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The anti-pilling performance of fabrics can be tested using various testing instruments, such as the tumble box method and the brushing method. There are several methods for analyzing test results: 1) Counting method: that is, counting the number of pilling occurrences in a specified area ； 2) Measurement method: That is, weighing the weight of the fuzz on the fabric and the fuzz that falls off ； 3) Sample photo comparison method: This involves comparing the fabric that has developed pilling with a standard sample in order to determine the degree of pilling. There are five levels for assessing the degree of pilling; the lower the level, the more severe the pilling on the fabric, while a higher level indicates better resistance to pilling ； 4) Coordinate representation: A pilling curve is used, with the vertical axis representing the number of pills and the horizontal axis representing the friction time, in order to analyze the degree of pilling as well as the rate at which pills form and fall off. The results show that using different instruments and testing methods for measuring pilling will yield varying assessment outcomes; textile companies should adopt the appropriate testing methods based on customer requirements. Below are introduced the testing methods and instruments for pilling of textiles at home and abroad. Domestic testing for pilling in textiles 1 Testing standards and conditions Currently, there are mainly three standards in China for testing pilling in textiles: 1) GB/T4802.3—1997 \"Test methods for pilling of fabrics – Pilling box method\"; the testing conditions do not involve any pressure ； 2) GB/T4802.2—1997 \"Test methods for pilling of fabrics – Martindale method\", test conditions, under slight pressure ； 3) GB/T4802.1—1997 \"Test methods for pilling of fabrics — Circular track pilling method\", test conditions: under slight pressure. 2 Testing instruments: Domestic testing instruments for pilling in textiles are mainly divided into three types: pilling box testers, Martindale pilling testers, and circular trajectory pilling testers. 3 Testing Principle 1) Pilling box method: The fabric is wrapped around a core rod in a rotatable drum with a rough inner wall; after being rolled in the drum a certain number of times, it is evaluated by comparison with standard physical samples or their photographs ； 2) Martindale method: The fabric is abraded a certain number of times under padded conditions, and then its quality is evaluated by comparing it with a standard sample or its photograph ； 3) Circular trajectory pilling method: The fabric is rubbed a specified number of times with a nylon brush under padded conditions, and then evaluated by comparing it with a standard physical sample or its photograph under specific lighting. Testing for pilling and fuzzing in foreign textiles 1 Testing standards: There are many standards for testing pilling and fuzzing in foreign textiles, with the most commonly used ones including the American Society for Testing and Materials standard ASTM, Japanese industrial standards, German standard DIN, British standard BS, and international standard ISO. 2 Testing instruments: The main types of pilling testing instruments available abroad are as follows: 1) Pilling chamber type: Similar to the pilling chamber type used in China ； 2) Random tumbling method: The fabric rolls inside the cylinder, and irregular friction causes pilling ； 3) Martindale type: It has two functions, testing friction and pilling. For textile export companies, facing different standards in trading countries, it is even more difficult to conduct tests on fiber pilling issues in textiles. Based on the testing methods used by most textile importing countries, they are generally limited to the box opening test and the Martindale test; the latter is primarily used for textiles with high requirements regarding pilling resistance, as it more closely reflects real-world usage conditions. With the internationalization of the textile market, textile companies should learn to adapt to the numerous foreign testing standards, including those specific to textiles for testing pilling. The process of fuzzing and pilling: 1) Fuzzing: When a fabric is subjected to repeated friction from external forces, if the frictional force exceeds the strength of the fibers or the frictional forces between the fibers, the ends of the fibers are pulled out, forming fluff. The presence of this fluff on the fabric’s surface causes it to lose its luster ； 2) Entanglement into balls: Once the pulled-out fluff reaches a certain length, the fluff within a certain distance becomes entangled into balls as a result of repeated stretching and contracting due to rubbing and friction; these formed balls are connected to the fabric surface through fixed fibers ； 3) Fluff shedding: During friction, washing, wearing, and cleaning, the fabric is continuously subjected to forces; the fibers that hold the fluff together are repeatedly stretched and bent until they break, causing the fluff to fall off the fabric surface.