Requesting new employee training materials

If the training is theoretical, then a brief overview of chemical engineering principles will suffice; if it’s to be more targeted, it will be necessary to explain what products you produce

Principles of Chemical Engineering? Is it a bit too difficult? Operators generally have a junior high or high school education level. The reason for creating an accelerated learning version is to address the concern that they might not know anything at all; at present, I am thinking about the following aspects: various dangerous and harmful factors in the operating environment and their prevention methods, as well as escape techniques ； Use of basic fire-fighting equipment and protective gear ； Knowledge of self-rescue and mutual rescue ； Analysis of accident cases that have occurred within the company. But these are still just ideas at the moment; nothing has been written down yet. The aim is mainly to see if you have any templates or guidelines

This post was last edited by muzijindui on 2009-8-6 09:59. Fire prevention knowledge database: 1. Relevant authorities in the fields of news, publishing, broadcasting, film, television, etc., have the obligation to carry out fire safety education and awareness campaigns. 2. The fire alarm number commonly used on the Chinese mainland is 119. 3. Anyone who discovers a fire should call the police immediately. 4. All organizations and individuals shall provide assistance for reporting crimes without charge, and must not obstruct such reporting. 5. All units and individuals have the obligation to maintain fire safety, protect fire-fighting facilities, prevent fires, and report fire incidents. 6. After calling the fire emergency number, the person who reported the fire should wait at the entrance or at an intersection for the fire truck to arrive. 7. National Fire Safety Day is November 9th. 8. When using a fire extinguisher to put out a fire, aim at the base of the flame. 9. In the absence of a fire, fire-fighting equipment must not be used for other purposes. 10. In the event of a fire in a public place, the on-site staff of that place have the obligation to organize and guide the people present to evacuate. 11. Ordinary classrooms usually have two doors, and neither door should be locked or blocked with desks. 12. The public security fire brigade participates in emergency rescue operations for disasters or accidents other than fires, and carries out such tasks under the unified command of the local people’s government. 13. Public security fire agencies have the authority to direct and mobilize professional fire teams to participate in fire fighting efforts. 14. The public security fire brigade charges no fee for fighting fires. 15. Public gathering places such as dance halls, theaters, hotels, restaurants, shopping malls, and marketplaces shall apply to the local public security fire department for a fire safety inspection before they are put into use or opened for business. 16. If government agencies, organizations, enterprises, or public institutions violate the provisions of the Fire Protection Law by failing to fulfill their fire safety responsibilities, they shall be ordered to make corrections within a specified time limit ； If the violation is not corrected within the prescribed time, administrative sanctions or warnings may be imposed in accordance with the law on the persons in charge who are directly responsible and other persons directly liable. 17. Those who, in violation of the Fire Protection Law, produce, store, transport, sell, use, or destroy flammable and explosive hazardous materials shall be ordered to cease such illegal activities; they may also be given a warning, fined, or detained for up to 15 days. 18. For those with serious fire hazards that fail to make corrections despite being notified by the public security fire department, the person in charge who is directly responsible for the unit and other directly liable persons may be subject to detention. 19. Those who cause a fire due to personal negligence and fail to cause serious losses shall be given a warning, fined, or detained for up to ten days. 20. After a fire is extinguished, those who deliberately damage the scene or fabricate it, if such actions do not constitute a crime, shall be given a warning, fined, or detained for up to 15 days. 21. According to the criminal law, the crime of negligently causing a fire is punishable by a fixed-term imprisonment of 3 to 7 years. 22. In cases where suspension of production or business operations is ordered, and such actions have a significant impact on economic and social life, the public security fire department shall submit a request to the local people’s government for a decision in accordance with the law, and it is the public security fire department that will carry out said suspension. 23. Penalties for violations of the Fire Protection Law shall be imposed by the public security fire protection authorities. 