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Review on Fluorine Chemical Technology Information: Classification, Synthesis of Ionic Liquids and Their Applications in Fluorination Processes. Ionic liquids are non-volatile, pollution-free, odorless, possess high selectivity and catalytic properties, and are easy to recycle. As a new type of efficient green solvent, they have become one of the focus areas in green chemistry research due to their outstanding advantages. It briefly introduces the classification and synthesis of ionic liquids sowie their applications in fluorination processes. ——Excerpt from \"Organic Fluorine Industry\" 2007, (4): 40-43. Import tariffs for fluorine-based chemical products under China’s customs regulations in 2008: Starting from January 1, 2008, the \"Customs Import and Export Tariff of the People’s Republic of China 2008\" will come into effect. The following are the import tariffs for fluorine chemical-related products. Source: \"Customs Tariff of the People’s Republic of China for Import and Export, 2008\" – Source: China Business Network, January 9, 2008. Export tax rates and refund rates for fluorine-based chemical products under China’s customs regulations as of January 1, 2008. The Customs Tariff of the People’s Republic of China for Import and Export came into effect on that date. The following are the export tax rates and export rebate rates for fluorine chemistry-related products. Source: Customs Import and Export Tariff of the People’s Republic of China — Source: China Business Network, January 9, 2008. The project in Wuchuan for producing 30,000 tons of AHF per year is set to begin operations on the 29th of this month; the project for producing 30,000 tons of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride per year in Wuchuan will start operating on December 29th. The project is located in Taofu Village, Zhennan Town, Wuchuan Autonomous County, and was funded and constructed by Wuchuan Chenhe Dongsheng Fluorine Industry Co., Ltd. Wuchuan Chenhe Dongsheng Fluorine Industry Co., Ltd. was established through a joint investment by ChenGuang Chemical Research Institute of Zhonghao Southwest Company, Sichuan Honghe Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd., and Wuchuan Dongsheng Mining Co., Ltd. Its main purpose is to take advantage of the large fluorite reserves in Wuchuan County in order to build a production facility capable of manufacturing 30,000 tons of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride per year. ——Source: China Business Network, December 21, 2007. Use and Protection of Aqueous Hydrofluoric Acid. Hydrofluoric acid is an aqueous solution of hydrogen fluoride; it is widely used in industries such as glass etching, cleaning corroded semiconductors, electro-polishing, and cleaning building exteriors. It is also frequently used in the production of salts that are easy to package and transport, such as sodium fluosilicate and ammonium hydrofluoride. However, hydrogen fluoride is present in these media throughout their use, and safety precautions related to it are easily overlooked by users due to changes in its form or name. Starting from the physical and chemical properties and applications of hydrofluoric acid, this text discusses the safety precautions related to the use and storage of hydrofluoric acid and its derivatives, in order to enhance users’ ability to protect themselves and reduce the occurrence of accidents and environmental problems. ——Excerpted from Organic Fluorine Industry 2007, (4): 44-46. The fluorosilicic acid produced as a by-product in fertilizer plants that recycle fluorine resources associated with phosphate ores is currently used in few applications; it is mainly employed in the production of less than 10 products such as sodium fluosilicate, cryolite, and aluminum fluoride. Guizhou Hongfu Company has made significant progress in adopting foreign technology to produce anhydrous hydrogen fluoride from fluorosilicic acid, a by-product of phosphate fertilizer plants. Hongfu Company is currently building an industrial plant with a capacity of 20,000 tons per year to produce anhydrous hydrogen fluoride from by-product fluorosilicic acid. Once completed, Hongfu Company will become the world’s first company to recover fluorine resources from the phosphorus chemical production process and use them to manufacture high-quality fluorine chemical products. This opens up new avenues for the comprehensive utilization of fluosilicic acid in the phosphate fertilizer industry. It not only allows for a significant increase in the added value of products but also transforms waste into valuable resources, partially replacing China’s precious fluorite reserves. Additionally, it creates new industrial chains for the by-products of fluosilicic acid. In addition, Furi Company of Yuntianhua International Chemical Co., Ltd. is currently working on technical solutions to improve the efficiency of fluorine absorption; it is developing processes for producing anhydrous hydrogen fluoride from fluorine derived