Properties of Common Gases Used in Titanium Metallurgy Plants and Protection Measures I
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1. What are the physical and chemical properties of chlorine? Answer: Chlorine is a yellow-green gas with a suffocating odor. Soluble in water and readily soluble in alkaline solutions. Upon contact with water, it produces hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid; hypochlorous acid then decomposes into molecular chlorine, oxygen, and chloric acid. Chlorine and carbon monoxide can produce phosgene (COCl2) under high-temperature conditions. Chlorine is non-flammable, but it can assist combustion. Combination with flammable gases in sunlight can cause a fire explosion. It can cause combustion and explosion when reacting with many substances. 2. What are the toxicological characteristics of chlorine gas? Answer: When inhaled, chlorine reacts with the mucous membranes and water in the respiratory tract to form hydrogen chloride and reactive oxygen species. Hydrochloric acid can cause inflammatory edema, congestion, and necrosis in the upper respiratory tract mucosa. New ecological oxygen has a strong oxidizing effect on tissues and can generate ozone that is cytotoxic to the cytoplasm. Excessively high chlorine concentrations or prolonged exposure can lead to bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and toxic edema. Inhalation of high concentrations of chlorine can also stimulate the vagus nerve, leading to reflexive cardiac arrest. Liquid chlorine (chlorine gas) belongs to Category 2.3 toxic gases and is highly corrosive. A leak of liquid chlorine (chlorine gas) can cause burns to the areas of the body that come into contact with it as well as in the respiratory tract, and it can lead to poisoning or even death among workers. When a large amount of chlorine leaks out, its density being greater than that of air, it does not disperse easily, resulting in poisoning of people over a wide area. 3. What are the first aid measures in case of exposure to chlorine (liquid chlorine)? Answer: In case of skin contact, remove the contaminated clothing immediately and rinse with plenty of flowing water ； If eyes are exposed, lift the eyelids and rinse with flowing water or saline. Upon inhalation, immediately leave the area and go to a place with fresh air. When breathing and heartbeat stop, artificial respiration and chest compressions must be performed immediately. 4. What are the emergency response measures for liquid chlorine (chlorine gas) leaks? Answer: At work, one should keep a wet towel ready, as well as multiple layers of gas masks on hand ； In the event of a leak of liquid chlorine (chlorine gas), personnel should be organized to quickly evacuate people from the contaminated area to areas upwind, and isolation measures should be taken immediately: 150 meters for small leaks, and 450 meters for large leaks. Strictly restrict access for people in and out. Emergency responders wear self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus and protective suits. Seal the source of leakage as much as possible. Ensure proper ventilation to accelerate diffusion. Dilute with spray water and dissolve. Construct dikes or dig pits to contain the large amount of wastewater generated. If a container (such as a gas cylinder) leaks, the leaking container can be immersed in lime milk solution. Leaking containers must be properly handled, repaired, and inspected before being used again. 6. What are the protective measures for chlorine production operations? Answer: Engineering controls: The operation area must be tightly sealed, with adequate local exhaust and general ventilation. Provide safety showers and eye wash stations. Respiratory protection: Wear an air respirator or oxygen respirator when the concentration in the air exceeds safe levels. An oxygen respirator must be worn during emergency rescue or evacuation. Body protection: Wear a mask-type adhesive gas mask suit. Hand protection: Wear rubber gloves. Others: Smoking, eating, and drinking are prohibited at the work site. After finishing work, take a shower and change. Maintain good hygiene* habits. When working inside tanks, confined spaces, or other areas with high concentrations, there must be someone else to provide supervision.
1. What are the physical properties of carbon monoxide? Answer: Under normal conditions, carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and toxic gas. Its density is very similar to that of air (1.293 g/L under standard conditions), which is one of the reasons why carbon monoxide poisoning can occur easily. 2. What is the mechanism by which carbon monoxide causes poisoning? Answer: Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs because, once it enters the body, carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin in the blood, reducing hemoglobin’s ability to bind to oxygen and thus causing oxygen deficiency – this is what constitutes carbon monoxide poisoning. Carbon monoxide poisoning is a reversible condition; when an excessive amount of carbon monoxide is inhaled, it prevents hemoglobin from carrying oxygen. In such cases, administering large amounts of oxygen increases its concentration in the body, causing the chemical equilibrium to shift in the opposite direction and allowing hemoglobin to be released again. This is one of the treatment methods used to alleviate carbon monoxide poisoning. 3. Which process steps in the production of titanium sponge generate carbon monoxide? What harm can it cause to the human body? Answer: During the production of titanium sponge, the furnace gas used to produce titanium tetrachloride often contains a high amount of carbon monoxide gas. In operations related to dust collection, post-treatment, and exhaust gas treatment in chlorination furnaces, carbon monoxide leaks can occur due to issues such as pipeline and valve leaks, poor sealing, improper operation, or violations of safety procedures; all of these can lead to poisoning or suffocation of the operators. In cases of mild carbon monoxide poisoning, patients may experience headaches, dizziness, insomnia, blurred vision, tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, general weakness, tachycardia, and brief fainting. 4. What are the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning? Answer: In the case of carbon monoxide poisoning, the level of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood reaches 10% to 20%. The patient’s lips, nails, and skin mucous membranes take on a cherry-red color; there is excessive sweating. Blood pressure rises first and then falls, the heart rate increases, arrhythmias occur, the patient feels irritable, and there is a temporary separation of sensation from movement (i.e., the person can still think but cannot move). The symptoms continue to worsen, and drowsiness or coma may occur. The level of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood is around 30% to 40%. In cases of severe carbon monoxide poisoning, the patient quickly falls into a coma; initially, there is an increase in muscle tone in the limbs, or episodic tonic spasms occur ； In the late stages, muscle tone decreases significantly; the patient’s complexion becomes pale or cyanotic, blood pressure drops, the pupils dilate, and ultimately the patient dies due to respiratory paralysis.
