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Examination Syllabus for \"Fundamentals and Practices of Organic Chemical Engineering (Intermediate Level)\\" 1.1 Introduction In accordance with the \"Notice of the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Human Resources on Issues Related to the Implementation of a Professional Technical Qualification System for Intermediate and Junior Titles in Engineering and Technical Fields\" (Jing Ren Fa No. 26) as well as the \"Notice of the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Human Resources on Issues Related to the Examination and Evaluation of Intermediate and Junior Professional Technical Titles in Beijing\" (Jing Ren Fa No. 34), since 2005, an evaluation method that combines examination and assessment has been adopted for intermediate professional technical titles in the engineering and technical field in our city. To ensure the proper conduct of these examinations, we have prepared this syllabus. This outline serves as both a reference for applicants to prepare for the exam and a basis for formulating questions in professional and technical qualification exams. Regarding the knowledge framework and the level of understanding required for the examination, this syllabus is based on the knowledge and skills that professionals with intermediate technical qualifications in organic chemistry should possess. It sets out three levels of requirement for the examination: \"mastery,\" \"familiarity,\" and \"understanding.\" The specific meanings of these three levels are as follows: mastery refers to the ability to apply relevant knowledge skillfully and to analyze and solve practical problems based on a precise and thorough understanding ； Familiarity means being able to explain the key points and solve practical problems ； Understanding refers to having a general knowledge of its principles and areas of application. In terms of the content of the examination, this syllabus is based on the work requirements and comprehensive competency standards for professionals with intermediate technical qualifications in organic chemistry. It primarily assesses the applicant’s basic professional knowledge, theoretical knowledge in the field, as well as related specialized knowledge, along with their ability to solve practical problems. The content of the propositions is within the scope specified in this outline. The exam is conducted in written form, with closed-book testing. The exam questions are of the objective type. Compilation Group for the Syllabus of \"Fundamentals and Practice in Organic Chemical Engineering (Intermediate)\" March 2007 2.2 Examination Content and Requirements 2.2.1 Basic Professional Knowledge 2.2.1.1 Fluid Flow ⑴ Examination Requirements: Master the basic principles and laws governing fluid flow, including hydrostatics and the equation of conservation of mechanical energy ； Familiar with the basic principles of fluid mechanics, capable of analyzing and calculating fluid flow problems, including the calculation of fluid flow resistance and pipeline calculations. ⑵Exam content: ① Methods for analyzing fluid motion, methods for analyzing forces acting on fluids and energy conservation. ② Hydrostatics and pressure measurement. ③ The continuity equation for fluid flow and its applications. ④ Conservation of mechanical energy and the application of Bernoulli’s equation. ⑤ Flow patterns (laminar and turbulent flow) and criteria for identifying them. ⑥ Analysis and calculation of velocity distributions and flow resistance. ⑦ Dimensional analysis methods. ⑧ Pipeline calculations. ⑨ Measurement of velocity and flow rate, as well as flow meters. 2.2.1.2 Fluid transfer machinery: ⑴ Exam requirements: Understand the main structure, principles, and primary uses of various pumps used in chemical engineering ； Understand the working principle, characteristic curves, flow regulation, and installation of centrifugal pumps ； Familiar with the basic calculations for pumps. ⑵Exam content: ① Types and characteristics of major fluid transfer machinery. ② Types, structure, working principle, performance parameters, characteristic curves, flow regulation, combined operation, installation, and cavitation phenomenon of centrifugal pumps. ③ Types, working principle, flow regulation, and characteristic curves of reciprocating pumps. ④ Main characteristics of other major chemical process pumps (positive-displacement pumps and non-positive-displacement pumps), ventilators, blowers, compressors, and vacuum pumps. 