Safety training materials

Safety Training Materials Everyone hopes to realize their dreams, and every company hopes to have a group of high-quality employees. Everyone wants to be recognized by others through their own efforts. By participating in different trainings, you can gain more or less experience and gains. But the word training has two meanings: Cultivating moral sentiments (quality) and training business skills (work ability) are actually equally important and both are indispensable. When you have certain professional ethics, professional qualities, and principles of life and work, this is also the basic requirement for a person to live in the world and work for others. It can be understood as social responsibility, and it can also be said to be the understanding of the value of one's own existence in this society. Business Skills * It's just a matter of time. Generally this does not fall within the scope of safety training, but safety learning * It's very boring, you have to understand and learn * meaning and function. There is a lot to learn in society * is an individual’s right, and safety training * But it is an obligation. (exist" * * There are clear requirements in the Production Safety Law). Safety * , from the novel, is responsible for one’s own life ； To put it more broadly, it means being responsible for the lives of others and the survival and development of the company. Safety work is not something that can be accomplished overnight, but is dynamic and long-term. China's chemical industry occupies a large share of the world's * * It accounts for a large proportion of GDP. Our Jingmen is a chemical industry powerhouse. Look around us and there are many job opportunities. Let’s learn from * It will have certain benefits, a little more job opportunities. Various industries have different work standards, but safety is a universal management standard. The core of enterprise safety work is to prevent people from unsafe behaviors, eliminate mechanical or material unsafe conditions, and ensure "four no harms" to personnel. 1. Spiritual self-motivation ⑴ Basic skills in dealing with others One of the weaknesses of human nature: The second human weakness of liking to blame and complain about others: The third weakness of not liking to appreciate other people’s humanity: Does not consider the needs of others★ Sharp criticism and attacks have zero effect. ★Being considerate and forgiving requires discipline and self-control. The first principle of life: Don't criticize, blame or complain about others. The second principle of life: The third principle of life is to sincerely appreciate others.: First think about the needs of others ⑵ How to be a truly mature person 1. Don’t be discouraged by small setbacks 2. Eliminate doubts about your own inadequacy (value yourself) 3. Think about your own weaknesses from a new perspective If you can accept your true self, you can maintain your inner balance. People who are self-aware are different from people who have low self-esteem. 　 4. Don’t hide the truth. Concealing the truth may lead to two undesirable consequences. One is that you feel that you have deceived others, and therefore feel ashamed of others. ； The second is to aggravate the inferiority complex and thus feel ashamed of oneself. Don't belittle yourself. 5. Instead of blaming others, it is better to change yourself. People who do not want to change themselves will blame themselves more. 6. Be your own master 1. Don’t be influenced by others. 　2. Be brave enough to say “no”. ⑶, Success Motto 1. Every successful person has a beginning. Only by having the courage to start can you find the way to success. 2. Positive thinking leads to a positive life, and negative thinking leads to a negative life. 3. There are no rewards in the world to encourage hard work. All rewards are only used to reward the results of work. 4. Positive people see an opportunity in every worry, while negative people see some kind of worry in every opportunity. 5. People who avoid reality will have an even less ideal future. 6. When you feel sad and painful, it is best to learn something. study * It will make you invincible forever. 7. Patience is better than brain power. 8. The environment will not change, the solution lies in changing yourself. 9. To maintain a calm attitude is to keep yourself comfortable and find a fulcrum for a balanced mentality, so that calmness will slowly and slowly come closer to you. 2. my country’s basic legal system of production safety 1. my country’s policy of production safety: The principles of safety first, prevention first and comprehensive management. Over the past 50 years, we have formulated and promulgated 280 laws and regulations on production safety and labor protection. Among them, laws related to hazardous chemicals: The "Work Safety Law" was implemented on November 1, 2002, the "Regulations on the Management of Hazardous Chemicals" (Order No. 493) was implemented on March 15, 2002, the "Regulations on Reporting and Investigation and Handling of Work Safety Accidents" was implemented on June 1, 2007, and was implemented on October 1, 2006. "Implementation Measures for Safety Licensing of Hazardous Chemical Construction Projects" (Order No. 8), "Regulations on Administrative Punishments for Violations of Production Safety" (Order No. 15) were implemented on January 1, 2008, and "Interim Provisions on the Investigation and Control of Hidden Hazards in Work Safety Accidents" (Order No. 16) were implemented on February 1, 2008. 2. Focus on understanding the relevant content of the "Safety Production Law" and its practitioners, so that they can protect their own rights and interests.: (1) General provisions ； (2) Safe production guarantee of production and business units ； (3) Rights and obligations of employees ； (4) Safety production supervision and management ； (5) Emergency rescue, investigation and handling of production safety accidents ； (6) Legal liability ； (7) Supplementary provisions. Rights and obligations of employees: Rights ① The right to know the dangerous factors, preventive measures and accident emergency measures in the workplace and workplace ； ②Have the right to criticize, report, and accuse existing problems in the unit's production safety work, refuse illegal instructions, and force risky operations ； ③When an emergency situation that directly threatens personal safety is discovered, the company has the right to stop operations or evacuate the workplace after taking possible emergency measures. Obligations ① During the operation, you must strictly abide by the unit's production safety regulations and operating procedures, obey management, and wear and use labor protection equipment correctly ； ②They should receive safety production education and training, master the safety production knowledge required for their jobs, improve safety production skills, and enhance accident prevention and emergency response capabilities. ； ③If any accident hazards or other unsafe factors are discovered, they should be reported immediately to the on-site production safety management personnel or the person in charge of the unit. ； Personnel who receive the report should handle it promptly. 3. Basics of safety management 1. Safety terminology (1) Safety production: Eliminate or control dangerous factors in the production process to ensure smooth production. (2) Intrinsically safe: The production equipment or production system itself is made safe through design and other means, so that no accident will occur even in the event of misoperation or failure. (3) Safety management: It is a series of legal measures taken to protect the safety and health of workers during the production process, improve working conditions, prevent work-related accidents and occupational hazards, achieve a balance between work and rest, strengthen safe production, and enable workers to carry out production safely and smoothly. (4) Accident: A general term for unexpected emergencies that occur during professional activities, usually interrupting normal activities and causing casualties or property losses. (5) Accident hazards: The dangerous state of objects, unsafe behaviors of people and management defects that caused the accident. (6) Unsafe behavior: Employees violate labor disciplines, operating procedures and methods and other dangerous practices in their professional activities. (7) Illegal command: Forcing employees to violate * * The act of performing operations in accordance with laws, regulations, rules, or operating procedures. (8) Illegal operation: Employees do not comply with rules and regulations and take risks when operating. (9) Four principles of never letting go: It means that when investigating and handling work-related accidents, we must insist on not letting go if the cause of the accident is not clearly analyzed, if no practical preventive measures are taken, if no person responsible for the accident is punished, and if others are not educated. (10) Three violations: Illegal command, illegal operation, violation of labor discipline (11) three-level safety education: Factory education, workshop education, and team education. (12) Four do no harm: Do not harm yourself, do not harm others, do not be harmed by others, and help others not to be harmed. (13) Three understandings and four skills: Understand production principles, process flow, and equipment structure ； Be able to operate, maintain, troubleshoot and handle accidents, and be able to use elimination equipment and protective equipment correctly (14) Occupational safety: It refers to the state in which there are no casualties, occupational diseases, equipment damage or property losses during the production process. It is a kind of "safety" with specific meaning and scope. (15) Danger: Refers to existing or potential conditions that can lead to accidents. (16) Hazardous chemicals: It refers to chemicals that are flammable, explosive, toxic, harmful and corrosive, and can cause harm or damage to people, facilities and the environment, including explosives, compressed gases and liquefied gases, flammable liquids, flammable solids, natural items and wet flammable items, oxidants and organic oxides, toxic drugs and corrosives, etc. (17) Major hazard sources: It refers to a unit (including places and facilities) that produces, processes, transports, uses or stores hazardous substances for a long time or temporarily, and the quantity of hazardous substances equals or exceeds the critical quantity. Unsafe conditions of objects, unsafe behaviors of people, operating environment defects, and management defects. 2. Safety colors and safety signs Our country stipulates four colors: red, blue, yellow, and green as safety colors. Their meanings: red: Forbidden, stop blue: Directives, regulations that must be followed yellow: Warning, attention green: Prompt for safe state passage IV. Safety fire prevention (1) Classification of fire 1. Class A fire: Refers to solid material fires, which often contain organic matter and generally produce hot ash fires when burned. Such as firewood, cotton, wool, linen, etc. Class B fire: Refers to liquid fires and meltable solid material fires. Such as gasoline, kerosene, crude oil, methanol, ethanol, asphalt, paraffin, etc. Class C fire: Refers to gas fires such as natural gas methane ethane, propane, ammonia fires, etc. Class D fire: Refers to metal fires such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, titanium, lithium, aluminum, magnesium, alloy fires, etc. (2) Three elements of fire 1. Three conditions must be met for material burning: Combustibles, combustion-supporting materials, and ignition sources. 2. Types of ignition sources: A. Open flame and high-temperature surface B. Friction and impact C. Electric spark D. Static electricity 5. Safety and explosion protection 1. The concept of explosion limit: The mixture of flammable gas, flammable liquid vapor or combustible dust and air can not explode at any mixing ratio, but has a fixed concentration range. Different combustibles have different fixed concentration ranges, which are usually expressed by the volume percentage of flammable gas, flammable liquid vapor, and combustible dust in the air. The lowest concentration that can cause an explosion is called the lower explosion limit, and the highest concentration is the upper explosion limit. 2. Explosion pressure combustible gas, flammable liquid vapor or mixture of combustible dust and air, * * The pressure generated when a product ignites and explodes in a closed container is called explosion pressure, and the maximum value of explosion pressure is called maximum explosion pressure. Common fire and explosion phenomena in chemical production: 1. Combustion and explosion caused by leakage of flammable and explosive gases ； 2. Negative pressure inhalation of air causes the equipment or system to explode. ； 3. The oxygen content exceeds the standard and explodes due to "overoxygen" ； 4. Gases cross each other and cause explosions ； 5. High-pressure gas leaks and high-speed discharge causes fire ； 6. Pressure vessels explode due to improper management ； 7. Explosions caused by illegal maintenance and illegal fire ； 6. Basic knowledge of safety 1. Work at heights Any work performed at heights where there is a possibility of falling above 2 meters (including 2 meters) from the reference plane is called work at heights. 2. The lowest falling point is the lowest point to which the working position may fall, which is called the lowest falling point. Safety belts must be worn when working at a height of more than 2 meters. Seat belts, protective equipment for workers working at heights to prevent falling injuries, are composed of belts, rope pens and metal accessories, collectively referred to as safety belts. 4. Use and inspection of seat belts (1) Seat belts should be hung high and used low, and attention should be paid to preventing swing collisions. 5. Safety regulations for high-altitude operations (four must, two strict) (1) A safety ticket for high-altitude operations must be obtained, the scaffolding must be firmly tied and meet safety requirements, a safety helmet must be worn, a seat belt must be worn, and someone must be responsible for supervision. (2) When climbing upwards, you are not allowed to pull unfixed objects, and you are not allowed to throw debris from high places to the ground at will. 7. Disassembly safety before tower tank operation 1. Check whether there is pressure in the tower tank: Dismantle after confirming that there is no pressure (the venting and pouring areas must be opened) 2. When opening tower devices, they should be opened in order from top to bottom. (To prevent gas from escaping due to flammable and flammable gases remaining in the tower) When sealing, go down first, (check the remaining objects in the tower) 3. Close the inlet and outlet valves when disassembling. 4. When disassembling pipelines and flanges, do not remove all bolts to prevent pipelines from sagging and injuring people. 5. When working in the tower, use hand grinding wheels, electric drills and other power cords to pull, which can easily cause leakage. (An electric shock safety device should be installed) 8. Specifications for operations inside the tower tank (six essentials) 1. A ticket for safe operations inside the tower tank must be obtained. 2. Someone must supervise and stick to their posts. 3. The maintenance tower tank must be strictly isolated and replaced with a blind plate, and the cleaning and replacement must be qualified. 4. There must be good forced ventilation and complete labor protection measures. (Scaffolding safety belts, etc.) 5. Electric tools and hand lights that must meet safety requirements and are well insulated and undamaged (safety voltage 36V or flashlight). 6. Take personal protection and reduce exposed parts of the human body. 9. Safety regulations for electrical maintenance. (Four musts, two strictly prohibited) Four musts: 1. During maintenance of main lines, transformers and high-voltage switch cabinets, work tickets must be issued as required. 2. When the electrical equipment is out of power for maintenance, the corresponding switch should be pulled down and isolated and listed. After removing and connecting the power supply, the switch knife cover must be closed. 3. After rewiring, you must check the forward and reverse rotation of the motor and the phase of the potentiometer. 4. Electricians must wear insulating shoes and labor protection supplies during maintenance. 2. Strictly prohibited: 1. It is strictly forbidden to connect and pull wires indiscriminately. The wiring of ground wires must meet safety requirements and must be removed by people. 2. It is strictly forbidden to use copper wire or aluminum wire as a fuse. 10. Commonly used categories of fire-fighting equipment: 1. Fire hydrant, hose, water gun, water fire extinguisher 2. Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher. Composed of nozzles and pipelines. principle: By reducing the amount of oxygen in the air, it cannot reach a concentration that supports combustion. Carbon dioxide reaching more than 15% in the air can cause suffocation and death ； When it reaches 30%-35%, the burning of general substances will gradually suffocate. ； When it reaches 43.6%, it can inhibit the explosion of gasoline vapor and other flammable gases. 