24. Children’s play areas should not be located in underground or semi-underground structures. 25. Fire inspections of public gathering places during business hours shall be conducted at least every two hours. 26. The emergency lighting installed in public areas must be able to provide power continuously for at least 20 minutes. 27. If public entertainment venues are to be located underground, they are only permitted to be situated on the first basement level. 28. Personnel engaged in fire-hazardous tasks such as welding and gas welding, as well as operators of automatic fire suppression systems, must hold valid certificates to work and must strictly adhere to fire safety procedures. 29. Before going to work or leaving home, residents should make sure to turn off the power, gas, and water supplies. 30. Flammable and explosive hazardous items are not allowed to be brought into public places or on public transportation. 31. The use of fireworks and firecrackers is strictly prohibited within 50 meters of the warehouse area. 32. According to statistics, over 80% of those who die in fires die as a result of suffocation from smoke. 33. Due to their high temperature, fire smoke is usually found in the upper part of indoor spaces. 34. The simplest way to prevent the harm of smoke in a fire is to cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel or cloth and escape along the evacuation routes while staying low to the ground. 35. In the event of a fire, evacuate quickly toward the exit. 36. In the event of a fire in a high-rise building, it is necessary to escape from the fire area as quickly as possible, using the stairs to do so. 37. When trapped at night by fire, one should use a flashlight to emit light or strike metal objects to create loud noises in order to call for help. 38. In the event of a fire involving household appliances, the power supply should be cut off first if there is no fire extinguisher available. 39. The power switch should be installed on a base made of non-flammable material. 40. A person must be present when using electric heating equipment, and the power supply should be turned off when leaving. 41. Foam fire extinguishers cannot be used to extinguish fires involving metallic sodium. 42. The pressure gauge on a fire extinguisher uses red, yellow, and green colors to indicate the pressure level; when the pointer is in the green area, it indicates normal pressure. 43. In cases of fire or in daily life, such as burns or scalds, the most effective emergency measures are to use cold water immersion or ice packs for immediate cooling to reduce heat. 44. The new fire severity classification standard, in effect since June 1, 2007, classifies fires into four categories: extremely serious, serious, relatively serious, and ordinary. The criteria for grading include three key indicators: death, serious injury, and direct property damage. In terms of economic losses, the direct property damage from particularly severe fires is over 100 million yuan. 45. A fire that results in the death of 3 or more but less than 10 people, or serious injuries to 10 or more but less than 50 people, or direct property damage amounting to 10 million yuan or more but less than 50 million yuan is considered a relatively large fire. 46. Fire protection work adheres to the principle of giving priority to prevention and combining prevention with suppression, upholds the principle of combining specialized agencies with the public, and implements a fire safety responsibility system. 47. In the event that large-scale gatherings, firework shows, lantern festivals, and other mass events are held without authorization and pose a fire hazard, the public security fire department shall order immediate correction ； If it cannot be corrected on the spot, an order shall be issued to cease holding it, and a fine may also be imposed. 48. Penalties for violations of the Fire Protection Law shall be imposed by the public security fire protection authorities. 49. When the switches, sockets, and lighting fixtures of lamps are located near flammable materials, protective measures such as insulation and heat dissipation should be taken. 50. Generally, the doors in public places open outward, as this orientation prevents congestion in the flow of people exiting. 51. Key fire safety units refer to those organizations where the likelihood of fires is high, and where a fire could result in serious casualties or significant property losses. 52. In addition to fighting fires, public security fire brigades should also participate in emergency rescue operations for other disasters and accidents. 53. Village committees and residential committees shall carry out mass-based fire prevention work, organize the formulation of fire safety conventions, and conduct fire safety inspections. 54. Staff members of public security fire agencies shall present their identification when conducting inspections and supervision. 