2.2.1.3 Liquid mixing: ⑴ Exam requirements: Understand the main structure of mixers, as well as the characteristics and metrics used to describe fluid mixing ； Understand the basic design of mixing equipment. ⑵Exam content: ① Main types of mixers; ② Mixing mechanisms; ③ Performance of mixers; ④ Mixing power. 2.2.1.4 Flow of fluids through particle layers and filtration: (1) Exam requirements: Understand the characteristics of particle beds and the calculation of flow pressure drops ； Master the basic principles, fundamental equations, and applications of filtration operations, as well as the calculation methods for different filtration techniques ； Understand the structure and characteristics of typical filtration equipment. ⑵Exam content: ① Properties of individual particles, particle populations, and particle beds; ② Pressure drop of fluids flowing through fixed beds and simplified models; ③ Principles and classification of filtration; ④ Mathematical description and calculation of the filtration process, as well as the washing of filter cakes; ⑤ Press filtration and suction filtration equipment, centrifugal filtration equipment. 2.2.1.5 Sedimentation and fluidization of particles: (1) Exam requirements: Master the basic methods for analyzing particle motion ； Master the principles and calculations of fluidization ； Familiar with the analysis of particle motion processes ； Understand the methods for establishing mathematical models ； Understand the classification and applications of sedimentation separation equipment and pneumatic conveying equipment. ⑵Exam content: ① Traction force and free sedimentation of particles; ② Main sedimentation and separation devices such as dust collectors and cyclones, along with their operating principles; ③ Basic concepts and main characteristics of fluidized beds; ④ Operation and calculations related to fluidized beds; ⑤ Principles, classifications, and main flow characteristics of pneumatic conveying. 2.2.1.6 Heat transfer and heat exchange devices: (1) Exam requirements: Master Fourier’s law, the basic principles of heat conduction, and the calculations for steady-state heat conduction ； Understanding the influencing factors of convective heat transfer, the main correlation equations, the calculation of convective heat transfer, and heat transfer enhancement ； Master the basic calculations for heat exchangers and evaporators ； Understand the classification, selection, and applications of heat exchangers and evaporators ； Understand the characteristics and laws of blackbody radiation ； Familiar with the basic principles of heat transfer, and able to solve simple unsteady-state heat transfer problems. ⑵Exam content: ① Forms of heat exchange between cold and hot fluids, heat carriers; ② Heat transfer rate, heat flux, and mechanisms of heat transfer; ③ Heat conduction and Fourier’s law, thermal conductivity; ④ Calculation of steady-state heat conduction in flat walls, cylindrical walls, and multi-layer walls; ⑤ Analysis and mathematical description of convective heat transfer processes; ⑥ Approximate values and empirical relationships for heat transfer coefficients; ⑦ Boiling heat transfer and condensation heat transfer; ⑧ Blackbody radiation and its basic laws; ⑨ Calculation of heat transfer processes; ⑩ Classification, calculation, and selection of heat exchangers; ⑪ Methods to enhance heat transfer processes; ⑫ Main characteristics of evaporation operations; ⑬ Evaporation equipment, single-effect and multi-effect evaporation. 2.2.1.7 Gas absorption: (1) Exam requirements: Mastery of the basic theories of mass transfer, absorption, and desorption processes ； Understand the calculation methods for parameters such as diffusion coefficients and mass transfer coefficients ； Master material balance and operating line equations, as well as the calculations for absorption processes ； Understand the main absorption equipment, processes, and applications ； Understand the principles of the evaporation process and the equipment used ； Familiar with the basic principles of mass transfer, and able to solve simple unsteady-state absorption problems. ⑵Exam topics: ① Gas-liquid phase equilibrium ② Molecular diffusion, Fick’s law, and diffusion coefficients ③ Convective mass transfer theory and related constants ④ Mathematical description of absorption processes ⑤ Design and operational calculations for absorption towers ⑥ Characteristics of gas absorption and calculations for absorption processes ⑦ Chemical absorption. 