3. Fire extinguishing methods: In the event of a fire, open the bottle head valve of the cylinder through the manual valve, extend the hose, and spray the carbon dioxide fire extinguisher toward the fire point. Other categories: Such as foam, dry powder fire extinguisher, 1211 fire extinguisher, etc. 11. Classification of Labor Protection Equipment Labor protection equipment refers to defensive equipment that protects the personal safety and health of workers during the labor process. Labor protection products are divided into the following categories according to the protective parts:: (1) Head protective equipment. Such as safety hat, work hat ； (2) Eye protection equipment. Such as various protective glasses, etc. ； (3) Ear protection equipment. Such as earplugs, earmuffs, etc. ； (4) Facial protective equipment. such as protective mask ； (5) Respiratory protective equipment. Such as gas masks, respirators, self-rescuers, etc. ； (6)Hand protective equipment. Such as gloves, finger cots ； (7) Foot protective equipment. Such as anti-smash shoes, heat-insulating shoes, insulating shoes, conductive shoes, etc. ； (8) Body protective equipment. Such as work clothes, overalls, raincoats, cold-proof clothing, etc. ； (9) Other protective equipment. Such as seat belts, safety ropes (ropes), etc. 12. Daily safety education: Enterprises should carry out team safety activities and conduct basic skills training. Safety activities should be targeted and scientific. Be regular, institutionalized, and standardized to avoid becoming a mere formality and going through the motions. Team activities * content: 1. learn * make peace * * laws and regulations on production safety ； 2. Learn * Relevant production safety documents, safety notices, production safety rules and regulations, safe operating procedures and safety technical knowledge ； 3. Discuss and analyze typical accident cases, summarize and learn lessons from the accidents ； 4. Carry out fire prevention, explosion prevention, poisoning prevention and self-protection ability training, as well as emergency handling of abnormal situations and emergency plan drills ； 5. Carry out job safety technical training and competition activities ； 6. Carry out hidden danger detection and countermeasures * Habitual illegal activities ； 7. Conduct safety technology seminars and watch safety education films and videos ； 8. Be familiar with the risks and preventive measures in the workplace and workplace, 9. Other safety activities. 13. The reporting and reporting procedures for hazardous chemical accidents are summarized and introduced as follows in accordance with the "Safety Production Law", "Regulations on the Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals" and other relevant laws and regulations, the "State Council Regulations on the Investigation of Administrative Liability for Serious Safety Accidents" (State Council Order No. 302), the "Reporting and Handling Regulations on Enterprise Employee Casualty Accidents" and other relevant regulations.: 1. After a hazardous chemicals accident occurs in a hazardous chemicals operating unit, the relevant personnel at the accident site shall immediately report to the person in charge of the unit. After receiving the accident report, the person in charge of the unit should quickly take effective measures, organize rescue, prevent the accident from expanding, reduce casualties and property losses, and follow the instructions * * Relevant regulations require that, while immediately reporting to the competent authorities of the enterprise, they should also promptly report to the local departments responsible for the supervision and management of production safety, as well as relevant departments such as public security, environmental protection, and quality inspection, as well as higher-level trade unions. It is not allowed to conceal, make false reports or delay in reporting, and it is not allowed to deliberately damage the accident scene or destroy relevant evidence. 14. Basic knowledge about ammonia Liquid ammonia, also known as anhydrous ammonia, is a colorless liquid. As an important chemical raw material, ammonia is widely used. To facilitate transportation and storage, gaseous ammonia is usually pressurized or cooled to obtain liquid ammonia. Ammonia is easily soluble in water and forms an alkaline solution of ammonium hydroxide when dissolved in water. The solubility of ammonia in water at 20°C is 34%. Liquid ammonia is widely used in industry, is corrosive, and easily volatile, so its chemical accident rate is quite high. In order to promote understanding of the hazards and disposal measures of liquid ammonia, this article introduces basic knowledge in four aspects: physical and chemical properties of liquid ammonia, poisoning disposal, leakage disposal and combustion and explosion disposal. 1. Physical and chemical properties and molecular formula of ammonia: NH3 molecular weight: 17.04 Autoignition point: 651.11℃ Explosion limit: 16%~25% 2. Exposure routes and poisoning symptoms 1. Inhalation Inhalation is the primary route of exposure. The irritation of ammonia is a reliable warning signal of harmful concentrations. However, due to olfactory fatigue, low concentrations of ammonia will be difficult to detect after long-term exposure. (1) Mild inhalation ammonia poisoning manifests as rhinitis, pharyngitis, tracheitis, and bronchitis. Patients have burning throat, cough, expectoration or hemoptysis, chest tightness and retrosternal pain. (2) Acute ammonia poisoning by inhalation is mostly caused by accidents such as pipeline rupture, valve burst, etc. Acute ammonia poisoning mainly manifests as respiratory mucosal irritation and burns. The symptoms vary in severity depending on the concentration of ammonia, the time of inhalation and personal susceptibility. (3) Severe inhalation poisoning may cause laryngeal edema, glottis stenosis and respiratory mucosal shedding, which may cause tracheal obstruction and suffocation. Inhalation of high concentrations can directly affect pulmonary capillary permeability and cause pulmonary edema. 2. Skin and Eye Contact Low concentrations of ammonia can rapidly cause irritation to eyes and moist skin. Contact with wet skin or eyes with high concentrations of ammonia can cause severe chemical burns. Skin contact can cause severe pain and burns, and coffee-like discoloration can occur. The corroded parts are gelatinous and soft, and deep tissue damage can occur. (3) First aid measures 1. Decontamination If the patient is exposed to ammonia only and has no symptoms of skin or eye irritation, decontamination is not required. If you are exposed to liquid ammonia and your clothes are contaminated, take off your clothes and put them in a double plastic bag. If there is eye contact or eye irritation, rinse with plenty of water or saline for more than 20 minutes. If blepharospasm occurs during flushing, slowly instill 1 to 2 drops of 0.4% oxybuvacaine and continue flushing thoroughly. If the patient wears contact lenses that are easy to remove without damaging the eyes, the contact lenses should be removed. Flush the exposed skin and hair with plenty of water for more than 15 minutes. Take care to protect your eyes when washing your skin and hair. 3. Leakage disposal 1. Evacuate all personnel within the minor spill area. Protect against breathing vapors and contact with liquids or gases. Handlers should use respirators. Avoid entering confined spaces where ammonia may collect and increase ventilation. Leakage can only be plugged when safety is ensured. Leaking containers should be moved to a safe area and valves should only be opened to relieve pressure when safety is ensured. Inert absorbent materials such as sand and vermiculite can be used to collect and absorb leaks. Collected spills should be placed in appropriately labeled closed containers for disposal. 2. For large leaks, evacuate all unprotected personnel in the area and move upwind. Personnel handling leaks should wear full protective clothing and respiratory equipment. Eliminate nearby fire sources. to local * * Call "119" and the local environmental protection department and public security and traffic police department. The content of the alarm should include: accident unit ； The time and place of the accident, the name of the chemical, the amount of the leak, and the degree of danger ； Are there any casualties and the name and phone number of the person who called the police? It is prohibited to touch or cross leaked liquid ammonia, prevent leakage from entering gutters and drainage channels, and enhance ventilation. Smoking and open flames are prohibited on the premises. When safety is ensured, leaking containers should be plugged or turned over to prevent liquid ammonia from leaking out. Spray water to suppress the vapor or change the flow direction of the vapor cloud, but it is prohibited to directly impact the leaked liquid ammonia or the source of the leak with water. Prevent leakage from entering water, sewers, basements or confined spaces. Do not enter confined spaces where ammonia gas may collect. After cleaning, decontaminate all protective clothing and equipment before storage and reuse. 15. Basic knowledge of methanol and chemical classification: pure molecular formula: CH3OH relative molecular mass: 54.02 (International Atomic Weight) Hazard Summary Hazard Category: According to this, the substance is classified as Category 3.2 (32058), a medium flash point flammable liquid. Invasion route: Inhaled, ingested, absorbed through skin. health hazards: Effects on eye health - Strong irritation. Liquids cause conjunctival irritation and transient conjunctival damage, and gases cause conjunctival irritation. Effects on skin health: Produces irritation. Repeated or prolonged contact may degrease the skin, leading to irritation and dermatitis. If the contact surface is large and the time is long, the liquid can be absorbed through the skin, producing toxicologically harmful amounts. Health effects after inhalation: Swallowing methanol has the following effects: symptoms similar to those of actual poisoning, central nervous system depression, vomiting, loss of balance, temporary or permanent blindness, coma and death. Effects on health after breathing: Breathing methanol vapor has the following effects: - headache. Staying in vapor of 100ppM and above has the following effects.: - Symptoms are similar to those after swallowing. Rebreathing methanol vapor can cause accumulation due to slow elimination from the body. environmental hazards: Prevent materials from flowing into drainage ditches and water sources. If spilled materials have flowed into water sources or drains, contaminating soil and vegetation, the Environmental Protection Bureau should be notified. Deflagration hazard: Flammable, severe burns. First aid measures Skin contact: Rinse skin directly with plenty of water, preferably in the shower. Take off soiled clothing during rinsing and seek medical attention if blisters or red spots appear. eye contact: Soak directly in clean water for at least 15 minutes with your eyes open and seek medical attention immediately. inhalation: Get away from polluted environments, stay warm and relax. Give oxygen when breathing is difficult. If breathing stops or the observation signal disappears, artificial respiration should be given. Do not ventilate mouth to mouth. If the heart stops beating, give an external compression pacemaker to the heart and seek emergency medical attention. ingest: Rinse the outside of your mouth with clean water. Drink some cold water or milk to soothe the affected area without causing vomiting. Seek medical attention urgently, as you may suffer from shock during treatment. Hazardous characteristics of fire protection measures: Its steam and air form an explosive mixture, which can cause combustion and explosion when exposed to open flames or high heat. Can react strongly with oxidizing agents. Its vapor is heavier than air and can spread to considerable distances at lower levels. In the event of high heat, the internal pressure of the container will increase and there is a risk of cracking or explosion. Burns without flame. Hazardous combustion products: Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide fire extinguishing methods and fire extinguishing agents: Use foam, carbon dioxide, dry powder, and sand to fight the fire. Water is ineffective in extinguishing the fire. Spray water can be used to cool the packaging container and surrounding environment. Accidental leakage measuresEmergency measures: Personal protection - Wear general fire protection clothing and respiratory protection equipment. Eliminate all sources of ignition (including prohibiting the use of non-explosion-proof electrical appliances). Evacuate personnel in the leaked contaminated area to a safe area. Cut off the source of leakage when it is safe to do so. Mix with sand, dry lime or soda ash, then collect and transfer to a safe area. Environmental precautions: Rinse with plenty of water and put the diluted lotion into the wastewater system. If there is a large amount of leakage, use a cofferdam to block the overflow, contain it, and dispose of it harmlessly. 16. Basic knowledge about carbon dioxide Pure product: 99.5% Molecular formula: CO2 relative molecular mass: 44.01 (International Atomic Weight) Hazard Summary Hazard Category: According to the "Classification and Labeling of Commonly Used Hazardous Chemicals", this substance is classified as Category 2.2, non-flammable liquefied gas. Invasion route: Inhalation, skin contact, eye contact. health hazards: Skin or other external contact or burning, or inhalation of gas with a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the air may cause difficulty in breathing. environmental hazards: Non-toxic and harmless. Fire and explosion hazard: Cylinders containing liquid carbon dioxide may rupture when exposed to sunlight, fire, etc. First aid measures Skin contact: Rinse with water. If frostbite occurs, seek medical attention. eye contact: It must be rinsed with water and rushed to the hospital for treatment. inhalation: Inhaling steam through the mouth or nostrils may cause difficulty in breathing. You must go to a ventilated place. In severe cases, you must go to the hospital for treatment. Hazardous characteristics of fire protection measures: Liquid carbon dioxide cylinders can easily expand when exposed to sunlight or when being transported. If the cylinder valve is broken, it can easily cause a burst. But it can replace air in a sealed space. When the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air reaches 5000PPM, difficulty in breathing may occur in severe cases. If not treated in time, it may lead to loss of consciousness and death. Liquid carbon dioxide can cause frostbite on the skin and other organic tissues. Fire extinguishing methods and fire extinguishing agents: In a fire environment, spray the outer wall of the container with mist water. Precautions for fire extinguishing: Firefighters must wear protective equipment and use heavy mist to protect operators. Accidental leakage measuresEmergency measures: When handling leaks, oxygen gas masks and protective clothing must be worn to prevent liquid carbon dioxide from burning. Elimination method: Close leaking cylinders and storage tank valves, and use fogging water to protect those who close the valves. If the problem cannot be solved, carbon dioxide will be discharged into the atmosphere to disperse surrounding people and animals. Handling and storage precautions: When storing liquid carbon dioxide in cylinders, you must wear safety accessories. Use soapy water to check whether the cylinder is leaking. When moving, avoid rolling and impacting. Containers storing liquid carbon dioxide must always check the outer walls of the container such as valves and instruments. Storage precautions: Store in a cool, well-ventilated warehouse away from heat and fire sources to prevent container rupture. 17. Basic procedures for on-site disposal of hazardous chemical accidents. Most chemicals are toxic, harmful, flammable, and explosive. During production, storage, transportation, and use, leaks, fires, and explosions occur due to accidents or man-made destruction, which can easily cause personal injury and environmental pollution. Developing a complete emergency plan, understanding the basic knowledge of chemicals, and mastering the emergency response procedures at the scene of chemical accidents can effectively reduce the losses and impacts caused by accidents. This lecture mainly discusses on-site emergency rescue and rescue when hazardous chemicals leak, fire, explosion, poisoning and other accidents occur. 1. Isolation and evacuation 1. Establish a warning area After an accident occurs, a warning area should be established based on the spread of chemical leakage or the scope involved in flame heat radiation, and traffic control should be implemented on the main roads leading to the accident site. When establishing a warning area, you should pay attention to the following items:: (1) Warning signs should be set up at the boundary of the warning area, and there should be dedicated personnel to guard the area. ； (2) Except for fire fighters, emergency response personnel and personnel who must stick to their posts, other personnel are prohibited from entering the warning area. ； (3) When the leaked and spilled chemicals are flammable, fire should be strictly prohibited in the area. 2. Emergency evacuation: Quickly evacuate people in the warning area and contaminated area who are not related to the accident emergency response to reduce unnecessary casualties. Pay attention during emergency evacuation: (1) If the accident substance is toxic, it is necessary to wear personal protective equipment or adopt simple and effective protective measures, and have corresponding monitoring measures ； (2) Move to the upwind direction, specify dedicated personnel to guide and escort the evacuees to the safe area, and set up sentry posts on the evacuation or evacuation routes to indicate the direction. ； (3) Do not stay in low-lying areas ； (4) Check whether anyone remains in the contaminated area and fire area. Notice: In order for the evacuation work to proceed smoothly, each workshop should have at least two unobstructed emergency exits with obvious signs. 