from phosphate rock mining, in order to achieve comprehensive utilization of fluorine resources. ——Excerpt from China Chemical Industry News, January 16, 2008, Page 6: The low-temperature hydrogen fluoride production process can replace the converter method. A green chemical technology – the low-temperature process for producing hydrogen fluoride – was introduced in Nanchang at the turn of the new year. Using this process technology to produce hydrogen fluoride results in a low reaction temperature, a short process route, complete and thorough reactions, reduced investment costs, high yields, as well as safety and environmental protection, with no emission of \"three wastes\". According to Zhang Zhixin, a senior engineer at Nanchang Industrial Technology Research Institute and the developer of this process technology, existing hydrogen fluoride production facilities both at home and abroad use sulfuric acid and fluorite powder as raw materials and employ the \"converter method\" for production. This approach results in incomplete reactions, high consumption of raw materials per unit of product, unstable product quality, severe equipment corrosion, and significant environmental pollution. “The \"low-temperature method\" also uses sulfuric acid to react with fluorite powder to produce hydrogen fluoride, but the fluorite powder is added to a reaction medium that has a certain solubility for calcium fluoride; after calcium fluoride dissolves slightly due to stirring, sulfuric acid is then added to carry out the reaction. The reaction takes place in the liquid phase under stirring conditions; by applying the \"low-temperature method\" at around 90°C, the reaction proceeds very rapidly. Since it is a liquid-phase reaction, the \"low-temperature method\" prevents sulfuric acid decomposition products and volatiles from entering the hydrogen fluoride gas at 90°C, and also stops fluorite dust from entering, allowing for the direct production of purified hydrogen fluoride gas. This eliminates the need for the distillation and refining processes as well as the associated equipment used in the \"converter method\", thereby significantly shortening the process flow. “The “low-temperature method” does not require a converter; a cheap carbon steel reactor is sufficient, and there are no emissions of any type of waste. ——Excerpt from the China Chemical Industry News, January 10, 2008, Page 2. Fluorine-containing fine chemicals: Research on the synthesis of hexafluoroepoxypropane in supercritical fluids. Using hexafluoropropene and oxygen as raw materials, and a environmentally friendly supercritical fluid as solvent, a green synthesis method for hexafluoroepoxypropane was developed, featuring high selectivity, rapid reaction rates, and smooth progress – thereby enabling the replacement of the traditional CFC-113 process. ——Excerpt from \"Organic Fluorine Industry\" 2007, (4): 3-5. Study on the catalytic isomerization of hexafluoroepoxide to produce hexafluoropropane. Hexafluoropropane is an important intermediate for fluorinated fine chemicals. Hexafluoropropane was prepared using a catalytic isomerization process with hexafluoroepoxide, and a new type of composite Lewis acid catalyst (CATC) for the isomerization reaction was developed. Its isomerization activity was tested, and the effects of reaction temperature and feedstock space velocity on the isomerization results, as well as the reaction stability of the catalyst, were investigated. The research results show that this catalyst exhibits excellent isomerization activity at low temperatures and normal pressure; the conversion rate of HFPO and the selectivity for HFA are both ≥99%. This addresses the issues associated with traditional catalysts, such as poor operational stability due to the strong exothermic nature of the reaction, thereby significantly improving the catalyst’s reaction stability. The catalyst efficiency can reach 300 g of HFA•3H2O per gram of catalyst. Hexafluoropropanetrihydrate with high purity was obtained, with a density of 1.590 at 25°C and a purity of ≥99.5%. The CATC catalyst has a low cost and a simple preparation method; the process of using this catalyst for the isomerization of hexafluoroepoxypropane to produce hexafluoropropane is suitable for industrial-scale production. ——Excerpt from \"Organic Fluorine Industry\" 2007, (4): 6-8. The preparation of fluorinated polyol involves a polymerization reaction using tetrafluoroethylene and methanol as raw materials, in the presence of a solvent and a radical initiator, to produce fluorinated alcohols with the general formula H(CF2CF2)nCH2OH (where n is 1-6). Generally, fluorinated polyalcohols with low degrees of polymerization (n=1-3) are obtained; it is extremely difficult to get fluorinated polyalcohols with high degrees of polymerization (n=4-5) and high purity. It introduces the optimization of reaction conditions and the use of separation methods such as regional refining, building on the synthesis and separation of conventional fluorinated polyols ； The desired results