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Examination Syllabus for \"Fundamentals and Practices of Polymer Chemistry (Intermediate Level)\\" 1.1 Introduction In accordance with the \"Notice of the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Human Resources on Issues Related to the Implementation of a Professional Technical Qualification System for Intermediate and Junior Titles in Engineering and Technical Fields\" (Jing Ren Fa No. 26) as well as the \"Notice of the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Human Resources on Issues Related to the Examination and Evaluation of Intermediate and Junior Professional Technical Titles in Beijing\" (Jing Ren Fa No. 34), since 2005, an evaluation method that combines examination and assessment has been adopted for intermediate professional technical titles in the engineering and technical field in our city. To ensure the proper conduct of these examinations, we have prepared this syllabus. This outline serves as both a reference for applicants to prepare for the exam and a basis for formulating questions in professional and technical qualification exams. Regarding the knowledge framework and the level of understanding required for the examination, this syllabus is based on the knowledge and skills that professionals with intermediate technical qualifications in polymer chemistry should possess. It sets out three levels of requirement for the examination: \"mastery,\" \"familiarity,\" and \"understanding.\" The specific meanings of these three levels are as follows: mastery refers to the ability to apply relevant knowledge skillfully and to analyze and solve practical problems based on a thorough and accurate understanding ； Familiarity means being able to explain the key points and solve practical problems ； Understanding means having a general knowledge of its principles and areas of application. In terms of the content of the examination, this syllabus is based on the work requirements and comprehensive competency standards for professionals with intermediate technical qualifications in polymer chemistry. It primarily assesses the applicant’s basic professional knowledge, theoretical knowledge in the field, as well as related specialized knowledge, along with their ability to solve practical problems. The content of the propositions will be within the scope specified in this outline. The exam is conducted in written form, with closed-book testing. The exam questions are of the objective type. Compilation Group for the Syllabus of \"Fundamentals and Practices of Polymer Chemistry (Intermediate)\" March 2007 2.2 Examination Requirements and Content 2.2.1 Basic Professional Knowledge 2.2.1.1 Polymer Physics ⑴ Examination Requirements ① Master the composition and structure of polymer chains, the flexibility of polymer chains and its influencing factors, as well as the characteristics of polymer molecular weight and molecular weight distribution ； Familiar with the conformation of polymer chains, as well as the main methods for determining molecular weight and molecular weight distribution ； Understand the conformational statistics of polymer chains, as well as their conformations in crystals and solutions. ② Master the intermolecular forces in polymers, the mechanism of polymer orientation, and the morphological structure of polymer alloys ； Familiar with the crystalline and amorphous structures of polymers ； Understand the liquid crystalline structure of polymers. ③ Understand the characteristics of the dissolution process of polymers, as well as the principles for determining a solvent’s ability to dissolve polymers ； Familiar with the concepts of compatibility in blended polymers and polymer concentrated solutions ； Understand the thermodynamic properties of polymer solutions, phase equilibrium relationships, and concentrated polymer solutions. ④ Understand the characteristics of polymer molecular motion, the factors affecting the glass transition temperature and the ways to adjust it, the influence of molecular structure on crystallization, and the factors affecting the melting point ； Understand crystallization kinetics. ⑤ Master the concepts of stress, strain, and elastic modulus, the characteristics of high elasticity, and influencing factors ； Understand thermodynamic analysis, elasticity theory, and thermoplastic elastomers. ⑥ Master the viscoelastic behavior of polymers, the time-temperature equivalence principle, and the relationship between dynamic mechanical properties, molecular structure, and molecular motion ； Understand the mathematical models of viscoelasticity and the methods for measuring viscoelasticity. ⑦ Master the stress-strain curve, brittle fracture and ductile fracture, the strength of polymers and its influencing factors, and polymer toughening. Familiar with fracture theory. ⑧ Understand the flow characteristics of polymers, the factors that affect fluidity, and the elastic behavior of polymer melts ； Understand the methods for measuring liquidity. ⑨ Familiar with the electrical, thermal, optical properties, as well as the surface and interfacial properties of polymers. ⑩ Methods for determining the structure and morphology of polymer chains, as well as methods for determining the structure and morphology of polymer aggregates. 