2. Protection: Determine the corresponding protection level based on the toxicity of the accident substances and the delineated dangerous areas, and equip the corresponding protective equipment according to the standard according to the protection level. 3. Inquiry and investigation 1. Inquire about the situation of persons in distress, container storage, leakage volume, leakage time, location, form, spread range, surrounding units, residents, terrain, power supply, fire source, etc., fire-fighting facilities, technological measures, and handling opinions of people on site. 2. Use detection equipment to measure leaked substances, concentration, and diffusion range. 3. Confirm the dangers of facilities, buildings (structures) and various sources of danger that may cause explosions and combustion, and confirm the operation of fire-fighting facilities. 4. On-site first aid At the scene of the accident, the possible harm caused by chemicals to the human body is:: Poisoning, suffocation, frostbite, chemical burns, burns, etc. When performing first aid, both the patient and rescuers need to wear appropriate protection. 1. Precautions for on-site first aid: Choose favorable terrain to set up first aid points ； Take personal protection for yourself and the sick and injured ； Prevent secondary damage from occurring ； At least 2 to 3 people should act together in groups to look after each other. ； The rescue equipment used must be explosion-proof. 2. On-site treatment: quickly remove the patient from the scene to a fresh air place ； Give oxygen when breathing is difficult, perform artificial respiration immediately when breathing stops, and perform heart massage immediately when cardiac arrest occurs. ； When the skin is contaminated, take off the contaminated clothes and rinse with running water. The rinse should be timely, thorough and repeated many times. ； When the head and face are burned, pay attention to cleaning the eyes, ears, nose and mouth ； When someone suffers from frostbite, they should be rewarmed quickly. The method of rewarming is to soak in hot water at a constant temperature of 40 to 42°C to raise the temperature to close to normal. When gently massaging the frostbitten area, be careful not to scratch the skin of the injured area to prevent infection. ； When a burn occurs, the patient should quickly take off his clothes, rinse with running water to cool down, cover the wound surface with a clean cloth to avoid contamination of the wound surface, and do not burst blisters at will. When the patient is thirsty, he can drink an appropriate amount of water or salty drinks. 3． Use specific drugs for treatment, symptomatic treatment, and severe cases should be sent to the hospital for observation and treatment.: Before providing first aid, rescuers should ensure that the injured person's environment is safe. In addition, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and irrigation of contaminated skin or eyes should be performed to avoid further injury. 5. Leakage handling The leakage of hazardous chemicals will not only pollute the environment and cause harm to the human body, but also may cause fires and explosions in the presence of flammable substances. Therefore, leakage accidents should be handled promptly and correctly to prevent the accident from expanding. Leakage treatment generally includes two parts: leakage source control and leakage disposal. 1. Leak source control: Eliminate chemical spills or leaks by controlling leak sources when possible. Under the instructions of the factory dispatching room, the leakage source is controlled by closing relevant valves, stopping operations, or by changing the process flow, taking materials to the secondary line, partially stopping, circulating, and reducing load operations. After a container leaks, taking measures to repair and plug the cracks to prevent further leakage of chemicals is very critical to the entire emergency response. Successful leak plugging depends on several factors: The degree of danger of approaching the leak, the size of the leak hole, the actual or potential pressure at the leak, and the characteristics of the leaking material. For leak plugging methods, see Table 3. 2. Leakage treatment: The leakage at the scene must be covered, contained, diluted, and processed in a timely manner so that the leakage can be disposed of safely and reliably to prevent secondary accidents. There are four main methods for disposal of leakage: (1) Enclosure and blocking. If chemicals are liquid, they will spread when leaked onto the ground, making them difficult to collect and dispose of. To do this, it is necessary to build embankments to block or divert the water to a safe location. When liquid leakage occurs in the storage tank area, the rainwater valve must be closed promptly to prevent materials from flowing out along the open ditch. (2) Dilution and coverage. In order to reduce air pollution, water cannons or fire hoses are usually used to spray mist water into harmful vapor clouds to accelerate the diffusion of gases to high altitudes and spread them in safe areas. When using this technology, a large amount of contaminated water will be produced, so the sewage drainage system should be unblocked. For combustibles, a large amount of water vapor or nitrogen can also be released on site to destroy combustion conditions. For liquid leakage, in order to reduce the evaporation rate of materials into the atmosphere, foam or other covering items can be used to cover the leaked materials and form a covering layer on their surfaces to inhibit their evaporation. (3) Containment (collection). For large leaks, you can choose to use a diaphragm pump to pump the leaked material into a container or tanker. ； When the leakage is small, sand, adsorbent materials, neutralizing materials, etc. can be used to absorb and neutralize. (4) Abandoned. Transport the collected leakage to a waste disposal site for disposal. Rinse the remaining small amount of materials with fire water, and discharge the flushing water into the oily sewage system for treatment. 3. Precautions for leakage treatment Personnel entering the site must be equipped with necessary personal protective equipment ； If the leakage is flammable and explosive, fire should be strictly prohibited ； It is strictly forbidden to act alone during emergency response. There must be a guardian and cover with water cannons and water cannons when necessary. Notice: When a chemical spill occurs, no one except specially trained personnel should attempt to clean up the spill. 6. Fire control Hazardous chemicals are prone to fire and explosion accidents. However, when fires occur with different chemicals and under different circumstances, the extinguishing methods vary greatly. If handled improperly, not only will the fire not be effectively extinguished, but the disaster will be further expanded. In addition, since most chemicals themselves and their combustion products are highly toxic and corrosive, they can easily cause poisoning and burns. Therefore, fighting chemical hazard fires is an extremely important and dangerous job. Personnel engaged in the production, use, storage, and transportation of chemicals and fire rescue personnel should be familiar with and master the main hazardous characteristics of chemicals and their corresponding fire-fighting measures, and conduct regular fire prevention drills. * , Strengthen the ability to respond to emergencies. In the event of a fire, every employee should clearly know their roles and responsibilities, and master the relevant fire protection facilities, personnel evacuation procedures, and special requirements for hazardous chemical fire extinguishing. 1. Fire-fighting measures (1) Fight initial fires. Appropriate mobile fire extinguishers should be used to control the fire before it becomes uncontrollable. Quickly close the upstream and downstream valves at the fire site, cut off all materials entering the fire accident site, and then immediately use various existing fire-fighting equipment and equipment to extinguish the initial fire and control the fire source. (2) Take protective measures for surrounding facilities. To prevent fire from endangering adjacent facilities, cooling protection measures must be taken promptly and materials threatened by fire must be evacuated quickly. Some fires may cause flammable liquids to flow out. In this case, sandbags or other materials can be used to build embankments to intercept the flowing liquids or dig trenches to divert the materials to a safe place. If necessary, use felts and seagrass curtains to block manholes, wellheads, etc. to prevent the spread of flames. (3) Fire fighting. Never act blindly when fighting hazardous chemical fires. The correct extinguishing agent and fire extinguishing method should be selected for each type of chemical. If necessary, take measures to plug leaks or isolate them to prevent the expansion of secondary disasters. After the fire is under control, people still need to be sent to monitor, clean up the scene, and extinguish the remaining fire. 2. Precautions for fire fighting with several special chemicals (1) When fighting liquefied gas fires, do not blindly put out the fire. Stable combustion must be maintained without taking measures to stop leaks. Otherwise, a large amount of flammable gas will leak out and mix with the air, and it will explode when encountering a fire source, and the consequences will be disastrous. (2) For * * In the event of a fire, do not cover it with sand or soil to avoid intensifying the fire. * * The power of an explosion ； save * * In the event of a fire in a stack of goods, the water flow should be suspended to avoid direct impact of the strong water flow on the stack to prevent the stack from collapsing and causing another explosion. (3) For fires involving wet flammable items, it is absolutely prohibited to use wet fire extinguishing agents such as water, foam, acid and alkali to put out the fire. (4) Fire extinguishing of oxidants and organic peroxides is relatively complex and should be analyzed based on specific substances. (5) When fighting fires involving toxic and corrosive substances, low-pressure water flow or mist water should be used as much as possible to avoid splashing of corrosive and toxic substances. ； When encountering acid or alkali corrosives, it is best to prepare the corresponding neutralizer to dilute and neutralize. (6) Flammable solids and spontaneous combustion items can generally be extinguished with water and foam. As long as the burning range is controlled and extinguished gradually. However, there are a few flammable solids and spontaneous combustion items that have special firefighting methods. Such as 2,4- * * * Anisole, di * * , naphthalene, etc. are flammable solids that are easy to sublimate. They release flammable vapor when heated and can form explosive mixtures with air. Especially indoors, deflagration is prone to occur. During the firefighting process, mist water should be sprayed over and around the burning area from time to time, and all surrounding fire sources should be eliminated. Notice: When a chemical fire occurs, fire extinguishers should not put out the fire alone. Exits should always be kept clean and unobstructed. Correct fire extinguishing agents should be selected. Personnel safety should also be considered when extinguishing the fire. Chemical fire fighting should be carried out by professional fire brigade. Other personnel should not act blindly. After the fire brigade arrives, they will introduce the material medium and cooperate with the fire fighting. The emergency response process is not carried out step by step in the above order, but is carried out as simultaneously as possible according to the actual situation. For example, if a hazardous chemical leaks, the source of the leak should be cut off as much as possible while alarming, etc. Chemical accidents are characterized by sudden occurrence, rapid spread, long duration, and wide coverage. Once a chemical accident occurs, it will often cause people to panic. If it is not handled properly, it will cause secondary disasters. Fourteen prohibitions in the production plant area: 1. Strengthen the management of open flames. Smoking is not allowed in the factory area. 2. Minors are not allowed to enter the production area. 3. During working hours, you are not allowed to sleep, do private work, leave your job, or do anything unrelated to production. 4. Drinking is not allowed before class. 5. Do not use gasoline and other flammable liquids to scrub equipment, utensils and clothing. 6. Those who do not wear labor protection equipment as required are not allowed to enter production positions. 7. Equipment without complete safety devices is not allowed to be used. 8. Do not use equipment or tools that are not in your own charge. 9. If safety measures are not implemented during equipment maintenance, maintenance is not allowed to begin. 10. Equipment after the shutdown bolt has been inspected shall not be used without thorough inspection. 11. Work at heights is not allowed without a high-altitude work permit, without safety belts, and if scaffolding or springboards are not secure. 12. If the springboard is not fixed on the asbestos tiles, work is not allowed. 13. Mobile power tools without an electric shock safety device are not allowed to be used. 14. Employees who have not obtained a safe work certificate are not allowed to work independently ； Employees of special types of work are not allowed to work without obtaining certificates. Six Strict Things for Operators: 1. Strictly implement the handover system. 2. Strictly conduct patrol inspections. 3. Strictly control process indicators. 4. Strictly implement the operating rules (tickets). 5. Strictly abide by labor disciplines. 6. Strictly implement safety regulations. Six major prohibitions on hot work: 1. It is prohibited to work without a fire permit. 2. If it is not reliably isolated from the production system, fire is prohibited. 3. If it is not cleaned or replaced, it is prohibited to use fire. 4. Do not clear the surrounding flammable materials and prohibit starting a fire. 5. If fire analysis is not conducted on time, fire is prohibited. 6. It is prohibited to start a fire without fire-fighting measures. Eight requirements for entering containers and equipment: 1. You must apply for a license and get approval. 2. Safety isolation must be carried out. 3. The power supply must be cut off and safety lights must be used. 4. Replacement and ventilation must be carried out. 5. Safety analysis must be conducted according to time requirements. 6. Must wear prescribed protective equipment. 7. Someone must supervise outside the device and stay at their post. 8. Rescue backup measures must be in place. Employee safety responsibilities 1. Participate in safety activities, learn * Safety technical knowledge, strict compliance with various safety production rules and regulations, and strict implementation of the Ministry of Chemical Industry's 41 prohibitions on production safety and the "Ten Prohibitions on Safety Production Management" stipulated by the enterprise to ensure normal, stable and safe production. 2. Conscientiously implement the handover system. Before taking over, you must carefully check whether the equipment and safety facilities of the position are complete and intact, and make sure the handover is clear before signing. 3. Operate carefully, strictly implement process procedures, abide by rules and disciplines, and achieve "three understandings and four meetings" (understanding production principles, understanding process flow, and understanding equipment structure) ； Be able to operate, maintain, troubleshoot and handle accidents, and use elimination equipment and protective equipment correctly) The relevant records are clear, true and neat. 4. Conduct regular inspections, accurately analyze, judge and handle abnormal situations in the production process, and handle them promptly and decisively. All kinds of dereliction of duty and fraud should be prevented. 5. Maintain the equipment carefully, eliminate defects immediately when found, and keep records ； Keep the workplace neat and clean and achieve civilized production. 6. While you are not working in violation of rules, you should discourage or stop others from working in violation of rules. While refusing instructions that violate rules, report to superiors in a timely manner. During the operation, strive to achieve "four no harm". Factory-level safety education examination questions 1. Fill-in-the-blank questions (3 points for each question, 30 points in total) 1. my country’s production safety policy puts safety first, prevention first, and comprehensive management. 