55. The overall commander of the fire scene has the authority, as required by the needs of fighting the fire, to mobilize relevant units such as those responsible for water supply, power supply, medical assistance, and transportation to provide support in extinguishing the fire and providing rescue services. 56. When fighting extremely large-scale fires, the local people concerned **should organize relevant personnel and mobilize the necessary supplies to assist in extinguishing the fire. 57. After a fire is extinguished, the entity where the fire started shall protect the scene as required by the public security fire department, cooperate with the investigation of the incident, and provide accurate information regarding the facts of the fire. 58. The policy for fire prevention work in our country is to give priority to prevention, combining prevention with firefighting measures. 59. Administrative departments in charge of education, labor, etc., should include fire safety knowledge in teaching and training materials. 60. It is forbidden to burn leaves and garbage randomly on campus. 61. When fire trucks and fireboats are on their way to extinguish fires or to carry out rescue operations in response to other disasters, other vehicles, ships, and pedestrians must give way to them and must not cut in front of them or overtake them. 62. After a fire is extinguished, the public security fire department has the authority to seal off the fire scene as necessary, to investigate and determine the cause of the fire, to assess the losses caused by it, and to identify those responsible for the fire incident. 63. When using a light bulb, do not let it touch or come close to flammable materials. 64. Other miscellaneous items must not be placed or piled up in common areas such as corridors and stairwells. 65. The evacuation doors of safety exits in public entertainment venues should open outward. 66. When escaping from a fire, one should walk or crawl while bending over, and cover the mouth and nose with a wet towel. 67. When a fire blocks the exit and there is no way to escape, wet bedding, clothes, etc. can be used to seal the gaps around the door, and water can be poured on the door to lower its temperature, thereby slowing down the spread of the fire. Seek help by calling for assistance. 68. When reporting a fire, it is necessary to clearly state the location of the building where the fire broke out, its address, what is burning, and the extent of the fire. Also, provide the firefighter’s name and the phone number used to make the call, so that they can get in touch. 69. Fire-fighting equipment must not be used for other purposes. 70. The early stage of a fire is the most favorable time to extinguish it. 71. Mobile phones cannot be used in gas stations. 72. It is important to develop good habits when using fire; do not throw cigarette butts or other ignition sources into the trash can until they are completely extinguished. 73. Family members should understand the basic methods of escaping in case of a fire and be familiar with several escape routes. Only by planning in advance can they avoid panicking and acting blindly when a fire breaks out. 74. A fire is a disaster caused by uncontrolled combustion in terms of time and space. 75. Do not let children cook alone, as they lack experience in using fire safely. If allowed to cook by themselves, they often cause fires due to \"carelessness\" or \"inadequate supervision of the fire source.\" Once a fire breaks out, children become panicked, which can turn a small fire into a major disaster. 76. Minors must not be organized to put out fires when a fire breaks out. 77. When using a fire extinguisher to put out a fire, the best position is upwind or at an angle to the wind. 78. Dry powder fire extinguishers should be inspected at least once every six months. 79. In the event of a forest fire, run against the wind toward areas with fewer trees. 80. For combustion to occur, three conditions are required: a combustible material, an oxidizing agent, and a heat source. 81. Refrigerators are not suitable for storing flammable liquids, as when the combustible gases evolved from these liquids reach a certain explosive concentration, an explosion or fire can occur upon contact with the sparks generated by the relays inside the refrigerator. 82. It is not allowed to use a wood-burning stove, a coal stove, and a liquefied gas stove in the same room at the same time, as a leak from the liquefied gas stove in the presence of an open flame can cause a fire. 83. The four basic measures for extinguishing fires are isolation, smothering, cooling, and chemical suppression. 84. If a household appliance or wire catches fire, the power supply must be turned off first. Use a dry powder or gas fire extinguisher to put out the fire; do not use water directly. The fire must be extinguished promptly to prevent explosions from causing injuries. 