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I. Corrosion-resistant alloys: Alloy grades, foreign equivalent alloy materials. Characteristics: In addition to exhibiting good corrosion resistance to oxidizing media such as nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid, as well as high-temperature mixed acids and fluorine gas at lower temperatures, NS311 and Zi442 also feature high strength and oxidation resistance. Suitable for manufacturing non-magnetic components in highly corrosive environments with high-temperature nitric acid. NS312 is a heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant alloy strengthened by solution treatment; it exhibits excellent resistance to high-temperature corrosion, oxidation, as well as good properties for cold and hot working, mechanical performance at low temperatures, and resistance to cold and hot fatigue. It possesses high strength at 650°C, good formability, and is easy to weld. It is suitable for use in heat treatment and chemical processing industries as well as in the petrochemical sector. It exhibits high corrosion resistance to various exhaust gases, alkaline solutions, and most organic acids and compounds, and is less prone to chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking. NS321 Hastelloy B is resistant to corrosion in reducing media, and is suitable for use in equipment handling hot concentrated hydrochloric acid and hydrogen chloride gas. Applied to components of old-fashioned internal combustion engines and rocket engines, it maintains excellent strength at 1095°C. NS322 Hastelloy B2 exhibits excellent corrosion resistance to strongly reducing chemicals such as hydrochloric acid and aluminum chloride catalysts, as well as good resistance to intergranular corrosion. Appropriate for use in environments with hydrochloric acid and medium-concentration sulfuric acid (especially under high-temperature conditions). GH110 exhibits good resistance to high temperatures, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride gases, and fluorine corrosion, and is easy to weld. It is mainly used in equipment for nuclear energy, the chemical industry, and non-ferrous metal smelting. NS142Incoloy825 for heat exchangers and condensers, in sulfuric acid environments containing various ions, and is also suitable for oil drilling. The basic corrosion resistance of NS333 Hastelloy C is the same as that of NS334 alloy, while its radiation resistance is slightly better. NS334/Hastelloy C276 is a corrosion-resistant alloy with many excellent properties; it offers good resistance to oxidative and moderately reducing corrosion. It also possesses excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking as well as good resistance to localized corrosion. It exhibits satisfactory corrosion resistance in a wide range of chemical process media, including highly corrosive inorganic acid solutions, chlorine and various chloride-containing media, dry chlorine, formic acid and acetic acid, anhydrides, seawater, and brine. NS335 Hastelloy C4 resists oxidative-reductive combined corrosion in the presence of chloride ions; it possesses good thermal stability and is suitable for use in environments with wet chlorine, hypochlorous acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, mixed acids, as well as in chloride-containing systems, and can be used directly after welding. The alloy exhibits good high-temperature stability, as well as good toughness and corrosion resistance in the temperature range of 650°C to 1040°C; its basic corrosion resistance is similar to that of NS334. M-400 Monel 400 is a corrosion-resistant alloy with high heat and corrosion resistance as well as high ohmic resistance; it exhibits good corrosion resistance to various non-oxidizing halogens. The GH625 Inconel625 alloy exhibits excellent corrosion and oxidation resistance. It also has good tensile and fatigue properties across a wide temperature range, from low temperatures up to 980°C, as well as resistance to stress corrosion in salt spray environments. The properties of GH125FN-2 alloy are superior to those of Incoloy800, which is currently widely used in nuclear power piping systems for its resistance to high-temperature corrosion; moreover, it is inexpensive, making it suitable as a structural material resistant to high-temperature corrosion for use in nuclear power piping systems as well as in other industrial sectors such as petrochemicals. GH180, Incoloy 800, and Incoloy 800H possess excellent mechanical properties as well as corrosion resistance, machinability, and weldability; they are alloys with good resistance to various types of corrosion and therefore find wide-ranging applications. Resistant to steam, soft water, steam-air-CO2 mixtures, various acid solutions, salts, and H2S corrosion. GH984 alloy is an iron-nickel-chromium-based high-temperature corrosion-resistant alloy that exhibits high strength and ductility when used at temperatures below 700°C, as well as good resistance to corrosion by seawater and high-temperature sodium salts. It has good formability under both high and low temperature conditions, and it is