were achieved: a significant increase in the content of fluorinated polyols with high polymerization degrees (n of 4–5) in the reaction products, as well as hexadecafluorononanol and eicosafluoroundecanol with purities exceeding 99% after separation. ——Excerpt from \"Organic Fluorine Industry\" 2007, (4): 9-12. The total synthesis of 2,4-dichloro-5-fluorobenzoic acid and ethyl 2,4-dichloro-5-fluorobenzoylacetate is carried out using aniline as the starting material. Fluorobenzene is first synthesized via diazotization, followed by nitration to yield 2,4-difluorobenzene; substitution then produces 2,4-dichlorofluorobenzene. Through the Friedel-Crafts reaction, 2,4-dichloro-5-fluorobenzene is obtained, and further processing of this compound yields 2,4-dichloro-5-fluorobenzoic acid and ethyl 2,4-dichloro-5-fluorobenzoylacetate respectively. ——Excerpt from \"Organic Fluorine Industry\" 2007, (4): 13, 16. 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene – A Bridge Between Fluorosilicon Materials. It introduces the physicochemical properties of 3,3,3-trifluoropropene, its methods of synthesis, and its applications in the production of fluorosilicone rubbers and fluorosilicone oils. ——Excerpt from \"Organic Fluorine Industry\" 2007, (4): 21-24. Synthesis of 3-bromo-4-trifluoromethoxyphenol: Starting from o-trifluoromethoxyphenol, the product 3-bromo-4-trifluoromethoxyphenol with a purity of ≥99% (as determined by GC) can be obtained through four steps: nitration, diazotization, reduction, and hydrolysis. The overall yield is 26.2%. The structure of the product was verified by MS and HNMR. ——Excerpt from \"Progress in Chemical Engineering\", 2007, (12): 1795-1797. ODS and Alternatives. The Tobacco Administration: China’s tobacco industry ceased CFC-11 consumption three years ahead of schedule. On December 18th, the **Tobacco Monopoly Administration**, the **Ministry of Environmental Protection**, and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization held a conference in Beijing to summarize the efforts made by China’s tobacco industry to phase out CFC-11. It was announced that China’s tobacco industry had stopped using CFC-11 by December 31, 2006, three years earlier than planned, thereby taking practical action to support China’s strategy for phasing out ozone-depleting substances and making its due contribution to achieving these goals ahead of schedule. CFC-11, or trichlorofluoromethane, is a type of perfluorochlorohydrocarbon that is used as a tobacco filler in the tobacco industry. In accordance with the provisions of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, our country was required to completely phase them out by January 1, 2010. From January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2006, China’s tobacco industry removed and destroyed all 73 sets of CFC-11 tobacco expansion devices, worth approximately $15 million in total. Meanwhile, the total investment in equipment designed as alternatives to CFC-11 exceeded $360 million, resulting in a reduction of CFC-11 emissions by 1,090 tons per year. ——Source: Online information, December 24, 2007. Discussion on the one-step liquid-phase process for producing difluoromethane (HFC-32). This article mainly introduces the catalytic fluorination process of HFC-32 using a liquid-phase method, proposes a new one-step liquid-phase process for producing HFC-32, and focuses on discussing the key reactions, acid removal, and drying methods involved in this process. ——Excerpted from \"Organic Fluorine Industry\" 2007, (4): 17-20, the patent analysis study on the R410 product series outlines the patent status of United Signal Corporation’s R410 patents and DuPont’s R410 patents in various **. ——Excerpt from \"Organic Fluorine Industry\" 2007, (4): 25-27. California’s efforts to phase out R134a in Mobile Air Conditioning systems – The first public forum aimed at discussing ways to reduce the global warming impact of automotive air conditioning systems will focus primarily on banning DIY servicing of HFC-134a systems starting in 2010. This measure was adopted by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) last October (in 2007). Restrictions on the use of R134a are specified in California’s new law AB32, whose goal is to maintain greenhouse gas emissions within the state at 1990 levels by 2020. The CARB forum to be held on February 5 will also discuss other proposals for early measures aimed at phasing out HFC-134a. It is clear that this meeting will announce CARB’s overall strategy for establishing regulations and deadlines for the phasing out of refrigerants, with the aim of minimizing HFC emissions through technically feasible and cost-effective alternatives. The proposal suggests using carbon dioxide to replace R134a. Issues discussed at the CARB meeting regarding the adopted and proposed early action measures include: 1. Leaks of HFC-134a caused by DIY repairs to car air conditioners: California will restrict the non-professional filling of high-GWP refrigerants in car air conditioners. To reduce unnecessary leaks of HFC-134a, CARB is considering restricting the sale of small canned refrigerants. 