2. At work, through learning * Every employee should have the "three understandings" of production principles, process flow, and equipment structure. “The "Four Abilities" are capable of operation, maintenance, troubleshooting and accident handling, and the correct use of fire-fighting equipment and protective equipment. 3. Work at height refers to any fall height above 2 meters from the reference plane, including 2 meters. 4. Three necessary conditions for substance combustion: combustibles,_combustion aid__ , ignition source. 5. Three-level safety education refers to factory education, workshop education, and team education. 6. In production work, the special work certificates commonly used by our company include electricians, welders, stokers, and hazardous chemical operations. 7. The company stipulates that replacement personnel must arrive at the designated location 15 minutes in advance to line up. The queue of personnel on duty must obey the dispatch management, and those who do not obey the management or queue according to regulations will be punished with absenteeism. 8. According to the "Smoking Ban Order", if someone ignores the smoking and fire ban and starts a fire or smokes without a license, the responsible person will be punished with a penalty of 200 yuan per person, and the punishment will be increased according to the situation until he is put on standby or dismissed. 9. Those who are absent from work for more than 3 consecutive days (including 3 days) or who are absent from work for more than 6 days in a year (including 6 days) will be dismissed. 10. Any accident caused by the "three violations" - illegal command, illegal operation, and violation of labor disciplines will be severely punished. 2. Multiple-choice questions (2 points each, 10 points in total) 1. Management of production must be managed (A). A. Safety B. Benefit C. Life 2. The function of the leakage protector is to prevent (A). A. Electric shock accident B. Voltage fluctuation C. Overcharge 3. If the safety protection device is found to be damaged, please (B). A. Remove it B. Immediately notify the relevant department to repair it C. Ignore it 4. Safety helmets are used to protect workers (A). A. Protect the head from being injured by falling objects B. Block the sun C. Cover the wind and rain 5. The ways in which poisonous substances infiltrate the human body in industrial production (ABC). A. Respiratory tract B. Skin C. Gastrointestinal tract 3. Short answer questions (10 points each, total 60 points) 1. What is the strict content of Operator 6? (10 points) 1. Strictly implement the shift handover system 2. Strictly conduct patrol inspections. 3. Strictly control process indicators. 4. Strictly implement the operating laws (tickets) 5. Strictly abide by labor disciplines 6. Strictly implement safety regulations 2. Please give the specific content of the four do not harm ； Fourth, do not miss the specific content. (10 points) Four does no harm: Do not harm yourself, do not harm others, do not be harmed by others, and help others not to be harmed. Four principles of never letting go: It means that when investigating and handling work-related accidents, we must insist on not letting go if the cause of the accident is not clearly analyzed, if no practical preventive measures are taken, if no person responsible for the accident is punished, and if others are not educated. 3. In order to meet production tasks, the leader requires employees to perform risky operations that violate regulations. What should employees do? (10 points) Have the right to refuse any behavior that violates regulations and conduct risky operations, and report to the superior department. 4. The "Employee Appraisal Management Measures" is the company's specific quantitative assessment of employees' work. Please briefly describe the assessment content and reward and punishment standards. (10 points) Assessment content: Production technology, equipment management, production safety, labor discipline and problem management, overall quality and work attitude. reward and punishment standards: The employee with the lowest total score for the whole month will be punished with a 50 yuan reward to the employee with the first place. 5. Enter eight necessary specific contents of containers and equipment. (10 points) 1. You must apply for a certificate and get approval. 2. Safety isolation must be carried out. 3. The power supply must be cut off and safety lights must be used. 4. Replacement and ventilation must be carried out. 5. Safety analysis must be conducted according to time requirements. 6. Must wear prescribed protective equipment. 7. Someone must supervise outside the device and stay at their post. 8. Rescue backup measures must be in place. 6. Based on this factory safety education and training, what new understanding and gains have you gained about safety? (10 points)

Safety training materials 1. What is the purpose of safety work? 　　Protecting the safety and health of workers during the labor process is a basic national policy of our country. It is a basic guarantee to protect social productivity and promote the development of social productivity. It is a basic condition to ensure the sustainable, stable and coordinated development of social and economic construction. This is also the purpose of safety work. 　　2. What is the safety production policy? 　　Safety first, prevention first, comprehensive management 3. What are the principles of production safety in my country? 　　First, adhere to the principle that safety must be managed when managing production ； Second, adhere to the principle that security has veto power ； The third is to adhere to the "three simultaneous" principle ； The fourth is to adhere to the principle of "four no-misses". 　　4. What is the "Three Simultaneities" principle? All new construction, reconstruction, expansion, innovation and potential engineering projects must have facilities to ensure safety and eliminate toxic and harmful substances. These facilities must be designed, constructed and put into use at the same time as the main project. 　　5. What does the “Four Don’t Let Goes” principle mean? 　　First, the cause of the accident cannot be clearly analyzed and will not be ignored. ； Second, those responsible for the accident and those who should be educated will not be let go if they are not educated. ； Third, if there are no preventive measures, don’t let it go ； Fourth, those responsible for the accident were not dealt with and were not spared. 　　6. What is the "Five Simultaneities" principle? 　　When planning, arranging, inspecting, summarizing, and evaluating production, plan, arrange, inspect, summarize, and evaluate safety work at the same time. 　　7. What does the "three violations" phenomenon refer to? 　　Refers to illegal operations, illegal command and violation of labor disciplines. 8. What is the production safety responsibility system? 　　It refers to a certain safety responsibility system that leaders at all levels of the enterprise, functional departments, relevant engineering and technical personnel and production workers should bear in certain production and work positions. It is based on the principle of "managing production must manage safety". It is an important part of the enterprise's job responsibility system. 　　9. What is the relationship between safety and production? 　　It is a dialectical relationship of unity of opposites. When managing production, we must manage safety, which is embedded in production. Safety is an integral part of production. If safety work is not done well, the efficiency of the enterprise will not be discussed. Once an accident occurs, it will cause disaster to people and the enterprise. It is extremely wrong and dangerous to think that safety is a soft indicator, or to only focus on production, ignore safety or even focus on equipment, and ignore the safety and health of employees in production. 　　10. What are safe operating procedures? 　　Action rules that operators must abide by to ensure production. It is a measure to ensure safe production and also the basis for investigating violations. 　　11. What is labor protection? 　　Labor protection means taking technical and organizational measures based on technological progress and scientific management to eliminate adverse conditions and behaviors that endanger personal safety and health during the labor process, prevent casualties and occupational diseases, and ensure the safety and health of workers during the labor process. 　　12. What is safety technology? 　　Safety technology is to take measures from the aspects of design, technology, production organization, operation, etc. to eliminate dangerous factors in the production process, continuously improve working conditions, and prevent work-related accidents. 　　13. What are the basic tasks of safety inspection? 　　Safety inspection is the main means of safety work. The basic task is: Discover and identify various dangers and hidden dangers, supervise the implementation of various safety rules and regulations, stop illegal operations, and prevent and rectify hidden dangers. 　　14. What is safety rectification? 　　Inspection organizations and personnel at all levels must analyze, study and implement rectification measures for the identified hidden dangers one by one, so as to determine the projects, time and personnel. Whatever the team can rectify will not be handed over to the workshop, what the workshop can rectify will not be handed over to the factory, and what the factory can rectify will not be handed over to the higher authorities. 　　15. What are the three regulations for safety rectification? 　　Determine personnel, determine measures, and determine deadlines. 　　16. How many aspects does the enterprise safety production inspection include? 　　five aspects: Check ideas, check systems, check management, check hidden dangers, and check safety facilities 17. What are the "Three No Harms"? 　　It refers to the requirement in safe production not to harm others, not to harm oneself, and not to be harmed by others. 　　20. What is a protective device? 　　Protective devices are devices used to isolate workers from contact with dangerous parts to avoid accidents. Common ones include protective covers, protective baffles, protective fences, etc. 　　18. What are the five safety measures in the production workshop? 　　⑴Firefighting ⑵ Ventilation ⑶ Cooling ⑷ Moisture prevention ⑸ Lightning protection 19. What do the "five preventions" in winter and the "four preventions" in summer refer to? 　　Five defenses in winter: Fireproof, explosion-proof, anti-freeze, anti-skid, and anti-carbon monoxide poisoning are four precautions in summer.: Flood prevention, lightning protection, storm prevention, collapse and mildew prevention 20. What are the usual forms of safety education?: 　　(1) Level 3 safety education ； (2) Special operation safety education ； (3) Continuing education ； (4) Regular safety education. 　　21. What does third-level safety education mean? 　　Three-level safety education is the basic system and main form of safety that factories and mining enterprises must adhere to. It includes factory entry education (factory level), workshop education, and post (team) education. 　　22. Learn * What is the basic purpose of safety knowledge? (1) Improve the ability to prevent disasters and accidents. (2) Improve the ability to deal with disasters and accidents. 　　23. What are the contents of safety production education? 　　Safety ideological education, safety management knowledge education, safety technology knowledge education, typical experience education and accident lesson education. 　　24. What is special operation safety education? 　　Safety education and training for personnel engaged in special operations is called special operations safety education. Conduct safety technical training and assessment. After passing the assessment of theoretical and practical skills, the competent department will issue a certificate and start working with a certificate. 　　25. What are the main safety responsibilities of employees? 　　Consciously abide by safety production rules and regulations, do not work in violation of regulations, take risks and act recklessly, promptly correct others' illegal operations, actively participate in various safety production activities, and proactively put forward opinions on improving safety work. ； Take good care of and use machinery, equipment, tools and personal protective equipment correctly. 　　　26. When was the Production Safety Law promulgated and implemented? 　　Promulgated on June 9, 2002, it came into effect on November 1, 2002. 　　27. What is the purpose of formulating the Production Safety Law? 　　In order to strengthen the supervision and inspection of production safety, prevent and reduce production safety accidents, protect the safety of people's lives and property, and promote economic development. 　　28. What are the three obligations of employees stipulated in the "Safety Production Law"? 　　The first is the obligation of self-discipline and compliance, that is, employees should abide by the unit's safety production rules and operating procedures, obey management, and correctly wear and use labor protection equipment during the operation process. ； The second is conscious learning * The obligation of safety production knowledge requires mastering the safety production knowledge required for one's job, improving safety production skills, and enhancing accident prevention and emergency response capabilities. ； The third is the obligation to report hazards, that is, when a hidden accident hazard or other unsafe factor is discovered, it should be reported immediately to the on-site production safety management personnel or the person in charge of the unit. 　　　29. What are the rights of employees stipulated in the "Work Safety Law"? 　　(1) Have the right to understand the risk factors, preventive measures and accident emergency measures that exist in their workplaces and workplaces, and have the right to make suggestions for the unit’s safety production work ； (2) Have the right to criticize, report and accuse problems existing in the unit’s production safety work ； The right to refuse illegal orders and forced risky operations ； (3) When employees discover an emergency that directly threatens personal safety, they have the right to stop operations or take possible emergency measures and evacuate the workplace. ； (4) Employees who are injured due to production safety accidents are entitled to social insurance for work-related injuries in accordance with the law. If they still have the right to receive compensation in accordance with relevant civil laws, they have the right to request compensation from their unit. 　　30. What provisions does the Production Safety Law have on the investigation and handling of safety accidents? 　　Accident investigation and handling should be based on the principles of seeking truth from facts and respecting science, promptly and accurately identify the cause of the accident, identify the nature and responsibility of the accident, summarize the lessons learned from the accident, propose corrective measures, and provide handling opinions to those responsible for the accident. 　　31. What are the provisions in the Production Safety Law regarding the handling of violations by employees? 　　If employees of a production and business unit disobey management and violate production safety rules and operating procedures, the production and business unit shall criticize and educate them and impose sanctions in accordance with relevant regulations. ； If a major accident is caused and a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be pursued in accordance with the law. 　　 32. What are the safety regulations for lighting when working in damp or metal containers? 　　There must be sufficient lighting at the working site, the lighting power supply must be of safe voltage, the lamps must meet moisture-proof, explosion-proof and other requirements, electrical tools below 24V must be used, and a leakage protector with a rated operating current of no more than 15 mA and an operating time of no more than 0.1 seconds must be installed. ； Leakage protectors, power connectors, etc. should be placed outside the container ； There should also be a dedicated person at the entrance of the container to monitor it continuously. 33. What basic conditions must special operators have? 　　(1) Aged 18 or above ； (2) In good health, with no diseases or physical defects that would prevent you from engaging in the corresponding type of work ； (3) Those with a junior high school education or above and safety technical knowledge of corresponding types of work must participate * * Required safety technology theory and practical operation training, and a special operation certificate will be held after passing the assessment. 　34. What conditions must be met by hazardous chemical production and storage enterprises as stipulated in the "Regulations on the Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals"? 　　(1) There is compliance with * * Standard production processes, equipment or storage methods and facilities ； (2) The surrounding protection distance complies with * * standard or * * Relevant regulations ； (3) Have management personnel and technical personnel that meet production or storage needs ； (4) Have a sound safety management system ； (5) Comply with laws, regulations and * * Other conditions required by the standard. 　　35. The Fire Protection Law stipulates the fire safety responsibilities of production units. What are the specific ones? 　　