166 phenomena in psychology (there are too many; don’t try to read them all at once)

Thread Content

166 psychological phenomena (there are too many; don’t try to read them all at once). They’re shared here for you to read slowly. 1. Archimedes and the incubation effect: In ancient Greece, a king had a crown made of pure gold, but he suspected that the craftsmen had mixed silver into it. The problem is that this crown weighs the same as the one given to the goldsmith in the first place, and no one knows whether the goldsmith played any tricks or not. The king entrusted this difficult problem to Archimedes. Archimedes racked his brains to solve this problem; he tried many ideas at first, but all of them failed. One day, he went to take a bath. As he sat in the bathtub to see the water overflowing, and felt his body being gently lifted, he suddenly realized that the principle of buoyancy could solve the problem. Whether it is scientists or ordinary people, in the process of solving problems, we can observe the phenomenon that \"setting difficult issues aside for a while is necessary to obtain satisfactory answers.\" Psychologists call it the \"incubation effect\". The classic story of Archimedes discovering the law of buoyancy is an example of the incubation effect. 　　In daily life, we often find ourselves at a loss when faced with a difficult problem, not knowing where to start; at such times, our thinking enters a \"concentration phase\". Until one day, when we set aside the problems at hand to focus on other things, the elusive answer suddenly appears before us, prompting us to exclaim in awe akin to Archimedes’; it is then that the \"incubation effect\" causes the \"flower of thought\" to bloom, yielding the \"fruit of an answer\". The ancient poem says, “When mountains and rivers seem to block all paths, yet through the dense willows and flowers another village appears,” which is a portrayal of this very mindset. Psychologists believe that during the incubation process, there is reasoning at a subconscious level; relevant information stored in memory is combined subconsciously. The reason why people suddenly find solutions while resting is that they eliminate previous psychological tension, forget the incorrect approaches that led to a deadlock, and enter a state of creative thinking. Therefore, if you face a difficult problem, consider setting it aside for now and going for a walk or having tea with friends; perhaps the answer will appear without any effort at all. The Allenson effect refers to the tendency of people to prefer those who offer them increasing amounts of favor, rewards, and praise, and to dislike those who seem to provide less and less of such things. 【Experiment】Four groups of people were given different evaluations of a certain individual, in order to observe which group that person preferred the most. The first group consistently praised it, the second group consistently criticized and denied it, the third group praised it at first and then criticized it, and the fourth group criticized it at first and then praised it. 【Results】After conducting this experiment on dozens of people, it was found that the vast majority preferred the fourth group the most and disliked the third group the most. 【Application】The Allensen effect reminds us that in our daily work and life, we should strive to avoid a reversal in the negative impression others have of us as a result of our improper behavior. Similarly, it also reminds us that when forming impressions of others, we should avoid being influenced by them and developing incorrect attitudes. 【Example】 1. Inefficient use: Behind the dormitory building, there is a broken-down car. Every night at 7 o’clock, the children in the compound climb into the car and jump around, producing deafening noise. The more the adults try to stop them, the more excitedly the children continue jumping, leaving those who witness this situation feeling helpless. That day, a person said to the children, “Kids, let’s have a competition today; the one who jumps the loudest will win a toy pistol as a prize.” ”The children cheered with joy, competing to jump; indeed, the best ones won prizes. The next day, this friend came to the car again and said, “Let’s continue the competition today; the prize is two candies.” ”Seeing the prizes drop sharply, the children grew displeased; none of them tried hard to jump, and their voices were sparse and weak. On the third day, the friend said to the children again, “Today’s prize is two peanuts.” ”The children all jumped out of the car, saying, “No more jumping, it’s boring; let’s go home and watch TV.” ” Analysis: When it is difficult to attack from the front, the \"decreasing reward method\" can produce a remarkable psychological effect. 