85. When a liquefied petroleum gas cylinder or stove is leaking, the cylinder valve should be closed first, and windows should be opened to allow ventilation and disperse the flammable gases. It is strictly forbidden to turn on any household appliances or any source of fire; immediately contact the staff at the liquefied petroleum gas station for prompt repair. 86. When using a liquefied petroleum gas stove, it is necessary to light the flame first and then turn on the gas supply. If the gas is turned on before lighting the flame, the large amount of liquefied petroleum gas that is released can mix with air to form an explosive mixture, which poses a risk of explosion when exposed to an open flame. Therefore, the flame should be lit first before turning on the gas. 87. In the event of a fire involving liquefied petroleum gas, protect your hands with a wet cloth, quickly close the valve on the gas cylinder, and then use fire extinguishing equipment to put out the fire. 88. When using a dry powder fire extinguisher, first remove the safety pin; hold the nozzle with one hand and aim it at the base of the flames at the site of the fire, then press the handle with the other hand. 89. To use a portable foam fire extinguisher, hold the handle with one hand and the base ring with the other; turn the extinguisher upside down and shake it gently a few times, and the foam will be discharged. 90. Use and precautions for carbon dioxide fire extinguishers: For those with a handwheel, hold the handle, lift the nozzle to aim it at the source of fire, and open the control valve to release carbon dioxide. Duckbill type: The safety pin should be removed, the base of the nozzle should be held, and the upper part of the duckbill-shaped component should be pressed downward; carbon dioxide will then be emitted from the nozzle. Precautions: After use in confined spaces, evacuate immediately; never use against the wind, and also be careful to avoid frostbite. (Because liquid carbon dioxide absorbs heat when it vaporizes.) 91. The reasons for fires caused by electrical equipment include: (1) short circuits ； (2) Overload ； (3) Contact resistance heat ； (4) Spark and arc ； (5) Surface heat of lighting fixtures, electric heating elements, and electric heating tools ； (6) Overpressure heating ； (7) Eddy current heat 92. The characteristics of fires in high-rise buildings are: first, they spread rapidly ； Second, it is difficult to escape ； Third is the difficulty in extinguishing the fire. 93. The dangers of storing miscellaneous items in residential buildings are: (1) it can easily cause fires and lead to their spread ； (2) After a fire breaks out, the passages become blocked, making it difficult to evacuate people and supplies ； (3) Hinder the suppression of fires. 94. Bottled liquefied petroleum gas shall not be used in high-rise civil buildings. Due to the flammability and explosiveness of gas itself, there are significant dangers associated with its transportation and storage. 95. Fires involving the following substances cannot be extinguished with water: (1) Substances that burn when in contact with water. Substances such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, and aluminum powder can rapidly undergo chemical reactions with water to produce hydrogen gas, releasing a large amount of heat and thus posing a risk of explosion ； (2) Fires involving high-voltage electrical equipment generally cannot be extinguished with water in the absence of proper grounding or power disconnection ； (3) Fires involving flammable liquids that are lighter than water and insoluble in water, such as fires caused by gasoline or kerosene ； (4) In the event of fires involving sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, or nitric acid, it is not advisable to use a strong water jet to extinguish them, as this can cause splashing and injury ； (5) Molten iron and molten steel cannot be extinguished with water directly, as water decomposes rapidly into hydrogen and oxygen upon contact with high temperatures, resulting in a fire explosion. 96. The commonly used fire extinguishing agents in our country include water, dry powder, foam, carbon dioxide, and others. 97. Fire extinguishers should be placed near the items to be protected, in a well-ventilated and dry area, and in a location where they are easily accessible. 98. Common types of fire trucks include water tank fire trucks, foam-water tank fire trucks, dry powder fire trucks, fire ladder trucks, and multi-functional fire trucks. 99. Factors that can cause fires in household settings include: (1) smoking ； (2) Lighting ； (3) Domestic use of fire ； (4) Children playing with fire ； (5) Repelling mosquitoes ； (6) Setting off fireworks and firecrackers ； (7) Fire for sacrificial and religious ceremonies ； (8) Use or store flammable materials ； (9) Electrical wiring and household appliances. 