(1) Develop fire safety systems and fire safety operating procedures ； (2) Implement a fire safety responsibility system ； (3) Carry out fire protection publicity and education to employees ； (4) Organize fire prevention inspections and eliminate fire hazards in a timely manner ； (5) Equip fire-fighting facilities and equipment, and fire-fighting safety signs ； (6) Ensure that evacuation passages and safety exits are smooth. 　　36. What provisions does the Fire Protection Law have on open fire operations in dangerous places? 　　It is prohibited to use open flames in places with fire or explosion hazards ； If open fire operations are required due to special circumstances, approval procedures must be completed in advance in accordance with regulations. Operators must abide by fire safety regulations and take corresponding fire safety measures. 　　37. What provisions does the Fire Protection Law have for electric and gas welding workers? 　　Must hold a certificate to work and strictly abide by fire safety operating procedures. 　　　38. What is the fire protection work policy? 　　Put prevention first and combine prevention and firefighting 39. What should you do after a fire breaks out in your unit? 　　(1) While actively fighting the fire, quickly report the 119 fire alarm ； (2) Send people to respond to fire trucks ； (3) Send people to guard the fire scene 40. What is the act of falsely reporting a fire alarm? What is the punishment? Article 19 of the "Public Security Management Punishment Regulations" stipulates that false reporting of fire alarms is an act of "false reporting of dangerous situations to create chaos" and should be detained for not more than 15 days, fined not more than 200 yuan, or given a warning. 41. What is the purpose of fire inspection? Discover and eliminate fire hazards to ensure safety. 42. What are the four key areas for fire prevention? There is a person responsible for fire prevention, a fire safety system, a voluntary fire brigade, and fire fighting equipment. 43. What are the safety requirements for using oxygen cylinders? (1) It is strictly prohibited to come into contact with all kinds of oils ； (2) Remote heat source to prevent sun exposure ； (3) When transporting, load and unload with care to avoid collisions. 　　44. What are the six prohibitions on hot work? 　　⑴No fire is allowed without approval of the fire permit. ⑵Fire is prohibited unless it is reliably isolated from the production system. ⑶If it is not cleaned, replacement will fail, and fire is prohibited. ⑷Do not start a fire without removing the surrounding flammable materials. ⑸It is forbidden to start a fire if the fire analysis is not performed on time. ⑹No fire is allowed without fire protection measures. 45. What are the methods of using portable gas cylinder type and pressure storage type dry powder fire extinguishers? (1) Portable gas storage bottle type: Hold the nozzle hose with one hand, aim it at the burning object, lift the pull ring upward with the other hand, and the powder mist will be sprayed out. (2) Portable pressure storage type: Hold the nozzle hose in one hand, aim it at the burning object, pull out the pull ring with the other hand, hold the handle tightly with your hand, and the powder mist will be sprayed out. 46. ​​What issues should be paid attention to when using a portable dry powder fire extinguisher? (1) It should be placed in a ventilated and dry place and stored in an environment below 40°C. After the expiration date, it must be inspected to determine whether it is usable. ； (2) People should stand on the upwind side ； (3) Carbon dioxide cylinders should not come into contact with the human body to prevent frostbite ； (4) The bottom of the barrel should not be pointed toward anyone to avoid injury. 47. What are the “Five Certain” protective measures? 　　“The "Five Haves" protective measures are to implement the "Five Haves" protective measures of "wheels with covers, shafts with sleeves, pits with bars, holes with grates, and mouths with covers." 　 48. What are the contents of the fourth phase of protection for female employees? 　　It refers to the protection implemented for female employees during their menstrual period, pregnancy, childbirth and lactation period. 　　49. What is a protective device? 　　Protective devices are devices used to isolate workers from contact with dangerous parts to avoid accidents. Common ones include protective covers, protective baffles, protective fences, etc. 　　50. What are the common types of accidents? 　　⑴Object strikes ⑵ Vehicle damage ⑶ Mechanical damage ⑷ Lifting damage ⑸ Electric shock ⑹ Drowning ⑺ Burns ⑻ Fire ⑼ Falling from height ⑽ Collapse ⑾ Roof cover ⑿ Water permeability ⒀ Cannon fire ⒁ * * Explosion ⒂ Gas explosion ⒃ Boiler explosion ⒄ Pressurized container explosion ⒅ Other explosions ⒆ Poisoning and suffocation ⒇ Other injuries

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Fire Knowledge Question Bank 1. Relevant competent departments such as press, publishing, radio, film, and television have the obligation to carry out fire safety publicity and education. 2. The common fire alarm telephone number in mainland my country is 119. 3. Anyone who discovers a fire should call the police immediately. 4. Any unit or individual shall provide convenience for calling the police free of charge and shall not obstruct the reporting of the call. 5. Any unit or individual has the obligation to maintain fire safety, protect fire protection facilities, prevent fires, and report fire alarms. 6. After calling the fire alarm number, the caller should go to the door or traffic intersection and wait for the fire truck to arrive. 7. National Fire Protection Day is November 9th. 8. When using a fire extinguisher to extinguish a fire, aim the spray at the root of the flame. 9. When there is no fire, fire-fighting equipment cannot be used for other purposes. 10. When a fire breaks out in a public place, the on-site staff in the public place have the obligation to organize and guide the evacuation of the people present. 11. Generally, classrooms have two doors. One door cannot be locked or blocked with a desk. 12. The public security fire brigade participates in the rescue and rescue work of other disasters or accidents other than fires. When the relevant local people * * Implemented under the unified command. 13. The public security firefighting agency has the right to direct and mobilize full-time fire brigade to participate in fire fighting and rescue work. 14. The public security fire brigade does not charge any fees for fighting fires. 15. Public gathering places such as song and dance halls, movie theaters, hotels, restaurants, shopping malls, and bazaars must report to the local public security firefighting agency for fire safety inspection before use or opening. 16. Agencies, groups, enterprises, and institutions that violate the provisions of the Fire Protection Law and fail to perform fire safety responsibilities shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit. ； If corrections are not made within the time limit, the person directly in charge and other directly responsible persons may be given administrative sanctions or a warning in accordance with the law. 17. Anyone who violates the provisions of the Fire Protection Law by producing, storing, transporting, selling or using or destroying flammable and explosive dangerous goods shall be ordered to stop the illegal act and may be given a warning, fined or detained for up to 15 days. 18. If there is a major fire hazard and the behavior is not corrected within the time limit after being notified by the public security fire protection agency, the person in charge and other directly responsible persons directly responsible for the unit may be detained. 19. Anyone who causes a fire due to personal negligence but has not caused serious losses will be given a warning, fined or detained for not more than ten days. 20. After the fire is extinguished, if the person deliberately damages the scene or imitates the scene, which does not constitute a crime, he will be given a warning, a fine, or detention for not more than 15 days. 21. According to the criminal law, the crime of fire is punishable by 3-7 years in prison. 22. If an order is issued to suspend production and business, which has a greater impact on the economy and social life, the public security firefighting agency shall report it to the local people. * * Decisions made in accordance with the law shall be implemented by the public security and firefighting agencies. 23. Punishments for violations of the Fire Protection Law shall be adjudicated by the public security fire protection agency. 24. Children's amusement halls should not be set up in underground or semi-underground buildings. 25. Fire prevention inspections of public gathering places during business hours should be conducted at least every two hours. 26. The continuous power supply time for fire emergency lighting installed in public places shall not be less than 20 minutes. 27. If public entertainment venues need to be located underground, they are only allowed to be located on the first underground floor. 28. Personnel who perform operations with fire hazards such as electric welding and gas welding and operators of automatic fire protection systems must hold certificates to work and strictly abide by fire safety operating procedures. 29. Residents should turn off the power, gas, and water before going to work or leaving home. 30. Do not carry flammable and explosive dangerous goods into public places or take public transportation. 31. It is strictly prohibited to set off fireworks and firecrackers within 50 meters around the warehouse area. 32. According to statistics, more than 80% of people who died in fires died from smoke suffocation. 33. Fire smoke is usually in the upper part of the indoor space because of its higher temperature. 34. The simplest way to prevent smoke hazards in a fire scene is to cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel or clothes and escape along the evacuation route in a low posture. 35. When encountering a fire, quickly escape towards the safe exit. 36. When a fire breaks out in a high-rise building, you should escape from the fire scene as quickly as possible and follow the stairs. 37. When surrounded by fire at night, you should use a flashlight to shine or knock on metal objects to make a loud noise to call for help. 38. If a fire occurs in a household appliance, the power supply should be cut off first if there is no fire extinguisher. 39. The power switch should be installed on the base of non-combustible materials. 40. Someone must be present when using electric heating equipment, and cut off the power when leaving. 41. Foam fire extinguishers cannot be used to extinguish sodium metal fires. 42. The fire extinguisher pressure gauge uses red, yellow and green colors to indicate the pressure. When the pointer points to the green area, it means normal. 43. In a fire or in daily life, if you are burned or scalded, the most effective emergency method is to use emergency heat dissipation measures such as soaking in cold water or applying ice cubes. 44. The new fire level standards implemented since June 1, 2007 divide fires into four levels: particularly serious, major, large and general fires. The grade standard definition includes three important indicators: death, serious injury, and direct property loss. In terms of economic losses, the direct property loss of a particularly major fire is more than 100 million yuan. 45. Fires that cause death to 3 to 10 people, or serious injuries to 10 to 50 people, or direct property losses of 10 million yuan to 50 million yuan are considered major fires. 46. ​​Firefighting work implements the policy of giving priority to prevention and combining prevention and firefighting, adheres to the principle of integrating specialized agencies and the masses, and implements a fire safety responsibility system. 47. If large-scale gatherings, fireworks shows, lantern festivals and other mass activities are held without authorization, which pose a fire risk, the public security and fire-fighting agencies shall order them to make corrections on the spot. ； If it cannot be corrected on the spot, it shall be ordered to stop the operation and may be fined. 48. Punishments for violations of the fire protection law shall be adjudicated by the public security fire protection agency. 49. When the switches, sockets and illuminators of lamps and lanterns are close to combustible materials, protective measures such as heat insulation and heat dissipation should be taken. 50. Usually the doors in public places open outwards, because the doors in public places open outwards and are less likely to block the flow of people evacuating. 51. Key fire safety units refer to units that are more likely to have fires and that may cause heavy personal casualties or heavy property losses in the event of a fire. 52. In addition to completing fire fighting and rescue work, the public security fire brigade should also participate in the rescue and rescue work of other disasters and accidents. 53. Villagers’ committees and residents’ committees should carry out mass firefighting work, organize the formulation of fire safety conventions, and conduct fire safety inspections. 54. Staff members of public security firefighting agencies should produce their certificates when conducting supervision and inspections. 55. The commander-in-chief of the fire scene has the right to mobilize water supply, power supply, medical rescue, transportation and other relevant units to assist in fire fighting and rescue according to the needs of fire fighting. 56. When fighting a huge fire, the local people concerned * * Relevant personnel should be organized and necessary materials should be mobilized to support fire fighting. 57. After the fire is extinguished, the unit that caused the fire should protect the scene in accordance with the requirements of the public security firefighting agency, accept accident investigation, and truthfully provide the facts of the fire. 58. The policy of firefighting in my country is to give priority to prevention and combine prevention with firefighting. 59. Administrative departments such as education and labor should incorporate fire protection knowledge into teaching and training content. 60. Do not burn leaves or garbage at will on campus. 61. When fire engines and fire boats go to perform fire fighting tasks or perform rescue and rescue tasks in other disaster accidents, other vehicles, ships and pedestrians must give way and are not allowed to cross or overtake. 62. After the fire is extinguished, the public security firefighting agency has the right to seal off the fire scene as necessary, and is responsible for investigating and determining the cause of the fire, assessing the fire losses, and identifying the responsibility for the fire accident. 63. When using electric lights, do not let the bulbs come into contact with or be close to flammable materials. 64. No other debris should be placed or accumulated in public areas such as corridors and corridors. 65. Evacuation doors of safety exits in public entertainment places should open outward. 66. When escaping from a fire, you should bend down, walk or crawl, and cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel. 67. When a fire seals the door and there is no way to escape, you can use soaked bedding, clothing, etc. to block the cracks in the door, and pour water on the door to cool down, so as to delay the spread of the fire and call for help. 68. When reporting a fire alarm, you must clearly state the unit, address, burning object, and fire situation, and inform the fire brigade of the name and phone number of the person who called the alarm for easy contact. 69. Fire-fighting equipment cannot be used for other purposes. 70. The early stage of a fire is the most favorable time to put out a fire. 71. Mobile phones are not allowed in gas stations. 72. Develop good use of fire * As a general rule, do not throw cigarette butts and other ignition objects into the trash can before they are completely extinguished. 73. Family members should understand and master the basic methods of fire escape and be familiar with several escape routes. Only by planning in advance can they avoid panicking and acting blindly when a fire comes. 74. Fire refers to the disaster caused by burning out of control in time and space. 75. Do not let children cook alone. Children lack experience in using fire safely. If children are allowed to cook alone, fires will often occur due to "accidentality" or "lack of careful attention to the fire source." Once a fire breaks out, children will panic, causing a small fire to turn into a major disaster. 76. When a fire breaks out, minors are not allowed to put out the fire. 77. Use a fire extinguisher to put out a fire. The best position is upwind or crosswind. 78. Dry powder fire extinguishers should be inspected at least once every six months. 79. When encountering a forest fire, you should run into the wind and toward a place with few trees. 80. The combustion site should have three conditions: combustible materials, combustion-supporting materials, and ignition sources. 81. Refrigerators are not suitable for storing flammable liquids because when the flammable gas evaporates from the flammable liquid reaches a certain explosive concentration, an explosion and fire will occur when the relay in the refrigerator ignites. 