2. Counterexample: After graduating from university, Xiao Gang started working at a company. As soon as he joined the company, he resolved to perform well and actively strive to make a very good first impression on his supervisors and colleagues. So, he would arrive at the office early every day to fetch water and sweep the floor, and he volunteered to work overtime on holidays. Even when faced with tasks assigned by his supervisors that were extremely difficult for him, he would still take on all of them despite the challenges. Originally, it is understandable for young people who have just started working to strive to show their abilities. But the problem is that Xiao Gang’s behavior at this time is very far from his true level of awareness, his consistent attitude toward dealing with others, and his usual patterns of behavior; it contains an element of \"excessive performance\". As a result, it is difficult to maintain persistence over the long term. Before long, Xiao Gang stopped watering and mopping the floor, often arrived late, and was picky about the tasks assigned by his supervisor. As a result, the impression that leaders and colleagues had of him changed from positive to negative, even becoming worse than the impression held by those young people who performed poorly at the beginning. Because people already have high expectations and high standards for him; moreover, they think his initial positive performance was an act of pretense, while \"honesty\" is the \"core quality\" used by our society to assess a person. 3. Suggestion effect: The suggestion effect refers to the use of indirect methods, based on subtle and abstract inducements, under non-confrontational conditions to influence people’s psychology and behavior. This approach aims to prompt people to act in a certain way or to accept certain opinions, so that their thoughts and actions align with the goals desired by the person giving the suggestions. Generally speaking, children are more receptive to suggestions than XXXXX. Language cues are commonly used in management; for example, when a homeroom teacher praises good behavior in a group setting, it serves as a cue for the other students. Gestures, eye signals, tapping on the table, pauses, raising or lowering the volume, and so on can also be used. Experienced homeroom teachers often choose appropriate movies, TV shows, literary works, etc., based on a student’s specific shortcomings or mistakes; they can discuss these works with the students while watching them, or tell them relevant stories, all of which can yield good results. 4. The Aegis Effect Aegis was a giant in Greek mythology, possessing immense strength and being invincible in all his endeavors. Because as long as he leans on the earth, he can draw infinite strength from Mother Earth. His opponent discovered this secret, lured him away from the ground, and killed him in the air. Therefore, one must learn to rely on everyone and on the collective. 5 The suggestion effect: The so-called “suggestion effect” refers to the use of implicit, indirect methods to influence someone’s thoughts and behaviors, causing the person being suggested to act in accordance with the suggester’s wishes without realizing it… This is what is known as the “suggestion effect”. Young children are more receptive to suggestions than XXXXX. In the process of music classroom teaching, teachers can use methods such as verbal cues, physical gestures, facial expressions, and self-suggestion to improve teaching effectiveness. Language cues – Positive language can evoke positive emotions and change negative mindsets; therefore, teachers can deliberately use phrases such as “You’re so smart” or “You can do it” to encourage children. Students can also encourage one another, for example: Leader: I’m great! (XX) Everyone: You’re amazing! (XX) Leader: You can do it too! ( XX X ) Everyone: I can do it too! (XX X) Gestural cues – Music is an abstract art form that cannot be seen or touched; lower-grade students find it more difficult to grasp the emotions and underlying meanings of musical works, which is why gestural cues become particularly important in such cases. Teachers can use body language to give hints to students, helping them understand musical works more quickly. For example, when conveying musical emotions, teachers can use gentle swaying of the body from side to side to represent soft and soothing music, and slight head nods to represent lively and cheerful music. Expressive cues – In music education for lower-grade elementary students, there are many performance elements, including singing performances, rhythmic movements, and instrument performances; these can take place in group form, in small groups, or as individual performances. In these stages, teachers need to make full use of the role of facial expressions as cues. When students are performing, it is a great source of encouragement for them if the teacher looks at them with a smile; they can see the approval and praise in the teacher’s eyes. In the process of training students in pitch accuracy, the gestures used in Kodály method can be employed to help students gain a more intuitive understanding of abstract pitches. There is a class that, when learning the third line of the song *\"Adorable Sheepherd\"*, which goes \"Abundant water plants keep the sheep strong,\" always misses the last note, \"5\". So when singing these few measures, I use gestures to indicate the rising and falling of the melody; when it comes to the final note, “5”, I move my hand upward, and the students naturally sing it at the correct pitch. After a few repetitions, they can master it completely. Self-suggestion – Teachers should also teach students how to use self-suggestion, so that they can exercise more autonomy in their musical experiences*. Some students feel panicked whenever they encounter listening comprehension exercises*: “Oh no! Oh no! ”“It’s so hard! ”Self-suggestion keeps one in a state of anxiety while studying, thereby interfering with normal performance. Once such a mindset* habit is formed, it will severely hinder the effectiveness of teaching. Therefore, teachers should help students learn to use positive self-suggestion, believing that they are definitely capable of doing it. Furthermore, a teacher’s performance in class also serves as an objective indication of attitude, as reflected in the teacher’s mental state and level of commitment to the presentation of musical works. 