100. A short circuit occurs when the live wire and neutral wire, or the live wire and ground wire in an electrical circuit come into contact with each other, resulting in a sudden increase in current. During a short circuit, extremely high temperatures are generated instantly, causing the wire metal to melt and the insulation layer to burn, which in turn ignites nearby flammable materials and leads to a fire. The main reasons for short circuits in household electricity use are: (1) inappropriate selection of insulation, such as a high voltage level combined with a low insulation rating ； (2) The insulation layer loses its insulating properties due to high temperatures, humidity, and corrosion ； (3) Tie the wires with wire and hang the insulation on metal objects ； (4) Over time, the insulation layer wears out and ages ； (5) Lightning overvoltage, voltage rise when the line is unloaded, etc., can cause the insulation layer of the conductor to be damaged and lead to a short circuit. 101. Student dormitories are prone to fires, with the main causes including lighting candles, smoking, improper use of high-power electrical appliances, and burning trash. 102. To handle a minor fire at home, one should: (1) Whether it’s a fire in one’s own home or that of a neighbor, call the police immediately and take active measures to extinguish the fire ； (2) When someone is trapped, rescue them first ； (3) If a fire breaks out in a closed room, do not open the doors or windows casually to prevent fresh air from entering and causing the fire to spread ； (4) In the event of a fire indoors, if it is difficult to control and extinguish the fire immediately, first remove the liquefied gas cylinders and other flammable and explosive hazardous materials from the room ； (5) In the event of a fire involving household electrical equipment, the power supply must be cut off immediately, after which the fire can be extinguished using a fire extinguisher, or by smothering it with a wet blanket, canvas, etc ； (6) In case of a fire in the kitchen, the most common scenario is a fire in a frying pan; immediately use a lid or vegetables to smother the fire, or use a fire extinguisher to put it out ； (7) When a household liquefied petroleum gas cylinder catches fire, the key to extinguishing it is to cut off the gas supply. 103. Fluorescent lamps cause fires mainly due to their ballasts, which are composed of enameled coils and silicon steel sheets. When the ballast is powered on, both the coil and the silicon steel sheets heat up; those of lower quality tend to heat up even more. If the temperature becomes too high, the insulation can be damaged, resulting in a short circuit that may ignite nearby flammable materials. 104. One must not fake fire alarms; doing so not only undermines social morals but is also an illegal act that disrupts social order and endangers public safety. If a fire department is dispatched in response to a false fire alarm, it will result in a shortage of firefighting resources in its assigned area. If a real fire does break out at that time, there will be no or insufficient firefighting forces available to extinguish it within a certain period of time, and the consequences can be imagined. Currently, 119 fire stations across the country are equipped with computers, automatic phone recording systems, and other advanced fire communication devices. Once a fire dispatcher detects a fake alarm, they will use various methods to quickly identify the perpetrators and the phone they used, and take appropriate action. 105. The following fire prevention measures should be taken into account when decorating living rooms: (1) Try to avoid using wooden materials on a large scale ； (2) Use fire-resistant materials as much as possible. For the ceiling, materials such as gypsum board and asbestos board can be used, which are fire-resistant, flame-retardant, lightweight, and moisture-proof ； (3) Another issue related to home fire prevention that cannot be ignored is electricity. In the past, household electricity was mainly used for lighting; but now, with advances in technology and rising living standards, a wide variety of household appliances have become common in homes. Therefore, electricians working for renovation companies must follow strict standards, and homeowners undertaking home renovations should pay close attention to ensuring this. At the same time, wires, as well as sockets and switches used in conjunction with them, should be products that have passed **appropriate testing; one must never choose cheap alternatives just to save money, as this can lead to serious problems and pose a fire hazard. 106. When using candles for temporary lighting, take the following measures to prevent fires: (1) The use of candles is strictly prohibited in warehouses ； (2) When using candles for lighting, they must not be placed on flammable materials and should be kept away from them ； (3) The candle must be extinguished after the person leaves. 