also readily weldable. It is capable of producing seamless pipes, welded pipes, as well as sheets and strips in various specifications. II. Nickel-based superalloys: Alloy grades, foreign equivalent alloys, and their characteristics. GH3030 and эи435 alloys exhibit satisfactory heat strength and high plasticity at temperatures below 800°C; they also have good resistance to oxidation, thermal fatigue, as well as favorable properties for cold stamping and welding processes. The GH4033 and Эи437 alloys possess sufficient high-temperature strength at 700–750°C, good oxidation resistance below 900°C, and excellent cold and hot workability. GH33A is further alloyed on the basis of GH33 alloy, giving it excellent overall properties: uniformly fine grains, high yield strength, ease of hot working, and a service temperature of up to 750°C. GH33B incorporates trace elements on the basis of GH33A, further improving the ductility and fatigue life of the alloy while eliminating its sensitivity to notches. The GH37эи617 alloy exhibits high thermal strength, good overall properties, and structural stability when used at temperatures below 850°C. The GH3039Эи602 alloy exhibits moderate heat strength and good thermal fatigue resistance below 800°C. It has good oxidation resistance below 1000°C, its microstructure remains stable under long-term use, and it also possesses good cold formability and weldability. GH3044Эи868 is an oxidation-resistant alloy strengthened by solution treatment; it exhibits high plasticity and moderate thermal strength at temperatures below 900°C. It has excellent oxidation resistance as well as good formability and weldability, with stable microstructural properties over time. The GH4049Эи929 alloy is a highly alloyed nickel-based superalloy that exhibits good oxidation resistance at temperatures below 1000°C, as well as high strength at high temperatures below 950°C. The GH80A Nimonic 80A alloy has a simple composition; its properties are comparable to those of the GH33 alloy. It features a fine microstructure, a wide range of temperatures suitable for hot working, and good hot workability. GH98Эп99 is a highly alloyed, high-heat-strength dispersion-strengthened alloy that can be used at temperatures up to 1000°C; it is employed for turbine guide vanes and materials in afterburners. It exhibits good oxidation resistance, cold and heat fatigue resistance, as well as weldability below 900℃. GH99еп693 is a highly alloyed nickel-based age-hardening alloy with high heat strength; it can be used for extended periods at temperatures below 900°C, with a maximum operating temperature of up to 1000°C. The alloy has a stable microstructure, and it exhibits satisfactory properties for cold and hot working as well as welding. GH105 Nimonic105 can be used to manufacture high-temperature turbine blades for aircraft engines, and it exhibits good resistance to complex stresses such as vibration, gas corrosion, stress distortion, and bending. The GH128 alloy possesses high plasticity, relatively high endurance creep strength, as well as good oxidation resistance and formability/weldability. It boasts excellent comprehensive performance and can be used for extended periods at temperatures below 950°C. The GH141 Rene41 alloy exhibits high tensile and creep strength as well as good oxidation resistance in the range of 650–900°C. The GH145 Inconel X-750 alloy maintains good strength below 980°C, along with excellent corrosion and oxidation resistance; it also has good performance at low temperatures and favorable formability, and is primarily used for components in aviation and industrial gas turbines. The GH163C263 alloy exhibits high yield strength and creep strength when used at temperatures below 800°C, good hot and cold fatigue properties, and a low tendency to develop strain aging cracks. The alloy exhibits good plasticity and formability through hot and cold working, as well as excellent welding properties, and it possesses very high strength in the temperature range of 540–870 degrees. Combustion chambers, mounting flanges, and other load-bearing components for aero engines and gas turbines. The GH182 Hastelloy C4 alloy exhibits good high-temperature stability, as well as good toughness and corrosion resistance within the temperature range of 650–1040°C; its basic corrosion resistance is similar to that of NS334. The GH199/ÉP199 alloy possesses high high-temperature strength, excellent oxidation resistance, and moderate weldability, allowing it to be used at temperatures up to 950°C for extended periods of time. The GH202ep202 alloy possesses high strength and plasticity, satisfactory formability and weldability, as well as good corrosion and oxidation resistance. Its microstructural properties remain stable within the temperature range of -253 to 850°C, making it a versatile alloy suitable for use in cryogenic and high-temperature environments. GH220 and EP220 are highly alloyed, high-performance nickel-based difficult-to-form alloys. GH230 is an oxidation-resistant alloy strengthened by solid solution; it exhibits high thermal strength at temperatures below 1200°C, excellent