6 Placebo effect A placebo is a preparation that resembles a drug but is composed of neutral substances with no therapeutic effects or toxic side effects. Placebos are mostly composed of inert substances such as glucose and starch that have no pharmacological effects. Placebos can produce positive effects in patients who are eager for treatment and have full trust in medical staff, resulting in the therapeutic effects that were intended; such an effect is known as the placebo effect. Those who are prone to corresponding psychological and physiological reactions when using a placebo are called “placebo responders”. Such people are characterized by a tendency to socialize, dependence, susceptibility to suggestion, low self-confidence, constant attention to their various physical changes and discomforts, as well as hypochondriac tendencies and neuroticism. 7 Barnum Effect (suggestion effect): Once, a friend asked me what is the hardest thing in the world. I said making money is the hardest, and he shook his head. Goldbach’s Conjecture? He shook his head again. I say I give up; tell me then. He mysteriously said it’s about knowing yourself. Indeed, those thoughtful philosophers also said the same thing. Who am I, where do I come from, and where am I going? These are questions that people have been asking themselves since ancient Greece, yet no satisfactory answers have been found. Yet, even so, humanity has never ceased its pursuit of the self. For this very reason, people often get lost in themselves, are easily influenced by information around them, and use the actions and words of others as a guide for their own behavior; herd mentality is a typical example of this. In fact, people are constantly influenced and influenced by others in their lives. For example, on a bus, you will observe such a phenomenon: when one person yawns with their mouth wide open, several people around them also can’t help but yawn. Some people don’t yawn because they are less suggestible. Who is prone to suggestion? It can be checked through a simple test. Have the person stretch their arms out horizontally with the palms facing up, and close their eyes. Tell him that there is a hydrogen balloon tied to his left hand now, and it keeps floating upward ； A large stone was tied to his right hand, pulling it downward. Three minutes later, look at the distance between his hands; the greater the distance, the stronger the suggestive effect. Understanding oneself, known in psychology as self-perception, is the process by which an individual becomes aware of themselves. In this process, people are more susceptible to the influence of external information, leading to distortions in their self-perception. In daily life, it is impossible for people to reflect on themselves at all times, nor can they always observe themselves from the perspective of an outsider. For this very reason, individuals rely on external information to understand themselves. When trying to understand themselves, individuals are easily influenced by external information, which often prevents them from perceiving themselves correctly. Research in psychology shows that people tend to believe that a general, broad description of personality is particularly suitable for them. Even though such a description is quite vague, he still believes it reflects his personality. Once, psychologists used a general statement that applied to almost anyone in order to have college students determine whether it described them accurately; as a result, the vast majority of students believed that the statement portrayed them in great detail and with high accuracy. The following passage is material used by psychologists; do you think it would be suitable for you as well? You really need others to like and respect you. You have a tendency toward self-criticism. You have many abilities that could be your strengths but haven’t been utilized yet; at the same time, you have some weaknesses, though you can generally overcome them. You are facing some difficulties with the person named XXXXX; although you appear calm on the surface, you are actually anxious and uneasy inside. You sometimes doubt whether the decisions you make or the things you do are correct. You like some change in life and hate being restricted. You are proud of your ability to think independently, and you will not accept others’ suggestions unless there is sufficient evidence to support them. You think it’s unwise to be too open about yourself in front of others. Sometimes you are outgoing, friendly, and sociable, while at other times you are introverted, cautious, and quiet. Some of your ambitions are often very unrealistic. It’s actually a hat that fits anyone’s head. A famous trickster named Shoman Barnum, when evaluating his own performances, said that he was popular because the shows contained elements that everyone liked, allowing him to \"deceive people every minute.