2.2.1.8 Liquid Distillation ⑴ Examination Requirements: Master the basic principles of distillation and distillation process, as well as the calculations related to distillation under various conditions, including feed conditions and location, equilibrium lines, q-lines, reflux ratio, operating lines for the distillation section and the stripping section, theoretical plates, and overall tower efficiency ； Understand the characteristics of special distillation ； Familiar with the basic principles of mass transfer, and capable of solving simple unsteady-state distillation problems. ⑵Exam content: ① Principles of distillation and distillation operations; ② Equilibrium distillation and simple distillation; ③ Vapor-liquid equilibrium in ideal and non-ideal systems; ④ Principles of distillation and mathematical description of distillation processes; ⑤ Operation of distillation columns and operating equations; ⑥ Design and operational calculations for two-component distillation; ⑦ Characteristics and calculations of batch distillation; ⑧ Extractive distillation and azeotropic distillation. 2.2.1.9 Gas-liquid mass transfer equipment: ⑴ Exam requirements: Understand the main components of packed columns and tray columns ； Understand the two-phase flow conditions and mass transfer characteristics inside the tower ； Understand common abnormal operating conditions of gas-liquid mass transfer equipment ； Understand the general calculations for plate towers and packed towers. ⑵Exam content: ① Structure and operation of plate towers; ② Hydraulic characteristics of two-phase flow in trays and towers, as well as tray efficiency; ③ Structure of packed towers and properties of major packing materials; ④ Hydraulic behavior and gas-liquid mass transfer in packed layers and packed towers; ⑤ Abnormal operations of gas-liquid mass transfer equipment. 2.2.1.10 Liquid-liquid extraction: (1) Exam requirements: Mastery of the mass transfer characteristics between liquid phases and the principles of extraction ； Master the calculation methods for single-stage and multi-stage extraction processes ； Understand extraction processes and equipment characteristics. ⑵Exam content: ① Principles of liquid-liquid extraction ② Liquid-liquid phase equilibrium and triangular phase diagrams ③ Calculation of single-stage and multi-stage extraction processes ④ Main types, characteristics, and selection of extraction equipment ⑤ Operation of extraction equipment, flooding, and droplet mass transfer. 2.2.1.11 Simultaneous heat and mass transfer processes and solid drying ⑴ Exam requirements: Master the main properties and state parameters of moist air ； Master the material balance and heat balance of the drying process ； Understand the factors that affect the drying process, as well as the main types and applications of dryers. ⑵Exam content: ① Properties of moist air and humidity diagrams; ② Mathematical description and basic calculations of processes involving simultaneous heat and mass transfer; ③ Drying rates and factors affecting them; ④ Calculations related to drying processes; ⑤ Commonly used dryers and their characteristics. 2.2.1.12 Other mass transfer and separation methods: ⑴ Exam requirements: Understand the basic principles of crystallization, adsorption separation, and membrane separation processes ； Understand the material and heat balances involved, as well as the equipment characteristics. ⑵Exam content: ① Crystallization ② Adsorption separation ③ Membrane separation. 2.2.1.13 Physical chemistry: (1) Exam requirements: Master the basic terms as well as the fundamental laws and principles of physical chemistry ； Master the basic properties of gases ； Understanding the ideal gas equation of state and the application of the principle of corresponding states ； Understand the applications of real gas equation of state, as well as the mixing rules and methods for calculating the P-V-T properties of mixed gases ； Familiarize with the direction and limits of chemical reactions, as well as the influence of external conditions such as temperature on these aspects; master the methods for using the basic principles of thermodynamics to study the direction of chemical reactions and their equilibrium conditions ； Be familiar with the speed of chemical reactions and the specific steps involved in their progression; understand how changes in external conditions such as temperature, pressure, concentration, and catalysts affect the reaction rate as well as the primary and secondary reactions that occur. Be aware of the principles of catalysis and the characteristics of catalysts ； Understand the first and second laws of thermodynamics and their applications, as well as the meaning and applications of the state functions in thermodynamics (internal energy, enthalpy, entropy) ； Understand the