82. It is not allowed to use wood stoves, coal stoves and liquefied petroleum gas stoves at the same time in the same room, because once the liquefied petroleum gas stove leaks and encounters an open flame, it will cause a fire. 83. The four basic measures for fire extinguishing are isolation method, suffocation method, cooling method and chemical suppression method. 84. If household appliances or wires catch fire, cut off the power supply first. Then use dry powder or gas fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire. Do not use water directly to extinguish the fire. Fires should be extinguished promptly to prevent explosions from injuring people. 85. When liquefied petroleum gas bottles or stoves leak, you should first close the gas bottle valves and open windows for ventilation to allow the flammable gas to disperse. It is strictly prohibited to turn on any household appliances and all fire sources, and immediately ask LPG station staff for timely repairs. 86. When using a liquefied petroleum gas stove, you must ignite it first and then turn on the gas. If you turn on the gas first and then ignite it, the large amount of liquefied petroleum gas sprayed out may form explosive gas with the air. There is a risk of explosion when encountering an open flame. Therefore, you should ignite it first and then turn on the gas. 87. When a liquefied petroleum gas fire breaks out, protect your hands with a damp cloth, quickly close the gas cylinder valve, and then use fire extinguishing equipment to extinguish the fire. 88. When using a dry powder fire extinguisher, you should first remove the safety latch, hold the nozzle with one hand and aim it at the root of the flame at the fire point, and press the handle with the other hand. 89. The method of using a portable foam fire extinguisher is to hold the lifting ring with one hand and the bottom ring with the other hand. Turn the fire extinguisher upside down and shake it gently a few times, and the foam will spray out. 90. The use and precautions of carbon dioxide fire extinguisher handwheel type: You should hold the handle, tilt the nozzle, aim it at the fire source, and open the on-off valve to spray out carbon dioxide. Duckbill: The safety pin should be pulled out, hold the root of the spray tube, and press the upper duckbill downward, so that the carbon dioxide can be sprayed out from the spray tube. Things to note: Evacuate quickly after use in a small space, and do not use it against the wind. In addition, you must prevent frostbite. (Because liquid carbon dioxide needs to absorb heat when it vaporizes). 91. The causes of fire caused by electrical equipment are:: (1) Short circuit ； (2) Overload ； (3) Contact resistance heat ； (4) Electric spark and arc ； (5) Surface heat of lighting fixtures, electric heating elements, and electric heating tools ； (6) Overpressure heat ； (7) Eddy current heat 92. The characteristics of high-rise building fires are : First, it spreads quickly ； Second, it is difficult to escape ； Third, it is difficult to save. 93. The danger of stacking debris in residential buildings is: (1) It is easy to cause fire and make the fire spread. ； (2) After a fire occurs, the passage is blocked and it is difficult to evacuate people and materials. ； (3) Impede fire fighting. 94. Bottled liquefied petroleum gas cannot be used in high-rise civil buildings. Due to the flammability and explosiveness of gas itself, great dangers are lurking during transportation and storage. 95. Fires involving the following substances cannot be put out with water.: (1) Substances that burn when exposed to water. Such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum powder, etc. These substances can react quickly with water to generate hydrogen, release a lot of heat, and can easily cause explosions. ； (2) Fires in high-voltage electrical equipment cannot be put out with water when there is no good grounding or the power supply is not cut off. ； (3) Fires caused by flammable liquids that are lighter than water and insoluble in water, such as gasoline and kerosene. ； (4) For sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid fires, it is not advisable to use strong water flow to fight fires, as they may cause splashing and injuring people. ； (5) Molten iron and steel cannot be put out directly with water, because water will quickly decompose into hydrogen and oxygen when exposed to high temperatures, causing combustion and explosions. 96. Commonly used fire extinguishing agents in my country include water, dry powder, foam, carbon dioxide, etc. 97. Fire extinguishers should be placed near the objects to be protected and in a ventilated, dry and easily accessible place. 98. Common fire trucks include water tank fire trucks, foam water tank fire trucks, dry powder fire trucks, fire ladder trucks, multi-functional fire trucks, etc. 99. Factors that cause fires in family life include : (1) Smoking ； (2) Lighting ； (3) Fire for daily use ； (4) Children playing with fire ； (5) Mosquito repellent ； (6) Set off fireworks and firecrackers ； (7) Fire used in sacrifices and religious activities ； (8) Use or store flammable items ； (9) Electrical wiring and household appliances. 100. A short circuit is a phenomenon in which the live wire and neutral wire, and the live wire and the ground wire of an electrical circuit come together, causing a sudden and large increase in current. When a short circuit occurs, high temperature and high heat will be generated instantly, causing the wire metal to melt, the insulation layer to burn, and igniting nearby combustible materials to cause a fire. The main causes of household electricity short circuits are:: (1) Inappropriate insulation selection, such as high voltage level and low insulation level ； (2) The insulation layer loses its insulation ability due to high temperature, moisture, and corrosion. ； (3) Bundle the wires with metal wire or hang the insulation on metal objects ； (4) The insulation layer wears and ages over time. ； (5) Lightning strike overvoltage, voltage increase when the line is unloaded, etc., can cause the insulation layer of the wire to be struck and cause a short circuit. 101. Student dormitories are prone to fires. The main reasons are as follows:: Lighting candles, smoking, illegal use of high-power electrical appliances, burning debris, etc. 102. Things to do when dealing with an initial fire in a home: (1) Regardless of whether there is a fire in your own home or in your neighbor's home, you should immediately call the police and actively put out the fire. ； (2) When someone is under siege, rescue them first ； (3) If you find a fire in a closed room, do not open the doors or windows casually to prevent fresh air from entering and expanding the combustion. ； (4) After a fire breaks out indoors, if the fire is difficult to control and extinguish for a while, flammable and explosive dangerous goods such as liquefied gas tanks and gasoline must be removed from the room first. ； (5) If a fire occurs in household electrical equipment, cut off the power supply immediately, and then use a fire extinguisher to put out the fire, or suffocate the fire with a wet quilt, canvas, etc. ； (6) If there is a fire in the kitchen, the most common fire is a frying pan. Immediately use a pot cover, vegetables to suffocate the fire or a fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire. ； (7) When a household LPG tank catches fire, the key to extinguishing the fire is to cut off the gas source. 103. Fires caused by fluorescent lamps are mainly caused by the ballast of the fluorescent lamp. The ballast is composed of enameled coils and silicon steel sheets. After the ballast is powered on, both the coil and the silicon steel sheet will generate heat, especially those of poor quality. If the temperature is too high, the insulation will be damaged and a short circuit will be formed, which may ignite nearby combustibles. 104. False reporting of fire alarms is not allowed. False reporting of fire alarms not only damages social morality, but is also an illegal act that disrupts social order and impedes public safety. If the fire brigade receives a false fire alarm and is dispatched, the police force in the fire brigade's area of ​​responsibility will be empty. If a fire does break out at this time, there will be no or insufficient firefighting power to put out the fire within a certain period of time, and the consequences can be imagined. At present, 119 fire alarm stations in various places are equipped with computers, automatic telephone recording and other advanced fire communication facilities. As long as the fire alarm dispatcher discovers that it is a false fire alarm, they will use the "follow the clues" method to quickly detect the perpetrators and the phones they used in the shortest possible time, and deal with them accordingly. 105. When decorating your room, you should pay attention to the following fire prevention matters:: (1) Try to avoid using wooden materials for large areas ； (2) Use as many fireproof materials as possible. For example, the ceiling can be made of gypsum board, asbestos board, and other fireproof, flame-retardant, lightweight, and moisture-proof materials. ； (3) Another issue that cannot be ignored in home fire prevention is electricity. In the past, household electricity was mainly used for lighting, but now with the advancement of science and technology and the improvement of living standards, a large number of various household appliances have entered the home. Therefore, the electricians of the decoration company operate in strict regulations, and the household owners who engage in home decoration must pay attention to supervision. At the same time, the wires and supporting sockets, switches, etc. should be made of durable materials. * * Do not buy products that have passed the inspection and use them randomly because they are cheap, otherwise they may cause fire hazards. 106. When using candles temporarily for lighting, take the following measures to prevent fires: (1) It is strictly prohibited to use candle lighting in the warehouse ； (2) When using candles for lighting, do not place them on combustible objects and keep them away from flammable objects. ； (3) The candles must be extinguished after the person leaves. 107. Indoor fire hydrant fire extinguishing method: First open the fire hydrant box (or break the fire box glass), take out the hose, connect the hose interface and water gun, and then open the water valve. 108. Do not take ordinary elevators in case of fire: (1) After a fire occurs, it is often easy to lose power and cause the elevator to get stuck, making rescue work more difficult. (2) The elevator entrance leads directly to all floors of the building. Smoke from the fire scene pours into the elevator shaft and can easily form a "chimney effect." People in the elevator may be choked by thick smoke at any time and suffocate. 109. How to call for help when a person is trapped indoors when a fire breaks out: When people trapped in a building by fire call for help, it is difficult for people outside to hear them. At this time, the trapped person should remain calm and lie on the ground and call for help. Because the fire rises along the air flow, in low places, where combustible materials have been burned or have not been burned, the sound waves calling for help can be transmitted outward through these gaps. In this way, the outside world can easily hear the cry for help and can try to rescue them in time. 110. If the smoke alarm suddenly goes off while you are sleeping at night, you should lower your body and slowly move to the door, and test whether the door panel is hot with the back of your hand. If the door panel is already hot, opening the door will cause fire to enter the room and burn you to death. If the door panel is not hot, perhaps the fire is still in its early stages and escape through a normal exit is still possible. 111. After a fire breaks out, if you live on a higher floor and cannot escape from the room through the window, and the hallway is filled with smoke, you should (1) return to the room immediately and call the fire brigade ； (2) Wrap wet towels around the door ； (3) If it is difficult to breathe and there is no fire around, open a slit above and below the window. ； (4) Wait in front of the window to send a distress signal to the firefighters. Notice: Do not use the elevator to escape at this time, unless the fire brigade tells you to do so, because the power system is easily short-circuited at this time, and there is a danger of being trapped in the elevator. When you are temporarily unable to escape from the room, you should squat under a slightly open window and wait to breathe fresh air. Wrap wet towels around the door to prevent smoke from entering. 112. Once the oil pan for frying food catches fire, you should put vegetables and other objects on hand into the pan to extinguish the fire, or directly cover the oil pan with a lid. Never use water to extinguish the fire, otherwise the burning oil will splash out. 113. If household appliances or wires catch fire, cut off the power supply first. Then use dry powder or gas fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire. Do not use water directly to extinguish the fire. Fires should be extinguished promptly to prevent explosions from injuring people. 114. How to make a home escape plan: (1) You should first be familiar with the escape routes on the floor where you live, and be ready to evacuate quickly at any time. (2) On weekdays, you should simulate with your family in advance how to escape in the event of a fire and go to the agreed meeting point. (3) Be familiar with the fire-fighting equipment on the floor where you live and how to use it. 115. What should be done when gas leaks: (1) Turn off the gas switch immediately. (2) Never turn on or off any electrical switch. (3) Gently open all doors and windows and escape outdoors quickly. (4) Alarm processing. (You cannot use any phone at home) 116. If a household LPG cylinder catches fire, the following measures should be taken:: If you have a fire extinguisher, you can use it to put out the fire. If there is no fire extinguisher, if it is a small flame at the beginning, you should use a wet towel or cloth glove to turn off the cylinder switch as soon as possible, and then put out the fire. If the fire is large, while calling the alarm, you should take out the quilts, cotton wool, coats, etc. in the room as soon as possible, wet it with water and quickly cover the cylinder to extinguish the fire, and then turn off the switch immediately. 117. If a fire breaks out in a shopping mall (market), how to escape: (1) Use evacuation passages to escape. Every shopping mall is equipped with indoor stairs and outdoor stairs according to regulations, and some also have escalators, fire elevators, etc. After a fire occurs, especially in the initial stage of the fire, these are good ways to escape. (2) Escape with self-made equipment. Shopping malls (markets) have a wide variety of products. After a fire, there are more materials available for escape. like: After being soaked, towels and masks can be made into anti-smoke tools to cover the mouth and nose, and ropes, cloths, sheets, carpets, and curtains can be used to open escape routes. (3) To escape from a building, you can use downpipes, protruding parts inside and outside the house, various doors, windows, and lightning protection nets (wires) of the building to escape, or you can move to a safe area and look for opportunities to escape. The elderly, weak, sick, women, children and other persons must not act blindly, otherwise casualties may easily occur. (4) Find a place of refuge. If there is no way to escape, you should actively look for a place of refuge. For example, go to an outdoor balcony or flat roof of a building to wait for rescue. ； Choose a room where fire and smoke are difficult to spread, close the doors and windows, and block gaps. If there is a water source in the room, immediately wet the doors, windows and various combustible materials to prevent or slow down the spread of fire and smoke. No matter day or night, trapped persons should shout for help and continuously send out various calls for help to attract the attention of rescuers and help them escape from the predicament. 