2. Low GWP refrigerants are used in new vehicle air-conditioning systems: The overall goal is to phase out HFC-134a refrigerants used in all vehicle models by adopting alternative refrigerants with excellent \"lifecycle climate performance\". Carbon dioxide is currently considered a viable option. California projects that, by 2020, phasing out HFC-134a in newly produced and existing vehicle air conditioners will enable a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to about 2.5 million tons of carbon dioxide. The implementation of this measure is primarily due to EU regulations that have prohibited the use of high-GWP refrigerants in new vehicles since 2011. 3. Requirements for the airtightness testing and repair of vehicle air conditioners: This measure proposes adding, to the existing aerosol testing procedures, requirements for detecting leaks and carrying out repairs related to HFC refrigerants in vehicle air conditioners. Cars with different levels of leakage need to be repaired to the required condition. Since the technical and economic feasibility of this proposal needs to be determined through research, it cannot be implemented before 2010. 4. Federal ban on HFC refrigerant leaks resulting from automotive air conditioning repairs and disassembly: The non-regulatory strategic goal will be in line with existing federal regulations, which prohibit HFC refrigerant leaks that occur during automotive air conditioning repairs and disassembly. This requires cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Background and Outlook: The California Environmental Protection Agency is currently in discussions with various parties regarding proposals to adopt and implement effective measures aimed at minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. The regulation banning DIY repairs of car air conditioners using HFC-134a is just one of three preliminary measures, and it will take effect in 2010. All other proposals regarding HFC reductions are part of 44 early action measures, with the ultimate goal of reducing emissions by 44 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2020, or achieving a 25% reduction in emissions by that date. ——Source: China Business Network, January 9, 2008. The third-generation DOS substitute FIC-1311 introduces various properties, synthesis methods, and applications of trifluoroiodomethane (FIC-1311). Trifluoroiodomethane possesses the good environmental and safety properties of iodomethane, and it holds broad application prospects in fields such as fire suppression, refrigeration, foaming, and medicine. ——Excerpt from \"New Materials in Chemical Engineering\", 2007, (12): 28-29. The refrigeration and air-conditioning industry is accelerating the replacement and upgrading of refrigerants. As environmental protection barriers in the international market become increasingly stringent, domestic air-conditioning manufacturers are stepping up cooperation with international refrigerant giants to speed up the transition to environmentally friendly refrigerants. Recently, Chigo established a long-term strategic partnership with DuPont to jointly promote energy-efficient air conditioners that use DuPont R410A refrigerant. Previously, air-conditioning brands such as TCL and Haier have collaborated with multinational companies on environmentally friendly refrigerants. Air conditioning companies form an alliance with refrigerant giants. According to the Southern Metropolis Daily, reporters learned that Chigo will enter into close cooperation with four global Fortune 500 companies – Mitsubishi of Japan, Hyundai of South Korea, Vaillant of Germany, and DuPont of the United States – to establish the world’s first “Air Conditioning Quality Alliance”. A key focus of this partnership is that Gree will collaborate with DuPont of the United States, which holds the patents for R410a, to promote energy-efficient and environmentally friendly air conditioners worldwide. It is understood that DuPont in the United States is currently one of the main producers of new refrigerants worldwide. Its R410a refrigerant is regarded as the \"best refrigerant\" in the refrigeration industry, and DuPont, along with companies such as Honeywell in Germany and Daikin in Japan, holds the patents for this product. Li Xinghao, chairman of Gree Group, said that the two parties plan to work together to promote green air-conditioners using DuPont R-410A on a global scale, showing customers around the world Gree’s air-conditioners with environmentally friendly refrigerants. The reporter learned that as early as during the Canton Fair, all the products displayed by Chigo were labeled with the anti-counterfeiting trademark “DuPont Refrigerant”. Moreover, during the Canton Fair, TCL air conditioners also entered into a partnership with the American company DuPont regarding the labeling of environmentally friendly refrigerants. In addition, a relevant official from Honeywell China also stated that the