oxidation resistance, as well as good formability and weldability, with stable microstructural properties over time. It is one of the alloys with the highest operating temperatures in our country. The GH500Udimet500 alloy is an age-hardening alloy reinforced by high levels of Al and Ti, possessing high yield strength and fracture strength; it is used in the engine turbine disc sections of helicopters. GH520Udimet520 is a precipitation-hardened nickel-based alloy with a high degree of alloying; it can be used at temperatures below 980°C for extended periods. It exhibits good tensile strength at high temperatures, high hardness at elevated temperatures, and excellent oxidation resistance. The performance level of the GH536 HastelloyX alloy is comparable to that of the GH3044 alloy, making it suitable for use in aircraft engine combustors and other high-temperature components that are required to operate at temperatures below 900°C over extended periods of time. GH586 is a difficult-to-deform nickel-based superalloy developed independently in China. Within the temperature range of -196°C to 800°C, this alloy exhibits high yield strength and endurance creep strength, as well as good oxidation resistance; it is currently the material with the best overall properties for turbine discs in China. The corrosion resistance of sodium salts is slightly lower at temperatures above 1050°C. GH600 is an heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant alloy strengthened by solution treatment; it exhibits excellent resistance to high-temperature corrosion, oxidation, as well as good properties for cold and hot working, mechanical performance at low temperatures, and resistance to cold and hot fatigue. It possesses high strength at 650°C, good formability, and is easy to weld. The GH625 Inconel625 alloy exhibits excellent corrosion and oxidation resistance. It also has good tensile and fatigue properties across a wide temperature range, from low temperatures up to 980°C, as well as resistance to stress corrosion in salt spray environments. GH648 and Ep648 are high-chromium alloys that exhibit good corrosion resistance as well as excellent comprehensive mechanical properties under high-temperature conditions. GH698ei698 exhibits high endurance strength and good overall properties in the range of 550–800°C, and its performance is on par with that of the Waspaloy alloy. GH708 and Ep708 are new types of nickel-based age-hardening alloys. These alloys possess high strength at high temperatures, excellent oxidation resistance, and moderate weldability, allowing them to be used at temperatures up to 900°C for extended periods of time. The GH864 Waspalloy alloy exhibits good resistance to gas corrosion in the temperature range of 540–815°C, high yield strength and fatigue resistance, good processability, and stable microstructure. The GH742 and Ep742 alloys exhibit excellent high-temperature properties at temperatures ranging from 750 to 950°C. They are among the turbine disk materials with the highest degree of alloying among current wrought superalloys, and are widely used in high-thrust aeroengines. GH742Y/EP742: III. Iron-based superalloys. Alloy grades and similar foreign alloy materials. Characteristics: GH1016 is an iron-based superalloy that utilizes composite solid solution strengthening; it boasts good oxidation resistance, high plasticity, considerable thermal strength, and excellent thermal fatigue resistance ； It has good stamping and welding properties, and can be used at temperatures below 950°C. Its corrosion resistance to sulfuric acid and sodium salts is poor at high temperatures; it has been successfully applied in the manufacturing of high-temperature fan blades and disc components. The GH2018 alloy possesses good heat strength, comparable to that of the GH163 alloy; it is suitable for manufacturing components operating at temperatures below 800°C, although its oxidation resistance at high temperatures is somewhat poor. The GH26R26Fe-Ni-Co-Cr-based high-temperature and corrosion-resistant alloy exhibits excellent resistance to relaxation and creep, as well as good plasticity at moderate temperatures. It can be used in steam environments at temperatures of 540°C to 570°C. Developed for use in fasteners for turbines with capacities of 300,000 to 600,000 kilowatts, it is suitable for use as fasteners and seals. GH1035 is an austenitic solution-strengthened iron-based superalloy; its main properties are similar to those of GH3039 alloy, but its fatigue performance in the medium-temperature range is comparable to that of nickel-based superalloys used for the same purposes. It has good workability, cold stamping, and welding properties, but its corrosion resistance to hydrochloric acid is somewhat poor. GH35A is based on GH1035; B and Mg are added to strengthen the grain boundaries, thereby enhancing the alloy’s high-temperature strength, plasticity, and corrosion resistance. It can be used to manufacture components that operate at temperatures below 700°C. GH36эи481 is a precipitation-hardening iron-based superalloy reinforced with VC; it has stable microstructure