118. Escape methods from fires in dance halls and karaoke halls: (1) You must be calm when escaping. Since dance halls and karaoke halls are generally open at night, and the customers entering and exiting are random and the density is high, and the lights are dim, it is easy to cause crowding in the event of a fire, and crushing and trampling accidents may occur in the chaos. Therefore, only by keeping a clear head, clearly identifying the direction of the safe exit and taking some emergency evacuation measures can we take the initiative and reduce casualties. (2) Actively look for multiple escape methods. In the event of a fire, you should first think of escaping quickly through the safety exit. During the escape process, once people rush out, it is very easy to cause blockage of the safety exit, making it impossible for people to pass smoothly and stay in the fire scene. At this time, we should overcome the blind herd mentality, decisively give up the idea of ​​​​escape from the safety exit, and choose the escape measure of breaking the window. For those located on the bottom floor, you can jump out directly from the window. ； For those located on the second to third floors, you can grab the window sill and slide down to minimize the height and let your feet touch the ground first. ； If located in a high-rise building, you should first choose evacuation passages, evacuation stairs, roofs and balconies. Once the above escape routes are blocked by flames and thick smoke, you should choose downpipes and windows for escape. When escaping through a window, you must roll up a curtain or carpet into a long strip to make a safety rope for self-rescue. You must not rush to jump off the building to avoid unnecessary casualties. (3) Find a place of refuge. When a fire breaks out in a dance hall or karaoke hall in a high-rise building, and the escape route is blocked by fire and thick smoke, and auxiliary life-saving facilities cannot be found for a while, the trapped people can only temporarily escape to a place with lighter fire, send a distress signal out the window, and wait for rescue by firefighters. (4) Help each other escape. There are many young people who engage in entertainment activities in dance halls and karaoke halls. They are in good physical condition and can help each other escape from the fire or help the elderly escape. (5) Prevent poisoning during the escape process. Since there are a large number of plastic, fiber and other decorations on the walls and top of dance halls and karaoke halls, toxic gases will be produced in the event of a fire. Therefore, during the escape process, you should try to avoid shouting loudly to prevent smoke from entering the mouth. Wet clothes with water to cover your mouth and nostrils. If you can't find water for a while, you can use drinks to wet clothes instead, and walk or crawl in a low posture to reduce the harm of smoke to the human body. 119. Households can conduct the following fire inspections: (1) Whether the electrical circuits in the home are damaged, whether the wire cores are exposed, and whether the electrical appliances in the home are overloaded, etc. If the wires are found to be seriously aged, they should be replaced in time. (2) Is the gas hose of the liquefied gas stove in the kitchen leaking? ； In daily life, do you follow the procedure of first opening the cylinder valve, then starting the ignition switch valve, and at the end, first closing the cylinder valve to cut off the air, and then closing the ignition switch valve? Do not operate when there is air leakage, heat the tank, or operate the tank upside down. Regular maintenance should be performed on liquefied gas stoves, gas hoses, and gas bottles. (3) Whether the TV, heater and other household appliances in the home are placed appropriately. The TV should be placed in a moisture-proof, dust-proof and ventilated place. Do not store it near flammable or explosive liquids or gases to prevent the TV from igniting and igniting items due to discharge. Combustible and flammable items must not be piled around the air conditioner, and curtains cannot be placed on the window air conditioner. The sockets of various electrical appliances should be kept away from fire sources. If the power cord is damaged, it should be wrapped with insulating tape in time to prevent short circuits. When various home appliances are out of use, the power supply should be cut off in time, and home appliances with poor performance and poor quality should be repaired and replaced in time. (4) If there are flammable and explosive daily necessities such as perfume, mousse, nail polish and lighters at home, these daily necessities should be placed in a cool and dry place. Do not approach heat or fire sources, or use exposure or other methods to heat dangerous items. These items should be kept out of the reach of small children. (5) Are there any elderly people or children at home who smoke or play with fire in bed? * Therefore, we should strengthen their fire prevention education and enhance their fire safety awareness. (6) Whether there are debris piled up at the stairway and balcony of your home. It is best not to install fence-type enclosed balconies and anti-theft windows to prevent your own escape route from being cut off in the event of a fire accident. (7) It is best to have a small fire extinguisher at home to be prepared. 120. Escape from underground buildings. Fire in underground buildings is very dangerous, but as long as we take appropriate life-saving and self-protection methods, we can open the door of "hell" and rush to the land of hope. When you encounter a fire in an underground street or underground building, you should first use a nearby fire extinguisher to put out the fire to prevent the fire from developing and gain time to escape. When escaping from a fire, you should move to the nearest exit while the smoke is still relatively low. Never instinctively squeeze toward the exit from which you entered, and do not wait and wait because the fire is not big and the smoke is not thick. If the obvious exit is blocked, or if you are unfamiliar with the road and cannot find the exit, you can walk in the direction of the smoke diffusion. If the underground streets are filled with smoke, blocking your view, or there is a power outage due to a fire, and the surroundings are dark, you can stick to the wall and feel your way toward the exit. It is worth noting that when the crowd is in panic, you must stay calm and avoid the panicked crowd. At this time, reason will lead you to the light, while panic will make people go to the cemetery. 121. Civilian liquefied petroleum gas cylinders cannot be placed horizontally, because when the cylinder is standing, the lower part of the bottle is liquid and the upper part is gas. When the angle valve is opened, the gas rushes out. As the gas escapes, the lower liquid gradually vaporizes, so that the upper gas in the bottle always maintains a certain pressure. If the cylinder is placed horizontally, there will be mostly liquid near the mouth of the bottle. When the angle valve is opened, the liquid that rushes out will quickly vaporize and the volume will expand approximately 250 times. Such a large amount of gas will * * If the load of the stove is exceeded, one possibility is that a large and very high flame will burst out and ignite nearby combustibles. Another possibility is that the gas will not have time to burn safely, and there is a risk of explosion. 122. If your clothes catch fire, you should: (1) Take off burning clothes as soon as possible if possible ； (2) Roll on the spot to put out the fire. Remember not to run. 123. Do not leave for a long time when using gas or liquefied gas.: (1) If a person is away for a long time, once the water in the vessel sitting on the stove overflows and the fire on the stove is extinguished, the gas will continue to be released, and when it reaches a certain concentration, it will explode when exposed to an open fire. (2) If the rice pot, kettle, etc. sit on the stove for a long time, even if the water overflows, the rice pot or kettle will dry out and burn due to too long time, thus causing a fire. 124. If a computer catches fire, even if the computer is turned off or even unplugged, the components inside the computer will still be very hot and will still emit flames and produce poisonous gas. The fluorescent screen and picture tube may also explode. Here are the ways to deal with it:: (1) When the computer starts to smoke or catch fire, immediately unplug or turn off the main switch, and then cover the computer with a wet carpet or quilt. This can not only prevent the spread of fireworks, but also block the glass fragments of the fluorescent screen. (2) Never pour water on a burning computer, even if it is turned off, because a sudden drop in temperature will cause the hot picture tube to burst. In addition, there is still residual current in the computer, and splashing water may cause electric shock. (3) Do not lift the cover to watch. When putting out a fire, to prevent the picture tube from exploding and injuring people, approach the computer only from the side or the back. 125. Escape methods from the theater: (1) Choose a safe exit to escape. Theaters are equipped with fire evacuation passages and are equipped with emergency lighting equipment such as door lights, wall lights, and footlights. They are marked with red-backed white letters such as "safety door", "exit", or "extraordinary exit", "emergency exit" and other instructions. After a fire breaks out, spectators should quickly choose an evacuation channel with a smaller flow of people to evacuate in the direction guided by these emergency lighting instructions. A. When a fire breaks out on the stage, the main direction of fire spread is the auditorium. People who cannot be evacuated in time in the hall should try to get as close to one end of the screening hall as possible to seize the opportunity to escape. B. When a fire breaks out in the auditorium, the main direction of fire spread is the stage, followed by the screening hall. Escape personnel can use the various exits of the stage, screening hall and auditorium to evacuate quickly. C. When a fire breaks out in the screening hall, since the fire poses little threat to the auditorium, escape personnel can use the various exits of the stage and auditorium to evacuate. D. In the event of a fire, spectators upstairs can evacuate through the evacuation door and out the stairs. If the stairs are blocked by smoke, they can rush out of the fire when the fire is not large. Although people may be slightly injured, life danger can be avoided. In addition, you can also use local materials and homemade life-saving equipment such as curtains to create evacuation passages. (2) Precautions A. Evacuees should follow the instructions of theater staff and avoid crowding each other, running around, blocking evacuation channels, and affecting the evacuation speed. B. During evacuation, personnel should walk as close to the load-bearing wall or load-bearing components as possible to prevent injuries from falling objects. Especially when a fire breaks out in the auditorium, people should not stay in the center of the theater. C. If the smoke is large, you should bend down and walk or crawl forward, because the air near the ground is cleaner. 126. Escape methods from public gathering places: When entering and exiting hotels, restaurants, and shopping malls, you should pay attention to emergency passages, safety exits, balconies, corridors, refuge floors, stairs, fire extinguishers, alarm bells, etc. If a fire occurs, you should immediately press the alarm bell or call the fire alarm. When you hear a fire alarm, do not panic. You should listen carefully to the fire floor and escape routes and methods announced on the radio in the place where you are. If there is no broadcast notification, you can evacuate through the safe evacuation channel or take the fire elevator. Never take an ordinary elevator, as it is easy to lose power and get stuck in the elevator after a fire. When a fire breaks out, if the passage is blocked, you should close your door, quickly open the window, escape from the safety ladder, or shout for help. You can also make your own escape tools, such as using sheets and other materials to form a rope to escape. When there is really nothing you can do, try to escape to places where fire and smoke are difficult to spread, such as toilets, security rooms, etc. Close doors and windows and block gaps. If possible, water can be poured on doors, windows and other combustible objects. When escaping from the fire scene, cover your mouth and nose with wet cloth as much as possible and lean forward. 127. To prevent fire caused by static electricity, you can take measures such as grounding, bridging, controlling flow rate, preventing splash and impact, using as few pipes and containers made of non-conductive materials as possible, increasing air humidity, preventing the human body from being electrified, etc. 128. Citizens’ fire-fighting responsibilities: (1) Study * And master the scientific knowledge of fire prevention, strictly abide by fire regulations, and proactively perform fire safety work. (2) Voluntarily protect fire-fighting facilities, do not damage, misappropriate, dismantle, or deactivate fire-fighting facilities and equipment, and do not bury or encircle fire hydrants. No fire separation distance is occupied. Do not block fire escapes. (3) Do not carry fire into places where flammable and explosive dangerous goods are produced or stored, and do not carry flammable and explosive dangerous goods into public places or take public transportation. (4) Report the fire alarm immediately after a fire occurs ； Private communication tools should facilitate fire alarms free of charge ； Do not lie about fire alarms. (5) Adult citizens have the obligation to participate in organized fire-fighting work 129. First aid for liquefied petroleum gas. The main components of liquefied petroleum gas are propane, propylene, butane, and butene. All hydrocarbons that make up liquefied petroleum gas have strong * * effect. However, because their solubility in the blood is very small, they have no effect on the physiological functions of the body under normal pressure conditions. If the concentration of liquefied petroleum gas in the air is very high and the oxygen content in the air is reduced, it can cause suffocation. (1) Symptoms of poisoning include dizziness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, numbness of limbs and glove-like sensory impairment. Contact with high-concentration liquefied petroleum gas can cause coma. (2) Use first aid to quickly remove the injured person from the scene, undress him, keep him warm, and inhale oxygen. Use brain cell metabolism agents. Such as cytochrome C, APT, coenzyme A and vitamin C, B1 B6, B12 ； Wait for the drip. People with respiratory failure can use respiratory stimulants such as colamin, lobeline, etc. 130. First aid for burns: Depending on the type of burn, the following first aid measures can be taken:: (1) Take effective measures to extinguish the flames on the body and enable the injured to quickly leave the scene of the injury. When clothes catch fire, various methods should be used to extinguish the fire as soon as possible, such as flooding, showering, lying down and rolling on the spot, etc. Do not run or stand upright to avoid fueling the fire and causing or aggravating respiratory burns. After extinguishing the fire, the wounded should take off their clothes immediately. If the clothes and skin are stuck together, the unglued parts can be cut off with the help of rescue personnel and the wounds can be bandaged. (2) Prevent shock and infection. In order to prevent the casualty from shock and wound infection, oral analgesics should be given to the casualty (it is contraindicated when there is a burn on the brain or severe respiratory tract). * * ) and sulfa drugs, or intramuscular injection of antibiotics, and oral burn drinks, or light salt tea, light salt water, etc. Generally, it is advisable to drink small amounts many times. If vomiting, abdominal distension, etc. occur, oral administration should be stopped. It is forbidden for the wounded to simply drink boiled water or sugar water to avoid complications such as cerebral edema. (3) Protect the wound. In fire scenes, no special treatment is generally required for burn wounds. Try not to burst blisters, and do not apply colored topical drugs such as gentian violet, so as not to affect the judgment of the depth of the burned surface. In order to prevent the wound from continuing to be contaminated, aggravate the infection and deepen the wound, the wound should be bandaged immediately and simply and correctly with a triangular towel, large gauze, clean clothes and sheets. When the hands and feet are burned, each finger and toe should be bandaged separately to prevent adhesions. (4) Combined injury treatment. Those with fractures should be immobilized ； When bleeding occurs, stop bleeding urgently ； Those with head, chest and abdominal injuries must be treated accordingly and sent to the hospital for treatment in a timely manner. (5) Send to hospital quickly for treatment. After receiving simple first aid at the fire scene, the injured should be sent to a nearby hospital for treatment as soon as possible. Pay attention to prevent shock before and during the escort. Movements should be gentle and smooth when handling to minimize the pain of the injured. 131. The "Three Understandings and Three Meetings" of fire protection knowledge refer to the dangers of fire, the methods to put out fires, and the measures to prevent fires. ； Be able to call a fire alarm, use a fire extinguisher, and escape to save yourself. 132. Pay attention to the following fire safety precautions in the kitchen: (1) Wear short sleeves or appropriate long sleeves when cooking to avoid fireworks from burning clothes. (2) When cooking food, do not leave at will, and turn off the fireworks before leaving. (3) Do not let children enter the kitchen to play. 133. Try not to go to the following public places for consumption:: (1) Places with only one entrance and exit. (2) Places located in basements. (3) Places decorated with flammable materials. (4) Places with unqualified fire safety equipment. (5) Places where the fire prevention area is damaged. 134. Major fire safety hazards in public places:  (1) Lock the safety door. (2) The safety door that should normally be kept closed is opened at any time. (3) The safety door leading to the roof platform is locked. (4) Safety ladders, passages (such as walkways), stairs, etc. are blocked. 