107. Method of using indoor fire hydrants to extinguish fires: First, open the fire hydrant box (or break the glass of the hydrant box), take out the hose, connect it to the hose connectors and the nozzle, and then turn on the water valve. 108. Do not use regular elevators in case of a fire: (1) After a fire breaks out, power outages often occur, causing the elevators to get stuck and making rescue efforts more difficult. (2) The elevator shafts lead directly to all floors of the building; when smoke fills the elevator shafts during a fire, a \"chimney effect\" can easily occur, and people inside the elevators can suffocate from the dense smoke at any time. 109. Methods of calling for help when trapped inside a building during a fire: If someone is trapped inside a building by a fire and tries to call for help, it is difficult for people outside to hear them. At this time, the person trapped should stay calm and lie on the ground to call for help. As the fire rises with the air currents, in the lower areas where the combustible materials have been burned or not, sound waves of cries for help can pass through these gaps and spread outward. In this way, outside parties can easily hear the cries for help and take action to rescue them in a timely manner. 110. If the smoke alarm suddenly goes off while you are sleeping at night, you should lower your body and move slowly toward the door, then use the back of your hand to check whether the door is hot. If the door is hot, opening it will allow fire to enter the room and cause death. If the door panel is not hot, perhaps the fire is still in its early stages, and it may still be possible to escape through the regular exit. 111. In the event of a fire, if you are on a higher floor and unable to escape from your room through the window, with smoke filling the hallway, you should (1) return to the room immediately and call the fire department ； (2) Wrap a wet towel around the door ； (3) If there is difficulty breathing and no fire has broken out yet, open a slit above and below the window ； (4) Wait by the window in order to send a distress signal to the firefighters. Note: Under no circumstances should you use the elevator to escape at this time, unless the fire department tells you to do so, as the electrical system is highly prone to short circuits, posing a risk of being trapped in the elevator. When it is temporarily impossible to escape the room, one should crouch under a slightly open window and wait in order to breathe fresh air. Wrapping wet towels around the door is to prevent thick smoke from entering. 112. If the oil in a pan used for frying food catches fire, use vegetables or other items that are available to put into the pan in order to extinguish the fire, or cover the pan with its lid. Under no circumstances should water be used to put out the fire, as this will cause the burning oil to splash around. 113. If a household appliance or wire catches fire, the power supply must be turned off first. Use a dry powder or gas fire extinguisher to put out the fire; do not use water directly. The fire must be extinguished promptly to prevent explosions from causing injuries. 114. How to create a home evacuation plan: (1) First, become familiar with all the evacuation routes in your floor, and be ready to evacuate quickly at any time. (2) On regular days, one should practice with family in advance as to what route to take to escape in the event of a fire, and reach the agreed-upon meeting point. (3) One should be familiar with the fire-fighting equipment in the floor where they reside and its usage. 115. In the event of a gas leak, the following should be done: (1) Immediately turn off the gas switch. (2) Under no circumstances should any electrical switches be turned on or off. (3) Gently open all doors and windows and quickly escape outside. (4) Alarm handling. (No telephones may be used at home.) 116. In the event of a fire involving a household liquefied petroleum gas cylinder, the following actions should be taken: if there is a fire extinguisher, it can be used to put out the fire. If there is no fire extinguisher, and it is a small fire at its initial stage, one should quickly use a wet towel or cloth to cover the cylinder valve and then extinguish the fire. If the fire is severe, while calling the police, one should quickly remove items such as quilts, cotton padding, and coats from the room, wet them with water, and then use them to cover the gas cylinders in order to extinguish the fire; after that, the switch should be turned off immediately. 