relationships between the thermodynamic properties of compositional systems and the basic concepts of solution thermodynamics, including partial molar properties, chemical potential, fugacity and fugacity coefficients, activity and activity coefficients, ideal and non-ideal solutions, changes in mixture properties, excess properties, as well as the relationships between liquid-phase activity coefficients and composition ； Understand the criteria for phase equilibrium ； Understand the P-T diagrams, P-X-Y diagrams, and T-X-Y diagrams of binary systems for the vapor-liquid equilibrium in mutually soluble systems ； Familiar with the principles and basic methods of vapor-liquid equilibrium calculations ； Mastering the stoichiometric relationships in chemical reactions includes those for reactions in single-phase closed systems as well as those for reactions in multi-phase systems ； Familiar with chemical reaction equilibrium constants and the relevant calculation principles, as well as the relationship between equilibrium constants and equilibrium compositions ； Understand the influence of temperature, pressure, inert gases, etc. on the equilibrium composition ； Understand the phase rule and Duhem’s theory of reaction systems, as well as the handling of complex reaction systems; the calculation of chemical equilibrium for isothermal complex reactions, and the principles behind calculating chemical equilibrium for adiabatic reactions. ⑵Exam content: ① Basic concepts and theories of physical chemistry; ② P-V-T properties of gases; ③ Thermodynamic properties of gases and their homogeneous mixtures; ④ Phase equilibrium; ⑤ The first and second laws of thermodynamics; ⑥ Commonly used thermodynamic functions; ⑦ Equilibrium shifts in chemical reactions; ⑧ Kinetic equations for simple sequential reactions; ⑨ The effect of temperature on reaction rates; ⑩ Kinetics of catalytic reactions. 2.2.1.14 Chemical engineering-related specialized knowledge: ㈠ Exam requirements: Understanding the specialized knowledge related to chemical engineering production ； Understand the main basic concepts, fundamental theories, and basic calculation skills related to the field ； Understand the integration and applications of related fields with chemical engineering. (ii) Examination Content ⑴ Basic knowledge of chemical process design and equipment selection ⑵ Environmental protection and clean production in the chemical industry ① Chemical pollution and its pollutants ② Treatment and control of chemical wastewater ③ Emission control technologies for chemical waste gases ④ Utilization in the treatment of solid waste ⑤ Environmental quality standards ⑥ Pollution status in the chemical industry and analysis of its causes ⑦ Requirements and definition of clean production ⑧ Contents of clean production in the chemical industry ⑶ Automatic control and instrumentation ① Basic concepts of automatic control systems ② Measuring instruments ③ Display and control instruments ④ Actuators ⑤ Simple control systems ⑥ Complex control systems ⑦ Control schemes for typical chemical units ⑷ Chemical safety ① Basic knowledge of chemical safety design ② Classification of fire and explosion hazards in production ③ Classification of chemical reaction risks and corresponding safety measures ④ Hazards associated with storage tanks and pipelines and their safety measures ⑤ Explosion prevention, anti-static measures, lightning protection, and fire prevention ⑥ Safety knowledge regarding hazardous chemicals ⑸ Economic aspects of chemical technology ① Estimation of economic factors for projects ② Financial evaluation of projects ③ Uncertainty analysis ④ Comparison of multiple alternatives ⑤ Economic evaluation of renovation, expansion, and modernization projects ⑥ Characteristics of economic evaluation for Sino-foreign joint venture projects and technology import projects ⑹ Standardization in the chemical industry ① Standardization information work ② Formulation and revision of standards ③ Implementation of chemical industry standards ⑺ Retrieval of chemical industry information 2.2.2 Professional theoretical knowledge 2.2.2.1 Examination requirements Mastery of the macroscopic reaction processes involving interactions between chemical reactions, mass transfer, and heat transfer ； Understanding the intrinsic kinetics of gas-solid catalytic reactions as well as their macroscopic kinetics ； Understand the concept of flow models, ideal flow reactors ； Understand the mixing process in reactors, the mixing mechanisms, and their impact on reactions ； Understand the mechanism of gas-solid phase catalytic reaction processes, as