\" People often believe that a general, generic description of personality accurately reveals their own characteristics; psychology refers to this tendency as the \"Barnum effect\". A psychologist administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to a group of people, then showed them two sets of results, asking them to determine which one belonged to them. In fact, one set is the results of the participants themselves, while the other is the average of the responses from the majority. The participants actually believed that the latter more accurately reflected their personality traits. The Barnum effect is very common in life. Take fortune-telling for example; many people who consult fortune-tellers consider what they say to be \"very accurate\". In fact, those who seek fortune-telling tend to be suggestible by nature. When a person is in a low mood or feels frustrated, they lose a sense of control over their life, and as a result, their sense of security is also affected. A person who lacks a sense of security also experiences increased psychological dependence, and is more susceptible to suggestion than usual. Plus, since fortune-tellers are good at understanding people’s inner feelings and can somewhat comprehend those of those who seek their help, such individuals immediately feel a sense of emotional comfort. The fortune-teller then says a few general, trivial words, which convinces the person seeking help completely. The Barnum effect originates from a famous quote by circus manager Barnum: A fool is born every minute. ”The \"Balin effect\" explains to some extent why certain astrology or zodiac-related publications are able to \"accurately\" describe a person’s personality. The reason is that those words and phrases used to describe personality actually belong to the realm of \"normal human behavior\" and are applicable to most people in general. In other words, the scope of application of those phrases is so vague that it often amounts to saying nothing at all. For example: Capricorn is rational and loves freedom, while Cancer is emotional and compassionate ； But do Cancer people never be rational, and do Aquarius people lack compassion? We do not deny the value of astrology’s existence, after all, it has a statistical basis. But if you want to be smart and not believe in horoscopes, then I have to tell you that you’re wrong again! Do you know what it means to say \"when heaven is drunk, even people get drunk\"? Since more than half of the people around you believe in astrology, why go through the trouble of trying to overturn those deeply rooted beliefs (which is actually quite impossible)? If a couple are not a good match according to astrology, even if neither of them is superstitious, they will still face considerable psychological pressure. Over time, if conflicts arise between them, the preconception that \"they really aren’t compatible\" will be reinforced, leading ultimately to separation! The halfway effect refers to the negative impact on target behavior that occurs at halfway point in a motivational process, due to the interaction between psychological and environmental factors. Numerous facts indicate that the cessation period of a person’s goal-directed behavior often occurs around the \"midway point,\" with an area near the midpoint of the behavioral process being an extremely sensitive and fragile active zone. There are mainly two reasons for the halfway effect: one is the rationality of goal selection; the less rational the goal selection, the more likely the halfway effect will occur ； The second is personal willpower; the weaker one’s willpower, the more likely they are to experience the halfway effect. This requires class teachers to pay more attention to various aspects of knowledge when educating students on a daily basis, to foster multiple skills, and at the same time to focus on strengthening their willpower. Behaviorists have proposed the \"big goals, small steps\" approach, which is beneficial in preventing the occurrence of the halfway effect. 10 The Bell Effect: British scholar Bell had extraordinary talent. Some have estimated that if he had pursued research in crystals and biochemistry after graduation, he would have won multiple Nobel Prizes. Yet he willingly took another path, proposing one pioneering topic after another to guide others to the peaks of science; this act is known as the Bell effect. This effect requires leaders to possess the spirit of recognizing talent, the spirit of serving as a stepping stone for others, and the spirit of fostering growth. In talent development, they should prioritize the interests of the nation and the greater good, put the needs of the organization and team first, be able to identify talented individuals, give them the opportunity to showcase their abilities, and dare to promote those who are more competent than themselves, thereby creating opportunities for talented subordinates to stand out. 11 The Bernoulli Effect: The British scholar Bernoulli was diligent and hardworking, as well as highly talented. If he had devoted his life to studying crystallography or biochemistry, it is very likely that he would have won a Nobel Prize. But he willingly took another path – creating a ladder for others, proposing pioneering research questions to guide them to the heights of science; this act was referred to by scientists as the \"Bernard effect\". As a homeroom teacher, one may not possess Bernard’s talent or be an expert in a particular subject, but compared to the students, they generally have certain advantages in some areas. As long as the homeroom teacher makes careful use of their own strengths, they can gradually foster students’ wide range of interests and hobbies, further stimulate their thirst for knowledge, thereby helping them make faster progress and achieving the effect of \"the student surpassing the teacher\". 