117. In the event of a fire in a shopping mall (market), ways to escape include: (1) Using the evacuation routes. Every shopping mall is equipped with indoor stairs and outdoor stairs as required; some also have escalators and fire elevators. In the event of a fire, especially during the initial stages, these serve as excellent routes for escaping. (2) Use self-made equipment to escape; shopping malls (marketplaces) have a wide variety of goods, so there are many materials that can be utilized for escaping in the event of a fire. For example, towels and masks can be soaked to create smoke-blocking devices to cover the mouth and nose; ropes, cloth, sheets, carpets, and curtains can be used to create escape routes. (3) To escape using buildings, one can make use of downspouts, protruding parts inside and outside the building, various doors and windows, as well as the building’s lightning protection systems to escape, or move to a safe area and then look for an opportunity to escape. Elderly, weak, sick people, as well as women and children must not act recklessly, otherwise injuries or deaths can easily occur. (4) Find a shelter; when there is no way to escape, one should actively seek a shelter. Go to the outdoor balcony or the flat roof of the building to wait for rescue ； Choose a room where the fire and smoke cannot spread easily, close the doors and windows, and seal any gaps. If there is a water source in the room, immediately wet the doors, windows, and any flammable materials in order to prevent or slow down the spread of the fire and smoke. Whether day or night, those trapped should shout for help loudly and send out various signals to attract the attention of rescuers and help themselves escape from their predicament. 118. Methods of escaping in case of a fire in dance halls and karaoke rooms: (1) It is essential to remain calm while escaping. Since dance halls and karaoke rooms are usually open at night, with customers coming in and going out freely and in large numbers, coupled with dim lighting, fires can easily lead to overcrowding, resulting in injuries from being trampled or crushed in the chaos. Therefore, only by staying alert, identifying the location of safety exits, and taking some emergency shelter measures can we take control of the situation and reduce casualties. (2) Actively seek various escape methods; in the event of a fire, the first thing to consider is escaping quickly through the safety exits. During an evacuation, when people rush out in large numbers, it is easy for the exit routes to become blocked, preventing people from escaping smoothly and causing them to get trapped in the fire scene. In such situations, one should overcome the tendency to follow the crowd blindly, give up the idea of using the exit routes for escape, and instead opt for breaking windows to get out. For those located on the ground floor, it is possible to jump out through the window ； For those located on the second or third floor, one can grasp the window sill and slide down to minimize the height, allowing the feet to touch the ground first ； In high-rise buildings, one should first choose evacuation routes and stairways, as well as the roof and balconies for escaping. If these escape paths are blocked by flames and thick smoke, then one should use drainage pipes and windows to get out. When escaping through a window, it is necessary to roll up curtains or carpets into strips to create safety ropes for sliding down to save oneself; under no circumstances should one rush to jump from the building to avoid unnecessary injuries. (3) Finding a shelter: In the event of a fire in a dance hall or karaoke room located in a high-rise building, and when the escape routes are blocked by flames and thick smoke, with no alternative rescue facilities available at hand, those trapped must temporarily move to areas where the fire is less intense, signal for help by looking out of the windows, and wait for firefighters to come to their rescue. (4) Assist each other in escaping; there are many young people who engage in entertainment activities in dance halls and karaoke bars, and they have good physical fitness, allowing them to help one another escape from the fire or assist the elderly in getting out. (5) Prevent poisoning during evacuation, as dance halls and karaoke rooms have a large amount of decorative materials such as plastic and fibers on their walls and ceilings; in the event of a fire, toxic gases will be produced. Therefore, during the escape process, one should try to avoid shouting loudly to prevent smoke from entering the mouth. One should wet clothes with water and use them to cover the mouth and nostrils; if water is not available, drinks can be used to wet the clothes instead. Walking in a low position or crawling can also help reduce the damage caused by smoke to the body. 119. Families can carry out the following fire prevention checks: (1) Check whether there are any damages in the electrical wiring at home, whether the wire cores are exposed, and whether electrical appliances are being used beyond their capacity; if the wires show signs of severe aging, they should be replaced promptly. (2) Is there any leakage in the gas supply hose of the liquefied gas stove in the kitchen? ； In daily use, should one follow the procedure of first opening the cylinder valve and then turning on the ignition switch valve, and at the end, first closing the gas cylinder valve to cut off the gas