can undergo hydrogenation. Hydrogenation processes are divided into hydroprocessing and hydrocracking; generally, when the breakage of large molecules is less than 10%, it is considered hydroprocessing, while when it is more than 50%, it is classified as hydrocracking. Hydrocracking is primarily aimed at lightening heavy oils, and it represents an important development direction in the deep processing of heavy oils at present. Hydroprocessing is primarily aimed at meeting current environmental regulations by reducing the impurity content in oils, minimizing equipment corrosion, concentrating and recovering these impurities, and thereby reducing environmental pollution. Therefore, all oil products can be subjected to hydrorefining. The principle of hydrorefining is that, under the action of a catalyst and at certain temperatures and pressures, the unsaturated hydrocarbons in the oil are saturated, while impurities react with hydrogen and are removed from the oil. Metal impurities adhere to the catalyst, whereas S, N, and O impurities are removed along with the gas and liquid phases and then treated separately, thereby achieving the purpose of purifying the oil. Hydrorefining mainly includes 5 categories: desulfurization, denitration, deoxygenation, demetallization, and olefin saturation reaction. The device is characterized by exposure to hydrogen, high temperature, high pressure, and being flammable and explosive. However, with the evolving environmental regulations both domestically and internationally, hydrogenation has become an essential facility in refineries! The materials used in the reaction equipment, including the entire hydrogen-handling section, are very special; water ingress is not allowed (the consequences are severe). Even short-term exposure to water requires strict specifications regarding water quality: chloride ions must be less than 25 mg/L. After completion of construction, the hydrogen-related sections must undergo 100% flaw detection! Hydrogenation units suffer from a very specific type of equipment corrosion: hydrogen corrosion. It is difficult to understand how a gas can cause corrosion in steel when there is no direct contact. Be sure to pay close attention to conducting thorough inspections regularly! Regarding regular inspections, it means 100% flaw detection! There are many good posts on this site that discuss hydrogenation; if you’re interested, you can take a look: http://bbs.hcbbs.com/thread-363400-1-1.html http://bbs.hcbbs.com/viewthread.php?tid=363410&extra=page%3D1&frombbs=1 This post was last edited by qlasd on 2009-4-4 23:27

The reaction process in which hydrogen interacts with other compounds usually takes place in the presence of a catalyst. The hydrogenation reaction falls under the category of reduction. 　 The hydrogenation process can be divided into two main categories: ① Direct hydrogenation of hydrogen with carbon monoxide or organic compounds; for example, the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide to produce methanol: CO + 2H2 → CH3OH ； Hydrogenation of adiponitrile to adipamide: NC(CH2)4CN + 4H2 → H2N(CH2)6NH2. ② When hydrogen reacts with organic compounds, chemical bonds are broken; such hydrogenation reactions are also known as hydrolysis reactions, and include hydrodealkylation, hydrocracking, hydrodesulfurization, etc. For example, alkane hydrocracking, the hydrodealkylation of toluene to produce benzene, the hydroreduction of *** to yield aniline, and the hydrogenolysis of non-hydrocarbon compounds in the hydroprocessing of oils: RSH + H2 → RH + H2S. Non-hydrocarbon nitrogen compounds are the hardest to hydrolyze ； Among similar non-hydrocarbons, the more complex the molecular structure, the harder it is to undergo hydrogenolysis.

When it comes to hydrogenation reactions, there are mainly three major categories: hydrogenation refining, hydroprocessing, and hydrocracking； Generally speaking, hydrorefining is aimed at the product, while hydroprocessing and cracking are aimed at improving the raw materials for downstream processing. When it comes to hydrogenation equipment, especially reactors, it is determined whether they belong to category 1, 2, or 3 based on the raw materials being processed, the desired end product, and the operating conditions; therefore, it cannot be generalized ； In particular, the operating pressure has the most significant impact. If there are any specific issues upstairs, they can be brought up for further discussion.

First is the hydrogenation treatment process and engineering； Second is the hydrocracking process and engineering ； Third is the operating guide for the hydrocracking unit.

The second floor is easy to understand; I’ve learned it

The principle of hydrorefining is that, under the action of a catalyst and at certain temperatures and pressures, the unsaturated hydrocarbons in the oil are saturated, while impurities react with hydrogen and are removed from the oil. Metal impurities adhere to the catalyst, whereas S, N, and O impurities are removed along with the gas and liquid phases and then treated separately, thereby achieving the purpose of purifying the oil. Difference in reaction equipment: As the composition of the raw materials changes, a higher reaction pressure level is required, which in turn demands that the equipment have a higher pressure resistance. The equipment is subject to regular inspections: within three years, an visual inspection of its appearance is carried out once a year, while after three years a comprehensive inspection is required. This post was last edited by Zhongyuanren on 2009-4-11 18:12]

Hydrogenation reactions include hydrodemetallization, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitration, and hydrogenation saturation.

If you need specific knowledge on hydrogenation reactions, I can send you my lecture notes.

Hydrogenation equipment includes fixed-bed reactors for continuous reactions and batch reactors for intermittent reactions