12 Beb’s law: The first stimulus can alleviate a smaller second stimulus, which is known as “Beb’s law”. Experiments show that people are very sensitive to a 50-yuan increase in newspaper prices or a rise from 200 yuan to 250 yuan for bus tickets, but they don’t consider an increase of 1 million or even 2 million yuan in housing prices to be significant. The stronger the stimulation people experience at first, the more insensitive they become to subsequent stimuli. “The “Bebe rule” is often applied to personnel changes or organizational restructuring in business operations. If a company wants to get rid of people it views as obstacles, it should first make large-scale staffing changes or layoffs in departments that have nothing to do with these people, so that the other employees become accustomed to such disruptions. Then, during the third or fourth round of personnel changes and layoffs, the focus is turned once again toward the original target. Many people, after the first shock, have become numb to subsequent shocks. 13. The Marlon Effect: The evaluator underestimates the abilities of the person being evaluated, assuming that they are not motivated to improve and have poor behavior; as a result, the person being evaluated internalizes this perception, which leads them to exhibit poor behavior. 14 Peter’s Principle: Peter’s Principle is a conclusion reached by the American scholar Lawrence Peter after studying the phenomena related to personnel promotions within organizations ； In various organizations, since there is a tendency to promote those who are competent at a certain level, employees tend to be promoted to positions where they are not competent. Peter’s Principle is sometimes also referred to as the “climbing up” principle. This phenomenon is everywhere in real life: a competent professor, once promoted to university president, is unable to handle the role ； An excellent athlete was promoted to a position in charge of sports, but did nothing. 　　For an organization, once a considerable number of its members are pushed to levels where they are not competent enough, it leads to redundancy and inefficiency within the organization, results in mediocre people rising to the top, and causes stagnation in development. Therefore, this requires a change in the corporate employee promotion system based solely on contributions; it is not acceptable to assume that someone who performs excellently at a certain job level will necessarily be competent for a higher-level position. It is necessary to establish a scientific and rational personnel recruitment mechanism to objectively assess the abilities and capabilities of each employee, and assign them to positions for which they are qualified. Do not regard job promotions as the main form of reward for employees; instead, a more effective reward system should be established, using methods such as salary increases and vacations as forms of compensation. Sometimes promoting an employee to a position where they cannot fully utilize their abilities is not a reward for them; rather, it prevents them from expressing their talents to the best of their ability and also causes losses to the company. Psychological analysis: For individuals, although we all aspire to keep getting promoted, we should not make upward advancement our only motivation. Rather than struggling in a position where one is not fully competent and feeling lost, it is better to find a role where one can excel and make use of their skills. 15 The marginal effect, sometimes also referred to as marginal contribution, refers to the fact that as consumers consume one additional unit of a good, the utility gained from each additional unit decreases gradually (although the total utility still increases). To give a simple example, when you’re very hungry and someone brings you a basket of baozi, you’ll surely find that eating the first baozi gives you the best taste. The more you eat, the less satisfaction each individual baozi provides, until you’re full, at which point the remaining baozi no longer serve any purpose. The application of marginal effects is very widespread; for example, the law of demand in economics is based on this principle: the more units of a good a consumer buys or uses, the lower the price they are willing to pay per unit (as the utility provided by additional units decreases). Of course, there are a few exceptions; for example, people who are addicted to alcohol feel happier the more they drink, or stamp collectors who assemble a set of stamps – in such cases, the last stamp added to that set has the greatest marginal effect. By understanding the concept of marginal effect, you can try to apply it in real life. For example, if you are in management and need to increase employees’ salaries, the impact of adding 1K to someone who earns 3K per month is generally greater than that of adding 1K to someone who earns 6K per month; it might be comparable to adding 2K to someone who earns 6K per month. Therefore, it seems more beneficial for a company to increase the salaries of those with lower incomes ； Furthermore, it seems that relying on salary increases to maintain employees’ enthusiasm for work is not effective either; after the first salary increase