company launched a customer certification program for R-410A aimed at Chinese air-conditioning manufacturers before the New Year; companies such as Haier, Changhong, and Midea have already completed the certification process carried out by independent third parties. New refrigerant air conditioners are becoming popular. It is understood that domestic air conditioning manufacturers are seeking to cooperate with companies that hold patents for environmentally friendly refrigerants, mainly in order to export to overseas markets such as Europe. A relevant official from ChiGuo stated in an interview with reporters that, in the domestic market, the company is also promoting environmentally friendly refrigerants. However, since such use is not yet mandatory and these refrigerants are relatively expensive, their acceptance by the market still needs to be improved. Nevertheless, to cater to this year’s concept of \"high-quality\" air conditioners, new refrigerant-based air conditioners are becoming a favorite topic for manufacturers’ promotion. Air conditioning manufacturers such as Gree, Midea, Chigo, and Galanz all focused on promoting new environmentally friendly refrigerant technologies during the 2008 cooling season. Gree claims that the most important feature of its newly launched “Sleeping Beauty” air conditioners is the use of the \"internationally standard, eco-friendly refrigerant R410A\"” ； Midea’s “Tianzuan Xing II” air conditioners also use the “internationally standard environmentally friendly refrigerant R410A”” ； Galanz also announced that it will fully introduce new environmentally friendly refrigerant technologies during the 2008 Frozen Year, further enhancing the health benefits that its microwave air conditioners have always promoted. Furthermore, reporters were informed that Haier has also officially “launched” the first production line for direct-drive inverter air conditioners that use the new R410A non-fluorinated refrigerant, with products supplied directly to Europe. However, since the patents for R410A are held by a few multinational companies, China’s air-conditioning exports will continue to face challenges in the form of patent-related technical barriers and rising costs in the future. Lu Renbo, an expert in home appliances, said that the cost of replacing R410A is approximately 15% of the cost of air conditioners; in other words, the cost per air conditioner increases by around 250 yuan. Most of the profits resulting from this replacement will go to international refrigerant companies that hold the patents. ——Source: China Business Network, January 21, 2008. Fluorine monomers, polymers, and materials; Research on the preparation and properties of modified polytetrafluoroethylene copper-clad laminates. High-performance polytetrafluoroethylene copper-clad laminates were prepared by reinforcing with glass fiber cloth and modifying polytetrafluoroethylene with perfluoroethylpropylene. The effects of the types and contents of glass fiber cloth and coupling agents, as well as the emulsion ratio, on the main properties of copper-clad laminates were systematically studied. The results show that polytetrafluoroethylene has good compatibility with perfluoroethylpropylene, and the optimal weight percentage of perfluoroethylpropylene is 50%. Copper-clad laminates with good comprehensive properties were obtained by treating 1080 glass fiber cloth with Z6032 silane coupling agent. After enhancement modification, the peel strength of the copper-clad plate increased from 1.8 kN/m to 2.26 kN/m, and its flexural strength increased from 100 MPa to 134 MPa. ——Excerpt from \"New Chemical Engineering Materials\" 2007, (12): 54-56. Model calculation of solvent distribution during the film-forming process of PVDF and the mechanism of macropore formation: The amount and rate of solvent dissolution during the film-forming process in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/additive/dimethylacetamide (DMAc) casting solution systems were determined using an improved immersion precipitation phase transformation method. During the experiment, the mass fraction of PVDF was kept constant at 15%, and the additives used included PEG200 (polyethylene glycol 200), PEG2000, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The diffusion coefficient of the solvent in the membrane was obtained by fitting the experimental data. Based on this, and using the measured values as boundary conditions, the variation of the solvent distribution within the membrane over time was calculated using the Fermi diffusion equation after coordinate transformation. Based on the calculation results and electron microscope images, the phenomenon of PVDF film structures with different macropore lengths formed by various additives was discussed. The results show that a high concentration of solvent within the membrane and a long retention time facilitate the development of macropores toward the bottom. ——Excerpt from Journal of East China University of Science and Technology (Natural Sciences Edition), 2007, (5): 