well as the structure and performance of typical reactors ； Understand the gas-liquid reaction mechanism, as well as the structure and performance of typical reactors such as bubble columns, stirred bubble columns, and packed columns ； Understand the engineering of gas-liquid-solid three-phase reactions, as well as the structural features and operating principles of typical reactors ； Understand the characteristics, mechanisms of liquid-solid phase uncatalyzed reactions, as well as the structure and features of reactors ； Familiar with the principles and characteristics of polymerization reaction engineering, with a general understanding of the structure and performance of major reactors ； Mastering the production processes of typical organic products, as well as the methods for analyzing such processes (such as the principles and rationale behind process design, key characteristics, the selection of process conditions, the types and choice of reaction equipment, and the proper use of catalysts). 2.2.2.2 Examination Content ⑴ Intrinsic and macroscopic kinetics of gas-solid catalytic reactions ① Stoichiometry ② Representations of chemical reaction rates ③ Kinetic equations ④ Intrinsic kinetic equations for gas-solid catalytic reactions ⑤ Effect of temperature on reaction rate ⑥ Deactivation and regeneration of solid catalysts ⑦ Macroscopic processes in gas-solid catalytic reactions ⑧ Gas diffusion within catalyst particles ⑨ Influence of heat and mass transfer between gas and solid phases on the overall reaction rate ⑵ Ideal flow reactors ⑶ Mixing in reactors and its impact on reactions ① Analysis of material mixing in continuous reactors ② Residence time distribution ③ Degree of mixing and its effect on reaction outcomes ⑷ Engineering of gas-solid catalytic reactions ① Fluid dynamics in fixed-bed reactors ② Heat and mass transfer processes in fixed-bed reactors ③ Adiabatic fixed-bed catalytic reactors ④ Continuous heat-exchange fixed-bed catalytic reactors ⑤ Internally cooled, self-heating fixed-bed catalytic reactors ⑥ Externally cooled tubular fixed-bed catalytic reactors and control of hot spot temperatures ⑦ Fluidized-bed catalytic reactors ⑸ Gas-liquid reactions and reactors ① Equilibrium in gas-liquid reactions ② Reaction mechanisms in gas-liquid reactions ③ Kinetic characteristics of gas-liquid reactions ④ Bubble reactors ⑤ Stirred-tank bubble reactors ⑥ Packed-bed reactors ⑹ Engineering of gas-liquid-solid three-phase reactions ① Types of gas-liquid-solid three-phase reactors and their macroscopic kinetics ② Trickle-bed three-phase reactors ⑺ Uncatalyzed liquid-solid reactions ① Classification and characteristics of uncatalyzed liquid-solid reactions ② Uncatalyzed liquid-solid reactors ⑻ Polymerization engineering ① Fundamentals of processes and equipment in polymerization ② Kinetics of polymerization reactions ③ Selection of polymerization reactors (9) Process flows for typical organic chemical products ① Hydrocarbon cracking ② Epoxy resins (synthesis of ethylene oxide and epoxy resins from ethylene) ③ Polyvinyl chloride (synthesis of vinyl chloride monomer and its polymers) 2.2.3 Knowledge of new chemical engineering technologies 2.2.3.1 Examination requirements: Understanding of new technological knowledge related to the field of chemical engineering. 2.2.3.2 Examination content: (1) Chemical development of CO2; (2) Phase-transfer catalysis; (3) Ultra-fine powders; (4) Biodegradable plastics; (5) Supercritical fluids; (6) Acoustochemistry; (7) Development and utilization of rare earth elements; (8) Selective oxidation of lattice oxygen in hydrocarbons; (9) Environmentally friendly coatings; (10) Substitutes for ozone-depleting substances; (11) Green technologies in the chromium salt industry; (12) Green chemistry technologies in the leather industry; (13) Catalytic dehydrogenation of methanol to produce anhydrous formaldehyde; (14) Symbiotic engineering and its applications in the chemical industry; (15) Synthesis and application of conductive polymers. 2.2.4 Knowledge related to intellectual property: 2.2.4.1 Understanding the basic concepts of intellectual property; 2.2.4.2 Understanding the classification of intellectual property; 2.2.4.3 Understanding intellectual property law; 2.2.4.4 Understanding the definition and classification of patent rights; 2.2.4.5 Understanding the definition of trademarks; 2.2.4.6 Understanding the definitions of copyright and literary rights; 2.2.4.7 Understanding the procedures for applying for patent rights and trademarks; 2.2.4.8 Understanding the duration of protection for patent rights and trademarks