of 1K, the employees were very excited, **which boosted their enthusiasm for work ； The second salary increase of 1K – I’m very excited; it’s boosted my enthusiasm for work ； Third salary increase of 2K – a bit excited; it might boost my enthusiasm for work ； The fourth time... until salary increases no longer had any effect. To avoid this situation, if one wants each salary increase to have the same effect as the first increase of 1K, then the second increase might need to be 2K, the third 3K... Alternatively, other incentives can be used; for example, the employee could be offered professional development training on the second occasion, or promoted in their position on the third occasion. Although these approaches may involve costs, they achieve better results due to their different nature. Studying economics is actually quite interesting as well; it’s just that for many people, it’s not possible to combine it with the IT industry. 16 Diminishing marginal returns: Diminishing marginal returns is a fundamental concept in economics. It refers to the situation in a company that uses resources as inputs, where the utility generated by each additional unit of resource input decreases over time. In other words, although the total output increases, its second derivative is negative, which causes the rate of growth to slow down gradually, leading to a peak in output and potentially a decline thereafter. The most obvious interpretation is a nonlinear function, such as a quadratic curve. In life, we can see many examples: if you’re given something cute, you jump for joy thinking you’ve won something, and then another one comes… But if it’s given to you continuously, you start to feel disgusted. There are two reasons for this: first, you are full and your body no longer needs it; second, you are tired of eating it and have had enough of the stimulation. Do you want a chance to confess your feelings? “Boss, can I have a Hagen, please?” ” The saying \"a new official takes three actions upon taking office\" refers to the same principle: one needs to establish a presence as soon as arriving, so they go all out without hesitation. As time passed, it faded away. Standard textbooks explain it this way: the mysterious fields of psychology and sociology. If we establish a mapping that makes various utilities comparable (for example, we define running fast to be better than running steadily, which is not without reason; the racing world is an example), then on a time series, inputs and outputs (as well as cumulative inputs and cumulative outputs) can serve as a model. As can be seen from the above two examples, this concept can be understood in terms of two characteristics: first, t=0 yields a value that is much larger than the value at t->infinity (this is the image of the sequence function). Second, t->T and t->T+1 change little as T goes to infinity (this is the reciprocal of a first-order function). The former indicates a decreasing overall trend, while the latter indicates that the rate of decrease is slowing down. We can think of it this way: the law of diminishing marginal utility is a principle that exists everywhere. You decide to prepare for the exam, so you find a great study book and start by memorizing section A – and sure enough, you finish it in no time (of course, there aren’t many items in section A; I’m that kind of person). Then you move on to section B, and then… B Part 2, and then B Part 2 1/2… Thus, the concept of sequences comes into play. Of course, you can choose to start memorizing from Z and work your way back (of course, I’m the same type of person). It can be seen that input and output are the same concept; since an input requires an output, the inverse of diminishing marginal returns still applies. We can extend this beyond the concept of utility. Let’s look at a real-world problem: Yesterday, while cleaning the room, I found that the table, which had just been wiped clean, was covered with dust again; it didn’t seem any different from the small stand next to it. Actually, I wasn’t in Nanjing the last time the latter was beautified… Something can go from clean to dirty very quickly, but it takes such a long time for it to become extremely dirty. Rely on an archaeological team? (Although there are also factors related to evaluation,) people can think of many more things; for example, from a more humanistic perspective, “it is what is lost that is truly valuable.” How can we make use of this rule? The economic explanation is the optimal allocation of resources. Because too much was invested, the resulting profit was spread too thinly. Even the best things have their limits. It’s even clearer in science and engineering fields: those so-called advanced operations are, to some extent, effortful with little reward, while the most effective ones are usually the basic operations. More sophisticated ones are, of course, some mathematical games. However, I believe that the origin of this phenomenon is definitely a philosophical question: namely, why do we progress and develop. Think about it: if marginal benefits increase, do we still need innovation? Do we still need to persevere? Comrades, Cailiaduo is enough; no, just cold water will do! The word \"charm\" has forever lost its meaning. 