610-614. Faliali introduces water-based metal fluorocarbon paints and airless spraying technology. Recently, a press conference for Faliali Chemical Coatings Co., Ltd.’s new products and technologies, along with an annual appreciation event for distributors and partners for 2007, was held in Hangzhou At the press conference, Hangzhou Faliali Chemical Coatings Co., Ltd. introduced water-based metal fluorocarbon paints and airless spraying technology; Wuxi Faliali Insulation Materials Co., Ltd. launched its Faliali exterior wall insulation system, once again taking the lead in the industry! ——Source: China Chemical Industry Network, January 4, 2008. Research on organofluorine-modified polysiloxanes: By utilizing silane addition reactions to introduce organofluorine groups into the side chains of silicones, the high elasticity and high fluidity of linear polysiloxanes are combined with the excellent low surface energy properties and strong mechanical strength of organofluorine compounds, endowing the new material with unique low surface energy characteristics. ——Excerpt from Coating Industry 2008, (1): 12-15. Curing of fluorosilicone epoxy resins and their properties: Low-surface-energy anti-fouling coatings were prepared using a self-made fluorosilicone epoxy resin. The curing reaction kinetics of the fluorosilicone epoxy system, as well as the properties of the resulting coating films such as water absorption, adhesion, and hardness, were studied when low-molecular-weight polyamides and tetraethylenepentamine were used as curing agents respectively. The results show that, compared with tetraethylenepentamine, low-molecular-weight polyamides exhibit higher reactivity and superior overall performance as curing agents ； When the mass fraction of fluorosilicone epoxy resin in the resin system is 15%, the contact angle of the coating film with water reaches 108. It also exhibits the best overall performance in terms of water absorption, adhesion, and film hardness; therefore, this resin holds good application prospects in low-surface-energy anti-fouling coatings. ——Excerpted from \"Coating Industry\" 2008, (1): 21-23. The preparation of silica sol–single-component water-based fluororesin composite coatings involved the physical mixing of inexpensive inorganic silica sol and single-component water-based fluororesin to initially create such composite coatings. When applied to aluminum alloy surfaces, tests on the physical and chemical properties of these coatings showed that they met the **standards for decorative fire-retardant coatings; they are non-flammable, do not produce heavy smoke, and possess certain fire-retardant properties. ——Excerpt from \"New Chemical Materials\", 2007, (12): 63-65. AFLAS fluororubber – a special type of rubber. Fluororubber refers to a synthetic polymer in which fluorine atoms are attached to the carbon atoms of the main chain or side chains. This type of advanced polymer possesses properties such as heat resistance, oil and solvent resistance, as well as resistance to strong oxidizing agents; it also has excellent physical and mechanical properties. As such, it has become an essential and irreplaceable basic material in modern industry, especially in high-tech fields. It is widely used in various sectors including national defense, military industry, aerospace, automotive manufacturing, and petrochemicals. Currently, over 60% of the world’s production of fluororubber is used in the automotive industry. The new type of fluororubber under the AFLAS brand, manufactured by Heishi Bi Company, was introduced by the Japanese company Asahi Glass in 1975; it is an alternating copolymer based on tetrafluoroethylene and propylene (classified as FEPM). Its performance feature is that it enables an increase in the operating temperature limit and an extension of service life in hot and corrosive environments; it is used to manufacture various sealing products, including seals. The Aflas product series includes TFE-PE binary polymers (Aflas100 grade, Aflas150 grade), TFE-P-VDF ternary polymers (Aflas 200 grade), and TFE-P-CSM ternary polymers (AFLAS300 grade). AFLAS100 and 150 grades possess high acid and alkali resistance as well as high electrical insulation properties, exceeding those of ordinary FKM fluororubber. Product applications: shaft seals, sealing rings, O-rings, corrosion-resistant linings, washers, heat-resistant wires, diaphragms, rolls, sleeves, hoses, conveyor belts, fluororesin modifications, and more. In more demanding environments, such as those in the oil, automotive, and aviation industries, AFLAS is able to fully leverage its unique advantages. Feature introduction: Since Aflas(r) is a copolymer based on tetrafluoroethylene (C2F4) and propylene (C3H6), its molecular structure and properties differ from those of traditional fluororubbers. It possesses properties such as heat resistance, chemical resistance, electrical insulation, solvent resistance, and steam resistance, offering a comprehensive set of characteristics that other fluororubbers lack. Highly