9. What are the physical and chemical properties of argon? Answer: Argon is an inert gas that is colorless, odorless, non-irritating, and lacks any warning characteristics; it is non-toxic and unreactive. Humans do not have the ability to detect the presence of argon. 10. What are the hazards of argon to the human body? Answer: Argon can act as a simple asphyxiant by replacing oxygen in the air, reducing it below the level necessary to sustain life. Excessive inhalation of argon can cause dizziness, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, and death. Death may result from wrong judgments, mental confusion, or loss of consciousness due to the inability to save oneself. At low oxygen levels, loss of consciousness and death occur within seconds. Exposure of the human body to liquid argon or low-temperature argon vapor can also cause extensive tissue damage or frostbite. 11. What are the first aid measures for argon gas injuries? Answer: Quickly leave the area and go to a place with fresh air. Keep the airways clear. If there is difficulty breathing, administer oxygen. When breathing and heartbeat stop, perform artificial respiration and chest compressions immediately.
11. What are the physical and chemical properties of titanium tetrachloride? Answer: Titanium tetrachloride, also known as titanium chloride, is soluble in cold water, ethanol, and dilute hydrochloric acid. It belongs to the highly toxic category and is an acidic corrosive substance. Releases heat when heated or in contact with moisture, producing toxic and corrosive fumes. The products are chlorides and titanium oxide. Titanium tetrachloride is non-flammable, highly toxic, and possesses strong corrosive and irritating properties; it can cause burns to the human body. 12. What are the toxicological characteristics of titanium tetrachloride? Answer: Inhaling titanium tetrachloride fumes can cause severe irritation of the mucous membranes in the upper respiratory tract. Mild poisoning presents with symptoms of asthmatic bronchitis ； In severe cases, symptoms such as difficulty breathing, increased respiratory and pulse rates, elevated body temperature, coughing, and sputum production may occur, and it can progress to pulmonary edema. Direct skin contact with its liquid can cause severe burns, and yellow pigmentation may be visible after recovery. 13. What are the first aid measures for titanium tetrachloride poisoning? Answer: Skin contact: Immediately remove contaminated clothing and use clean cotton or cloth to absorb the liquid. Rinse thoroughly with plenty of flowing water. If there is a burn, seek medical treatment. Eye contact: Immediately lift the eyelids and rinse with flowing water for 10 minutes, or rinse with a 2% sodium bicarbonate solution; seek medical attention. Inhalation: Quickly move to a place with fresh air. Keep the airways clear. In case of difficulty breathing, administer oxygen immediately, give nebulized inhalation of 2–4% sodium bicarbonate solution, and seek medical attention. If breathing stops, perform artificial respiration immediately. Ingestion: Rinse the mouth with water, and drink milk or egg white. 14. What are the emergency response measures for titanium tetrachloride leaks? Answer: The personnel were quickly evacuated from the contaminated area to a safe location, and a 150-m radius zone was immediately isolated to strictly restrict access. Emergency responders should wear self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus and acid-alkali resistant protective clothing. Enter the site from the upwind side. Seal the source of leakage as much as possible. In the event of a small leak, sprinkle soda ash on the ground and then rinse it with plenty of water; the diluted washwater is then discharged into the wastewater system. In the event of a large-scale leak, construct dikes or dig pits to contain it. Spray water to cool and dilute the steam, protecting personnel on site, but do not spray water directly at the leak site. 15. What are the protective measures for titanium tetrachloride production? Answer: Engineering controls: enclosed operations at the production site, along with local exhaust ventilation. Provide safety showers and eye wash stations. Respiratory and eye protection: When there may be exposure to its vapors, a self-priming filter-type respirator (full-face mask) should be worn. Wear a self-contained breathing apparatus if necessary. Physical protection: Wear rubber acid- and alkali-resistant clothing. Hand protection: Wear rubber acid- and alkali-resistant gloves. Other protections: Smoking, eating, and drinking are prohibited at the work site. After finishing work, take a shower and change. Store the contaminated clothes separately and wash them for later use. Maintain good hygiene* habits.
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Common sense information – learned it. Thank you