and exhibits good physical and mechanical properties as well as machinability in moderate temperature ranges, but it has poor oxidation resistance under high-temperature conditions. The GH38A and 696A alloys are precipitation-hardening iron-based superalloys that exhibit sufficient heat strength, good machinability, and weldability when used at temperatures below 700 degrees. GH1131 and GH126 are high-performance iron-based superalloys that benefit from composite solid solution strengthening. Their thermal strength is comparable to that of GH3044; they possess good hot workability, as well as suitable properties for welding and cold forming. However, their high-temperature oxidation resistance and microstructural stability are inferior to those of nickel-based alloys used for similar purposes. GH2132A-286 exhibits high yield strength, as well as good endurance and creep strength at temperatures below 650 degrees Celsius; it also has good workability and satisfactory welding properties. GH132B improves the overall performance of the alloy by optimizing the control parameters relative to GH132. GH135 boasts good low-cycle fatigue resistance, with its yield strength increasing as temperature rises at temperatures below 700 degrees Celsius, and it also has good hot workability ； Sodium salts have poor corrosion resistance under high-temperature conditions. It can be used as a forging module and hammer head filler. GH136V-57 is developed on the basis of GH132 alloy by adjusting the element contents in it, thereby reducing the precipitation of harmful phases during long-term use and enhancing the stability of the alloy’s microstructure and properties over time. Elastic components used in steam turbines. The performance level of the GH139эи835 alloy is comparable to that of the GH3030 alloy; it features good hot workability, structural stability, and weldability. The GH1140 alloy possesses moderate heat strength, high plasticity, good resistance to thermal fatigue, structural stability, and weldability. It is suitable for use at temperatures below 850°C; it has a certain degree of corrosion resistance against sulfides under high-temperature conditions, but its oxidation resistance in oxygen-rich environments is poor. It can replace nickel-based superalloy GH3039 under certain conditions. The GH150эп718 alloy features high strength, good ductility, a low coefficient of expansion, and stable microstructure when used at temperatures below 750°C over extended periods of time ； It also possesses good formability during hot working, as well as satisfactory welding, cold forming, and machining properties. Its resistance to sea salt corrosion is slightly lower at temperatures above 900°C. The GH169 and Inconel 718 alloys exhibit high yield strength and good plasticity at temperatures below 650°C, as well as excellent welding and formability. They also possess high resistance to corrosion, oxidation, and radiation. The microstructural properties of these alloys remain stable within the temperature range of -253°C to 700°C. The GH302 alloy can maintain stable microstructure and properties during long-term use at temperatures below 700°C, and can be used at up to 850°C for short periods of time. Under high-temperature conditions, its resistance to sodium salt corrosion and oxidation is slightly lower, requiring coating protection. GH696 и 696M alloys possess good properties for cold and hot working, as well as oxidation resistance, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance; they exhibit excellent overall performance at around 700°C. High-temperature elastic components that can be used to manufacture fasteners, load-bearing parts for gas turbine engines, and medical instruments. GH706 and Inconel 706 exhibit excellent oxidation and corrosion resistance over a wide range of temperatures and media, as well as good formability, weldability, and machinability. The GH901 Inconel 901 alloy exhibits high yield strength and endurance strength at temperatures below 650°C. It also has good oxidation resistance at temperatures below 760°C, and its microstructure remains stable over time. It is widely used in the manufacture of rotating components, static structural parts, fasteners, and other components for aeroengines and gas turbines that operate at temperatures below 650°C. GH907 and GH909, as well as Inconel 907 and Inconel 909, have a low coefficient of thermal expansion and an almost constant elastic modulus. IV. Cobalt-based superalloys: Alloy grades, foreign equivalent alloys. Characteristics: GH188 and Haynes 188 alloys can operate at high temperatures, up to 1100°C; they possess excellent oxidation resistance, good comprehensive mechanical properties, and structural stability, as well as good plasticity during both cold and hot processing ； The alloy exhibits good resistance to sulfidation as well as strong corrosion resistance to sodium salts ； The GH605 and Haynes-25 alloys possess excellent mechanical properties at high temperatures; they exhibit good oxidation resistance below 980°C, good resistance to sulfidation, as well as fairly good resistance to scuffing and wear.