11 Understand the development trends in polymer physics. ⑵Exam content: ① Structure of polymer chains: chemical composition, conformation, structure of polymer chains, and sequence structure of copolymers ； The size and shape of the molecule. ②The condensed-state structure of polymers: The crystalline structure of polymers ； Amorphous structure ； Liquid crystal structure ； Orientation state structure ； Morphological structure of polymer alloys. ③Polymer solutions: Dissolution of polymers ； Thermodynamic properties of flexible chain polymer solutions ； Phase equilibrium of polymer solutions ； Thermodynamics of blend polymer compatibility ； A concentrated solution of polymers. ④Molecular motion of polymers: Characteristics of molecular motion in polymers ； glass transition ； Polymer crystallization behavior, crystallization kinetics, crystallization thermodynamics. ⑤Elasticity of rubber: deformation and basic physical quantities describing mechanical behavior ； Thermodynamic analysis of rubber elasticity ； Elasticity theory ； Influencing factors ； Thermoplastic elastomers. ⑥Viscoelasticity of polymers: Viscoelastic phenomena, mathematical description of viscoelasticity ； Temperature dependence of viscoelasticity ； Methods for measuring viscoelasticity ； The relationship between dynamic mechanical properties, molecular structure, and molecular motion. ⑦Mechanical properties of polymers: Plasticity and yield of polymers ； Fracture and strength. ⑧Rheology of polymers: Newtonian fluids and non-Newtonian fluids ； Shear viscosity of polymer melt ； The elastic behavior of polymer melts ； Tensile viscosity. ⑨Electrical, thermal, and optical properties of polymers, as well as their surface and interfacial properties: dielectric constant, dielectric loss, dielectric breakdown, and electrostatic phenomena in polymers. Conductive properties of polymers: The electrical conductivity of polymers and its relationship with molecular structure. Thermal properties of polymers: Thermal stability, thermal expansion, and heat conduction of polymers ； Optical properties of polymers: refraction, reflection, and absorption ； Surface and interfacial properties: characteristics, testing methods, modification. ⑩Development of Polymer Physics 2.2.1.2 Polymer Chemistry ⑴ Examination Requirements ① Master the classification of polymerization reactions ； Understand chain polymerization, step-growth polymerization monomers, concepts, and characteristics. ② Master the mechanisms of free radical polymerization and chain inhibition ； Familiar with the selection of free radical polymerization monomers and initiators, as well as the factors affecting polymerization rate, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution. ③ Mastering the copolymer composition of binary copolymers ； Familiar with the basic concepts of free radical copolymerization reactions, the factors affecting the copolymerization ratio, the activity of monomers and free radicals and its influencing factors, as well as the copolymerization rate ； Understand the Q-e equation. ④ Master the processes, mechanisms, and characteristics of various polymerization methods such as bulk polymerization, solution polymerization, suspension polymerization, and emulsion polymerization. ⑤ Understand the similarities and differences between anionic and cationic polymerization, as well as those between ionotropic polymerization and radical polymerization ； Be familiar with the basic composition of Zieglar-Natta initiators and the function of each component. ⑥ Understand the characteristics of chemical reactions in polymers and their influencing factors ； Familiarity with similar transitions in polymers ； Understand the synthesis of grafted and block polymers. ⑦ Understanding the development trends in polymer chemistry ⑵ Examination content ① Basic concepts of polymerization reactions: classification, naming, and characteristics of polymerization reactions (polymers) ； chain polymerization ； Stepwise polymerization. ②Free radical polymerization: Monomers for free radical polymerization ； Reaction mechanism ； Initiators and initiation reactions ； Polymerization rate chain transfer reaction ； Automatic acceleration process ； Polymerization inhibition and retardation ； Molecular weight distribution. ③Free radical copolymerization reactions: Classification and naming of copolymers ； Reaction mechanism ； Composition of binary copolymers ； Determination of the aggregation rate and influencing factors ； Activity of monomers and radicals ； Co-polymerization rate. ④Polymerization methods: the processes, mechanisms, and characteristics of bulk polymerization, solution polymerization, suspension