135. For your own safety, you should first understand the situation when entering unfamiliar places.: (1) Escape direction.  (2) The location of safety doors and ladders, and whether they are open and locked. (3) Check the locations of fire hydrants, descent machines, rescue bags and other fire-fighting and evacuation equipment. 136. After a fire occurs, tape or wet towels, sheets, clothes, etc. should be used to plug the cracks in the door to prevent smoke from entering through the cracks. 137. If the original design of the power distribution equipment of the old building is not regularly inspected and updated, as the number of household appliances gradually increases, the power consumption increases, and overload use is likely to cause wire overload and heat, causing fires. 138. Bundling of wires may cause parts of the wires to break, resulting in high impedance, causing the wires to heat up and cause wire fires. 139. Electric wires should be prevented from being pressed down by heavy objects. If the wires are pressed down by heavy objects, the wires may be partially broken, high impedance may be generated to heat the wires, and the insulation surface may be damaged, resulting in a short circuit of the wires. 140. The most common locations for wire short circuits are the contact parts of sockets and plugs. Exposed wires are damaged by external forces or electrical appliances overheat, causing internal short circuits. 141. Old household power distribution wiring, damaged external insulation, and faulty switches without fuses can easily cause fires. 142. Pull the plug * If the wire is pulled tightly by inertia, it will cause the wire to loosen and cause a fire. 143. The most common danger caused by the use of household appliances is long-term use. Overheating of wiring or motors can damage the insulation, causing short circuits in wires and causing fires. 144. Electrical plugs should be wiped regularly, otherwise dust, hair or patina will gradually accumulate on the poles of the plug, increasing the electrical impedance and causing a fire. 145. Using other metals instead of fuses will cause electrical overload and failure to melt, causing fires. 146. There is a risk of explosion when dry batteries are used for charging. 147. When using gas, you must pay attention to whether there is a smell, confirm that there is no gas leakage before turning on the gas, and pay attention to good ventilation. 148. Pay attention when using gas cylinders:     (1) Please pay attention to the inspection period of the cylinder and attach the inspection qualification mark.     (2) Please keep the cylinder upright and avoid violent vibrations.     (3) Place in a well-ventilated place away from sunlight.   (4) Do not use the cylinder upside down.     (5) Do not place objects on the cylinder to avoid ignition. 149. When you suspect there is a leak in the gas pipe (pipeline) in your home, do not use a match or lighter to test the gas. Instead, use soap bubbles to check for leaks. 150. How to deal with gas leaks:      (1) Turn off the gas switch immediately.      (2) Never turn on or off any electrical switch.      (3) Gently open all doors and windows and quickly escape outdoors.     (4) Alarm processing. 151. Using electrical appliances to bake clothes may cause fire, so you must pay attention to safety.  Clothes are flammable items, and their ignition point is around 200°C. If the baking time is too long, the clothes will burn and catch fire. 152. Keeping the tape recorder powered for a long time may cause a fire. Some tape recorders do not have a power switch. The transformer will turn on the power when the plug is inserted into the socket. If the transformer has poor insulation quality due to the ferrosilicon sheet or coil, the iron core will heat up or the coil insulation will be damaged and cause a fire. 153. Cigarette butts are easy to cause fires. The temperature of the cigarette butt tip is relatively high. Its surface temperature is 200 to 300 degrees Celsius, and the core temperature can reach 700 to 800 degrees Celsius. The ignition point of most combustible substances is lower than the surface temperature of the cigarette butt. For example, the ignition point of paper is 130°C, the ignition point of linen is 15°C, the ignition point of cloth is 200°C, the ignition point of candle is 19°C, and the ignition point of linoleum is 19°C. The ignition point of celluloid is 100 ℃, the ignition point of turpentine is 53 ℃, the ignition point of camphor is 7O ℃, the ignition point of rubber is 120 ℃, the ignition point of yellow phosphorus is 34 ℃, and the ignition point of wheat straw is 200 ℃. Therefore, once a cigarette butt is thrown on a combustible material whose ignition point is lower than the surface temperature of the cigarette butt tip, it is very easy to cause a fire accident. 154. Gasoline, alcohol, banana water and other flammable and explosive items cannot be stored in the refrigerator or other cool places. When storing volatile flammable and explosive items in the refrigerator, due to the small size of the refrigerator, it is easy to form an explosive mixture. If sparks are generated when starting, an explosion and fire are likely to occur. Therefore, it is strictly prohibited to store flammable and explosive items in the refrigerator. 155. If a household appliance or circuit catches fire, you must first cut off the power supply, because some fire extinguishing agents are conductive, while some fire extinguishing agents are not conductive, but their insulation properties are not very good. If an electrical fire breaks out, use fire extinguishing agents to put out the fire without cutting off the power supply, which is likely to cause electric shock and casualties. 156. If a fire breaks out indoors, you should not quickly open the door to put out the fire. When the doors and windows in the room are closed, the air does not circulate and the indoor oxygen supply is insufficient, so the fire develops slowly. Under normal circumstances, there is only a lot of smoke but no high flame. If the doors and windows are opened and a large amount of fresh air enters the room, the fire will develop rapidly. In addition, due to the convection of the air, the flames will escape outside, causing the fire to spread and form a large-area fire. 157. When a fire occurs, you should dial the fire alarm number "119" in time. After the call is answered, you should calmly and accurately state the unit where the fire started, the area, the street, the house number, the location of the fire, the burning materials, the size of the fire, the name of the person who called the police, and the number of the phone used. After the alarm is raised, people should be sent to meet and guide the fire trucks into the fire scene at the intersection to put out the fire in time and reduce losses. 158. When using dry powder and 1211 fire extinguishers, aim the nozzle at the root of the flame and use continuous spraying to extinguish the fire. 159. If all escape routes are blocked by fire, you can use flashlights, wave clothes, call, etc. to send distress signals out of the window and wait for rescue. When trapped by fire, distress signals must be displayed correctly. Lying down is more effective than standing up to call for help. If the sound is really difficult to hear, you can also use methods such as shining a flashlight, waving bright clothes, or throwing things downstairs to attract the attention of rescuers. 160. Thirteen tips for escaping from fire: The first trick: Escape rehearsal, stay calm in the face of danger. Everyone is responsible for their own work and study * Or, the structure and escape routes of the building where you live should be clearly understood. If necessary, emergency escape drills can be organized to make everyone familiar with the fire protection facilities in the building and self-rescue escape methods. This way, when a fire breaks out, you won't feel like you have no other options. please remember: Rehearsing beforehand will get twice the result with half the effort. The second trick: Familiarize yourself with the environment and secretly mark the exit. When you are in an unfamiliar environment, such as staying in a hotel, shopping in a shopping mall, or entering an entertainment venue, for your own safety, you must pay attention to the evacuation passages, safety exits, and stair locations, etc., so that you can escape the scene as soon as possible at critical times. please remember: When everything is safe, you must be prepared for danger in times of peace and reserve a path for yourself. The third trick: The exit of the passage is unobstructed. Stairs, passages, safety exits, etc. are the most important means of escape in the event of a fire. They should be kept unimpeded and must not be stacked with debris or locked, so that they can be passed safely and quickly in an emergency. please remember: If you cut off your own retreat, you will definitely die. The fourth trick: Put out small fires and benefit others. When a fire occurs, if it is found that the fire is not large and has not yet posed a great threat to people, if there are sufficient fire-fighting equipment around, such as fire extinguishers, fire hydrants, etc., efforts should be made to control and put out the small fire. ； Never scream and run around in panic, ignoring a small fire and causing a big disaster. please remember: Race against time to extinguish the "incipient fire". The fifth trick: Stay calm, know your direction, and evacuate quickly. When encountering a fire suddenly and facing heavy smoke and fire, you must first force yourself to remain calm, quickly judge the dangerous and safe locations, decide on escape methods, and evacuate the dangerous area as soon as possible. Never blindly follow the flow of people, crowd each other, and rush around randomly. When evacuating, be careful and run towards bright places or open areas outside. Try to run below the floor. If the passage has been blocked by fireworks, you should leave in the direction of the fireworks and escape outdoors through balconies, windows, rooftops, etc. please remember: Only when people are calm can they come up with good ideas. The sixth trick: Don't go into danger, don't be greedy for money. In a fire scene, human life is the most important thing. If you are in a dangerous situation, you should evacuate as soon as possible. Don't waste your precious escape time on dressing or looking for and moving valuables out of shyness or concern for valuables. People who have escaped from dangerous situations must not return to dangerous areas and throw themselves into a trap. please remember: As long as the green hills remain, there is no need to worry about running out of firewood. The seventh trick: Simple protection, cover your nose and crawl. When escaping through smoke-filled routes, you must prevent smoke poisoning and suffocation. In order to prevent the smoke from entering the fire scene, you can use a towel or mask to cover your nose and crawl to evacuate. Smoke is lighter than air and floats upward. Evacuation close to the ground is the best way to avoid inhaling smoke and filter out poisonous gases. When passing through a fireworks blockade area, you should wear gas masks, helmets, flame-retardant and insulating clothing and other protective equipment. If you do not have these protective equipment, you can pour cold water on your head and body, or wrap your head and body with wet towels, wet quilts, wet blankets, etc., and then rush out. please remember: It’s better to have multiple protective tools in hand than bare hands. The eighth trick: Make good use of the passages and do not enter the elevator. Buildings designed and constructed according to regulatory standards will have more than two escape stairs, passages or safety exits. In the event of a fire, you should choose to enter a relatively safe stairway according to the situation. In addition to using the stairs, you can also use the balconies, window sills, etc. of the building to climb to a safe place around you. You can also escape by sliding down the stairs along the downpipes, lightning protection lines and other protrusions in the building structure. In high-rise buildings, the power supply system of the elevator may be cut off at any time during a fire or the elevator may be deformed due to heat, causing people to be trapped in the elevator. At the same time, because the elevator shaft is like a continuous chimney that leads directly to each floor, the toxic smoke directly threatens the lives of the trapped people. Therefore, never take an ordinary elevator to escape. please remember: When escaping, it is extremely dangerous to take the elevator. Ninth trick: Escape slowly and slide the rope to save yourself. High-rise and multi-story public buildings are generally equipped with high-altitude descent devices or lifeline ropes, and personnel can use these facilities to safely leave dangerous floors. If these specialized facilities are not available, and the safety passage is blocked and rescuers cannot arrive in time, you can quickly use the ropes around you or sheets, curtains, clothes, etc. to make a simple lifeline, wet it with water, and slowly slide it from the window sill or balcony to the floor below or the ground to escape safely. please remember: If you are brave and careful, your lifeline is always at your side. The tenth trick: Stay at the shelter and wait for help. If you touch the door and it feels hot, then once you open the door, flames and smoke will inevitably hit you. The escape route was cut off and no one could rescue him for a short time. At this time, measures can be taken to create a refuge place and wait for help. First, close the doors and windows facing the fire tightly, open the doors and windows facing away from the fire, plug the door cracks with a wet towel or a wet cloth, or soak the quilt with water to cover the windows, and then keep drenching the room with water to prevent the penetration of fireworks, and stay in the room until rescuers arrive. please remember: Why should a strong shield be afraid of a sharp spear? Eleventh trick: Shake gently and toss gently to seek help. People who are temporarily trapped by fireworks and unable to escape should try to stay on balconies, windows and other places where they are easy to be discovered and where they can avoid fireworks. During the day, you can shake brightly colored clothing out of the window or throw light dazzling objects outside. ； At night, you can use a flashlight to flash at the window or tap on something to send out an effective distress signal in time and attract the attention of rescuers. Because firefighters always grope along the walls when entering a room, when they are suffocated by smoke and lose the ability to save themselves, they should try to roll to the wall or door to facilitate search and rescue by firefighters. In addition, rolling to the wall can also prevent the house structure from collapsing and injuring yourself. please remember: Only by fully exposing yourself can you strive to effectively save yourself. Twelfth trick: Do not run away if the fire reaches you. If people at the fire scene find that their bodies are on fire, they must not run away or slap them with their hands, because running or slapping will create wind, which will accelerate the replenishment of oxygen and promote the fire. When your clothes catch fire, you should quickly take off your clothes or roll on the spot to put out the flames. ； It will be more effective if you can jump into the water in time or have someone pour water or spray fire extinguisher on you. please remember: Although it is embarrassing to roll on the spot, the burning of the body by the fire can be avoided. Thirteenth trick: There is a skill in jumping off a building to survive despite the damage. People who are exposed to the smoke of a fire often suffer from extreme mental terror and are close to collapse. Their panic can easily lead to desperate and harmful behaviors such as jumping off a building to escape. It should be noted that: The method of jumping from a building can only be used when firefighters have prepared a life-saving air mattress and directed the person to jump off the building, or when the floor is not high (generally below 4 floors) and someone will burn to death without jumping off the building. Even if there is no way out, if your life is not seriously threatened, you should calmly wait for rescue by firefighters. Jumping from a building also requires skills. When jumping from a building, you should try to jump to the middle of the air cushion or choose a direction with a pool, soft awning, grass, etc. ； If possible, try to hold some soft items such as quilts and sofa cushions or open a large umbrella and jump off to reduce the impact. If you jump from a building with bare hands, be sure to grab the window sill or balcony and let your body hang down naturally to minimize the vertical distance. Before landing, you should hold your head with your hands and bend your body into a ball to reduce injuries. Although you can survive by jumping off a building, it will cause some damage to your body, so be careful. please remember: Jumping off a building is not the same as committing suicide, the key is to have a way

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This post was last posted by Shijian Piaohong on 2012-9-14 20:16. The editor can go to the blogs of some security training experts, such as Teacher Free Space and Teacher Wang Hong.