reliable high-quality rubber parts that can be used for complex systems. ● Heat resistance: It can be used for extended periods at 200°C without a decline in mechanical properties, and can be used for 2–3 months at 230°C. At a temperature of 260°C, it can be used continuously for 10 to 30 days; at high temperatures around 300°C, it can also be used for a short period of time. ● Oil resistance: It exhibits low swelling behavior in the presence of lubricating oils and hydraulic fluids. It has sufficient corrosion resistance against engine oils and similar substances, and it also shows very high corrosion resistance to various additives, being virtually unaffected by them. ● Steam resistance: In a steam environment at 200°C (15 kg/cm2), it does not suffer from degradation such as foaming or softening, allowing for long-term stable use. ● Electrical properties: It possesses electrical insulation properties that were not available in traditional fluororubbers. ● Radiation resistance: Its performance remains stable under gamma radiation exposure up to 200 Mrad. ● Solvent resistance: It exhibits excellent corrosion resistance to polar solvents such as methanol. ● Acid and alkali resistance: It also exhibits excellent corrosion resistance to high-concentration acids and alkalis. ——Source: China Fluoroplastic Processing Network, 1988-1-10. Environmental Protection and Testing: Comprehensive Utilization of Organic Fluorine Alkali Wash Liquids. High-quality potassium fluoride products are obtained through the evaporation and concentration of waste liquids, as well as color removal and separation. ——Excerpted from Organic Fluorine Industry 2007, (4): 47-48. The defluorination technology of fluorine-containing hydrochloric acid describes the principle of removing fluorides from such hydrochloric acid using precipitation methods, the experimental conditions for the process, and the corrosivity of the hydrochloric acid after treatment. The test results show that by using the self-made precipitant and under appropriate process conditions, the precipitation method can reduce fluoride ions of different mass concentrations in hydrochloric acid to below 0.1% in one step. The corrosivity of fluoride after treatment is greatly reduced. This creates conditions for further safe use and the expansion of applications. ——Excerpted from Organic Fluorine Industry 2007, (4): 49-51. Chemical and biochemical treatment of fluorine-containing wastewater introduces the treatment methods, processes, and effects for such wastewater. ——Excerpt from \"Organic Fluorine Industry\" 2007, (4): 54-55. Study on the production process for treating fluorine-containing wastewater in Fuxin City. Fuxin City in Liaoning Province is an important manufacturing base for fluorine-containing aromatic compounds. The wastewater discharged by factories contains large amounts of F-, which contaminates the Xisi River in Fuxin City and poses a threat to local residents. A detailed comparison of the production processes for treating fluorine-containing wastewater was conducted. ——Source: Online information, January 21, 2008 – The F23 flue gas incineration project at Zhonghao Chenguang was completed and passed the environmental protection inspection. Recently, the F22 flue gas incineration project at Zhonghao Chenguang Chemical Research Institute was completed as well, and it successfully passed the expert inspection conducted by the Zigong Environmental Protection Bureau. The exhaust gas incineration project for F22 at ChenGuang Plant began construction in August 2006, and trial production started in April this year. It is primarily used to collect and burn the F23 exhaust gas generated by the 6,000 t/a F22 unit in Plant 1 of the facility, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions and alleviating the pressure caused by global climate change. This project utilizes plasma incineration technology developed domestically, with a total investment of nearly 4 million yuan. It was successfully registered with the United Nations CDM Executive Board on May 1, 2007, and began operations officially on May 4, making Chenguang Institute the first enterprise in Sichuan Province to implement an F22 CDM project. ——Source: China Business Network, January 7, 2008. DuPont and EPA launch GreenChill program. On November 27, DuPont Refrigerants, together with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and several major manufacturers of refrigeration equipment for supermarkets, initiated the GreenChill Advanced Refrigeration Partnership program. The Voluntary Agreement calls for accelerating the development of technologies, strategies, and practical measures to reduce ODS and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as improving the energy efficiency of refrigeration systems. Diane Iuliano Picho, Global Business Manager for DuPont’s Refrigerants Division, said DuPont is honored to work with the EPA and to be one of the founding members of the “GreenChill Partners” program. The goal of the GreenChill program is to keep its promises by delivering