polymerization, and emulsion polymerization. ⑤Ion polymerization: Monomers for anionic and cationic polymerization, initiation systems, polymerization mechanisms, and influencing factors. ⑥Chemical reactions of polymers: Reactions of polymer groups ； Grafting and cleavage ； crosslinking ； Degradation and aging. ⑦Development of Polymer Chemistry 2.2.2 Specialized Knowledge 2.2.2.1 Polymer Materials ⑴ Examination Requirements ① Understand the structure, properties, and applications of general plastics and engineering plastics ； Familiar with the main types of general-purpose plastics and engineering plastics ； Understand the synthesis methods. ② Understand the main types, properties, uses, and application methods of major plastic additives. ③ Understand the structure, properties, and applications of natural rubber, synthetic rubber, and specialty rubbers ； Familiar with the main types of natural rubber, synthetic rubber, and specialty rubber ； Understand the synthesis methods. ④ Understand the main types and functions of the primary rubber vulcanization systems, reinforcement and filling systems, softening and plasticizing systems, and anti-aging systems. ⑤ Master the formulation design of plastics and rubbers. ⑥ Familiar with the structural characteristics and main types of thermoplastic elastomers. ⑦ Understand the variety structure and properties of common fibers. ⑧ Understand the types and applications of multi-component polymer materials and functional polymer materials. ⑵Exam content ① General plastics: types of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, phenolic resins, and amino plastics ； Structure and Performance ； Usage ； Synthesis method. ②Engineering plastics: polyamides, polyoxymethylenes, polycarbonates, polyphenylene ethers, polyester resins, polyimides, acrylate plastics, polyurethanes, polysulfones, polyphenylene sulfides, polyether ethers, chlorinated polyethers, types of fluoroplastics ； Structure and Performance ； Usage ； Manufacturing method. ③Plastic processing aids: main types, properties, uses, and application methods of fillers and reinforcements, plasticizers, stabilizers, flame retardants, blowing agents, antistatic agents, colorants, lubricants, and coupling agents. ④Rubber: The structure, properties, main types, applications, and manufacturing methods of natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile rubber, neoprene, butyl rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, polyurethane rubber, silicone rubber, fluororubber, and acrylate rubber. ⑤ Rubber additives: The main types, mixing methods, characteristics, applications, and usage methods of vulcanization systems, reinforcement and filling systems, softening and plasticizing systems, and anti-aging systems. ⑥Formulation design: Purpose, principles, procedures, and methods of rubber and plastic formulation design ； Methods of expressing formulas and conversions. ⑦Thermoplastic elastomers: structural characteristics, main types, applications. ⑧Fibers: Classification, main performance indicators, structure and properties, major types. ⑨Multicomponent polymer materials: general behavior of blends, methods, mechanical properties ； Composite materials and development trends. ⑩Functional polymer materials: reactive polymers, biomedical polymers, conductive polymers, liquid crystalline polymers, polymer-metal complexes, photosensitive polymers, reactive separation membranes, and superabsorbent resins. 2.2.2.2 Processing Techniques for Polymer Materials ⑴ Examination Requirements ① Master the methods for preparing mixtures of polymer materials ； Visual identification methods for admixtures ； Familiar with the pre-treatment methods, storage, and preservation techniques for raw materials ； Understand the transportation and metering of materials. ② Mastering the initial mixing of polymer materials ； Plasticizing process ； Mixing process ； Familiar with plastic mixing principles and quality inspection methods ； Learn to use the device. ③ Understanding the flow behavior of plastics in extruders, the methods of extruding rubber and plastics, process conditions, and the analysis of common quality issues ； Familiar with the production processes and control conditions for ordinary rubber and plastic products, blow-molded films, and hollow blow molding ； Understand the structure of extrusion equipment and its general operating methods. ④ Master the principles for selecting and controlling injection process parameters, the injection process characteristics of common plastics, and the analysis of common quality issues ； Familiar with the process steps of injection molding ； Understand the structure of injection equipment and its general operating methods. ⑤ Master the principles of rolling and the analysis of common quality issues ； Familiar with fabric calendering processes and the calendering properties of common polymer materials ； Understand the basic structure of the calender. ⑥ Master the four stages of vulcanization, the three key elements of vulcanization, and the effects of vulcanization ； Familiar with common quality issues and improvement methods ； Understand sulfidation, cross-linking methods, and equipment. ⑦ Master the molding processes for thermosetting plastics and rubber ； Familiar with the principles of molding. ⑧ Understand the principles of bubble formation and foaming methods ； Familiar with the manufacturing process of chemical foaming ； Learn about common quality issues in foaming and their solutions. ⑨ Learn about other molding methods ⑩ Understand knowledge related to design, quality management, and plastic recycling in the plastic processing process. 