17 The ripple effect refers to the situation in a learning group where, when teachers exert pressure on influential students, impose punishments, or use methods such as sarcasm and mockery that harm their dignity, it leads to conflict between teachers and students as well as resistance. Some students may even deliberately cause trouble, resulting in one issue after another arising in succession. At this point, the teacher’s influence often declines or disappears, as these students exert greater appeal within the group. This effect has a profound and negative impact on students’ academic performance, moral development, psychological qualities, and physical and mental health. 18. The Buridan’s Ass Effect: This phenomenon of hesitation and indecision in the decision-making process is known as the “Buridan’s Ass Effect.” 19. The Law of Inworthiness: The most straightforward expression of this law is that things that are not worth doing are not worth doing well. It seems to be a very simple principle, yet its importance is often overlooked by people. The law of worthlessness reflects a certain psychological tendency: when people are engaged in tasks they consider unworthy, they tend to adopt a sarcastic and perfunctory attitude. Not only is the success rate low, but even if it is successful, there isn’t much sense of achievement. 　　What things are worth doing? Generally speaking, it depends on three factors. 1. Values. We have talked a lot about values; we only engage in things that align with our values with enthusiasm. 2. Personality and temperament. It is difficult for a person to do well in a job that is completely contrary to their personality and temperament; for example, a person who is sociable becomes a file clerk, or a shy person is forced to interact with different people every day. 3. The current situation. Doing the same job in different circumstances gives us different feelings. For example, in a large company, if you start out doing menial tasks, you are likely to think it’s not worth it, but once you are promoted to supervisor or department manager, you won’t think that way anymore. 　　Psychological analysis: Work worth doing is the kind that aligns with our values, suits our personality and temperament, and allows us to see what we hope for. If your job lacks these three elements, you should consider finding a more suitable job and striving to do well in it. 　　 　　Therefore, for an individual, one should choose among various available goals and values to strive for, and then work towards achieving them. “\"Choose what you love, and love what you choose\" – only then can it inspire our determination to strive, and only then can we have a clear conscience. For a company or organization, it is necessary to carefully analyze the personality traits of its employees and assign tasks appropriately; for example, those with a strong desire for achievement should be given the task of carrying out work that involves risks and challenges, either on their own or as team leaders, and they should receive timely recognition and praise once they complete such tasks ； Encourage employees with a strong need for attachment to participate more in a certain group XXXXX and work together ； Assign employees with a strong desire for power to a supervisory position that matches their capabilities. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen employees’ sense of alignment with the company’s goals, so that they feel their work is worthwhile, which in turn can inspire their enthusiasm. 20 Wealth effect: The wealth effect refers to the phenomenon where the more assets people possess, the greater their willingness to consume. The premise of this theory is that people’s wealth and disposable income increase as stock prices rise. Therefore, people are more inclined to consume. The Zeigarnik effect: Zeigarnik asked participants to carry out 20 assigned tasks; half of these tasks were allowed to be completed, while the other half were interrupted and not finished. There were 32 participants in total. Experimental results showed that recall of completed tasks was better than recall of unfinished tasks. If RC represents the number of items recalled for the completed tasks, and RU represents the number of items obtained from completing those tasks, then P is the ratio of these two numbers, namely RU/RC, which is used to quantitatively indicate which type of task is easier to recall. If P is equal to 1, then the amount of recall for the two tasks is the same ； If P is greater than 1, it indicates that the completed work is easy to recall ； If P is less than 1, the work that has been completed is easy to recall. The experimental result P is from 0. 8 to 3. 5 is not equal; the average is 1. 9, that is, the amount of recall for RU is roughly twice that of RC. Why is the amount of unfinished memories greater than that of completed tasks? Perhaps some people think this is due to emotional distress caused by unfinished work. But if the task is handled in three ways: one is to allow it to be completed, and another is to prevent it from being completed halfway through. The results showed that the amount of recall of the completed task after interruption and then retrieval was better than that in the previous two cases, indicating that the emotions resulting from the interruption cannot be explained solely by whether the psychological tension system has been relieved. The psychological tension resulting from the completed work has not yet been relieved, hence there is a large amount of recall. Unfinished work that was interrupted halfway is not only easy to recall, but also after doing other tasks