environmentally friendly and economically sustainable cooling solutions, thereby helping the supermarket freezing industry to effectively reduce the use of HCFC-22 and other ODS substances and complete the replacement of these refrigerants. In the United States, the refrigeration systems in around 34,000 supermarkets use HCFC-22 as a refrigerant. A typical supermarket refrigeration system leaks about 25% of its refrigerant per year; these gases severely damage the ozone layer and contribute to increased greenhouse gas emissions. DuPont offers the widest range of refrigeration technologies, including DuPont ISCEON refrigerants. These refrigerants are easy to use and are non-ozone-depleting HFC hybrid refrigerants that enable supermarkets to replace their refrigerants at low cost with minimal downtime, while also meeting the latest replacement requirements of the Montreal Protocol. Robert J. Meyers, deputy director of the Air and Radiation Office at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, said that DuPont, along with other GreenChill members, has been at the forefront of replacing ODS-based products in the supermarket industry and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, while also pursuing strategic practices to improve the energy efficiency of these systems. The launch of the GreenChill initiative will enable the supermarket industry to save $12 million, which is also the reason why we organized this event. In the future, the GreenChill program will be further promoted to bring in more supermarket distributors and others who wish to play a significant role in reducing substances that damage the ozone layer. GreenChill partners commit to exceeding regulatory requirements by using ozone-friendly alternatives and adopting advanced cooling methods, thereby maximizing the energy efficiency of cooling systems. Partners will also carry out evaluation activities in industries/** and similar areas to assess the performance of high-tech \"green\" technologies. Currently, the ten founding members of the GreenChill program are: DuPont ； Whole Foods Market ； Food Lion, LLC ； Giant Eagle Inc. ； Hannaford Bros., Co ； Harris Teeter ； Hill PHOENIX ； Honeywell International ； Kysor/Warren ； Picho of Publix Super Markets Inc. said that DuPont has committed to ensuring that its refrigerant management plan will meet the timeline for phasing out refrigerants. DuPont is actively working together with environmental organizations and industry associations to ensure a smooth transition away from the refrigerant R22. ——Source: China Business Network, December 25, 2007 – AkzoNobel raises price of HCFC22 in Europe by 11% Due to soaring costs of raw materials, energy, and transportation, AkzoNobel announced that it would increase the price of HCFC22 (dichlorofluoromethane) in its European market by 11% starting from January 1, 2008. HCFC22 is a transitional refrigerant that follows CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons). Under European Directive 2037/2000, Europe will ban the use of this product in the production of refrigerants starting from January 1, 2010. To replace HCFC22, Acroma has successfully developed a new generation of refrigeration products – HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) for its customers. Akoma is the world’s second-largest producer of fluorine chemicals. The company currently has production facilities for fluorinated refrigerants in France, Spain, China, and the United States. Its products are all sold under the Forane brand to various customers, and they are used as refrigerants in refrigerators and air conditioners, as blowing agents in insulating materials, as solvents, and as propellants in aerosol products. ——Excerpt from China Chemical Industry News, January 1, 2008, Page 5. AkzoNobel introduces fluorinated ship coatings. As a leading global supplier of ship coatings, AkzoNobel has recently brought to the market a new type of fluoropolymer non-stick coating called Intersleek 900. This fluoropolymer contains no biocides and does not affect marine life, representing the latest trend in non-contaminating technologies. The Intersleek 900 product introduced by AkzoNobel not only reduces fuel consumption and improves fuel efficiency, but also decreases the emission of air pollutants. It is suitable for all vessels with a speed of over 10 knots, including liners, oil tankers, bulk carriers, cargo ships, and refrigerated container ships. It is reported that Intersleek 900 is expected to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions by 6% compared to self-polishing copolymer anti-fouling paints ； Compared to controllably melting anti-fouling paint, it can be reduced even more. It is estimated that for a super-large crude oil tanker coated with a self-polishing copolymer antifouling paint, using the new coating will result in savings of approximately 4,500 tons of fuel over 5 years compared to using the self-polishing copolymer antifouling paint, while carbon dioxide emissions will also be reduced by more than 14,000 tons.