11 Be familiar with the manufacturing methods of major rubber and plastic products. ⑵Exam content ① Preparation of raw materials: Pretreatment of raw materials ； Ingredient processing technique ； Transportation and metering of materials. ②Preliminary processing of materials: Preparation of plastic dispersion ； Plastic mixing and plasticization processes ； Rubber plasticization and mixing processes ； Plasticizing and mixing equipment and their working principles. ③Extrusion molding: Principles of extrusion ； Extrusion process analysis ； Extrusion equipment ； Extrusion process for ordinary plastic products ； Process methods and conditions for rubber extrusion. Blow molding film process: production method ； nose cone ； Process flow and control ； Causes of abnormal phenomena and ways to eliminate them. Hollow blow molding process: production method ； , process ； Equipment and molds ； Production condition control ； Causes of Abnormal Phenomena and Solutions ④ Injection Molding: Main Structure of the Injection Machine and Key Technical Parameters ； Plastic injection molding process, control factors, and analysis of process conditions ； Injection characteristics of thermoplastic plastics and thermosetting plastics ； Injection molding of rubber. ⑤Rolling formation: Principles of rolling ； Calendering process for plastic sheets and plates ； Rubber calendering. ⑥Foam plastic molding: Foaming methods and principles ； Molding process. ⑦Molding: Principles of plastic molding ； Thermosetting plastic molding process ； Rubber molding process. ⑧Vulcanization and cross-linking: The vulcanization process of rubber and changes in the properties of the rubber compound ； Determination of the positive vulcanization temperature ； Sulfidation medium and sulfidation method ； Calculation of vulcanization time. Plastic crosslinking. ⑨Other forming: thermoforming ； casting ； coating ； Machining, finishing, and assembly. 2.2.3 Relevant Professional Knowledge ⑴ Examination Requirements ① Understand the professional knowledge related to polymer chemistry ； ②Understand the main basic concepts, fundamental theories, and basic calculation skills related to the field ； ③Understand the integration and applications of related fields with polymer chemistry. ⑵Exam content: ① Basic knowledge of chemical process design and equipment selection; ② Environmental protection and clean chemical production: Chemical pollution and its pollutants ； Treatment and control of chemical wastewater ； Emission control technologies for chemical industrial waste gases ； Utilization in solid waste management ； Environmental quality standards ； Pollution Status in the Chemical Industry and Analysis of Its Causes ； Requirements and definition of clean production ； Contents of clean chemical production ③ Automatic control and instrumentation: Basic concepts of automatic control systems ； Measuring instruments ； Display and adjust instruments ； Simple actuator control system ； Complex regulatory systems ； Control scheme for typical chemical units. ④Chemical safety: Basic knowledge of chemical safety design ； Classification of fire and explosion hazards in production ； Classification of chemical reaction hazards and safety measures ； Hazards of storage tanks and piping and their safety measures ； Explosion-proof, anti-static, lightning-proof, fire-proof ； Safety knowledge for chemical hazards. ⑤Chemical Engineering Economics: Estimation of Economic Elements of Projects ； Financial evaluation of the project ； Uncertainty analysis ； Comparison of multiple options ； Economic evaluation of renovation, expansion, and upgrading projects ； Characteristics of economic evaluation for Sino-foreign joint venture projects and technology introduction projects. ⑥Chemical industry standardization: Standardization information work ； Formulation and revision of standards ； Implementation of chemical industry standards. ⑦Chemical industry information retrieval ⑧ Knowledge related to intellectual property: Basic concepts of intellectual property ； Classification of intellectual property rights ； Intellectual Property Law ； Definition and classification of patent rights ； Definition of a trademark ； Definitions of copyright and patent rights ； Procedures for applying for patents and trademarks ； The duration of protection for patents and trademarks.