supply and then turning off the ignition switch valve? Under no circumstances should it be operated when there is a leak, the tank should not be heated, nor should it be operated with its bottom facing up. LPG stoves, gas hoses, and gas cylinders should be regularly maintained. (3) Are household appliances such as televisions and heaters placed in appropriate locations at home? The television should be placed in a location that is free from moisture and dust and has good ventilation. It should not be stored near flammable or explosive liquids or gases, to prevent the television’s discharge of electricity from causing fires that could ignite those materials. Flammable and combustible items must not be piled up around the air conditioner, and curtains should not be draped over window air conditioners. The sockets for various electrical appliances should be kept away from sources of fire. If the power cords are damaged, they should be promptly wrapped with insulating tape to prevent short circuits. When various household appliances are no longer in use, the power supply should be turned off promptly. Appliances with poor performance or substandard quality should be repaired or replaced as soon as possible. (4) Are there any flammable and explosive daily items such as perfume, hair gel, nail polish, and lighters at home? Such items should be kept in a cool and dry place, away from heat sources or flames, and it is not allowed to heat them using exposure to sunlight or other methods. These items should be kept out of reach of children. (5) It is necessary to check whether the elderly and children at home have the habit of smoking in bed or playing with fire; fire safety education for them should be strengthened to raise their awareness of fire safety. (6) Are there any cluttered items at the stairways and balconies in the home? It is best not to install fenced balconies or security windows, to prevent cutting off one’s own escape route in the event of a fire. (7) It is advisable to have a small fire extinguisher at home to be prepared for any emergencies. 120. Escaping from underground buildings: Although fires in underground buildings pose a great risk, as long as we adopt the right methods for survival and self-protection, we can break through the gates of \"hell\" and head toward a place of hope. When you encounter a fire in an underground passage or building, the first thing to do is use a nearby fire extinguisher to put out the fire and prevent it from spreading, thereby buying time to escape. When escaping a fire, one should head for the nearest exit while there is still little smoke; never instinctively rush towards the exit through which you entered, and do not wait around just because the fire isn’t intense or the smoke isn’t thick. If the obvious exit is blocked, or if you can’t find it because you’re not familiar with the area, you can follow the direction in which the smoke is spreading. If the underground passage is filled with smoke, blocking your vision, or if there is a power outage due to a fire and everything around is in darkness, you can move along the walls, using your hands to feel your way to the exit. It is worth noting that in times of panic among the crowd, one must remain calm and avoid those who are in a state of fear. Reason will guide you toward safety, while panic will lead one to disaster. 121. Civilian liquefied petroleum gas cylinders must not be placed lying down; when the cylinder is upright, the liquid is at the bottom and the gas is at the top. When the valve is opened, gas is released, and as the gas escapes, the liquid at the bottom gradually vaporizes, ensuring that there is a constant pressure of gas in the upper part of the cylinder. If the gas cylinder is placed horizontally, liquid accumulates near the opening of the cylinder. When the angle valve is opened, the liquid bursts out and rapidly vaporizes, its volume increasing by about 250 times. Such a large amount of gas **exceeds the capacity of the stove; one possibility is that a very large and intense flame is generated, which can ignite nearby flammable materials, while another possibility is that the gas does not have time to burn safely, resulting in a risk of explosion. 122. If one’s clothes catch fire, one should: (1) Remove the burning clothes as quickly as possible if it is feasible ； (2) Roll on the spot to extinguish the fire. Remember, under no circumstances should you run. 123. When using gas or liquefied gas, one must not leave for long periods of time: (1) If a person is away for an extended time, water in the containers on the stove may overflow, extinguishing the fire on the stove; yet the gas will continue to be released, and when it reaches a certain concentration, it can explode when exposed to an open flame. (2) Pots, kettles, etc. that are left sitting on the stove for a long time may dry out or burn out due to the prolonged exposure, even if water overflows, thereby causing a fire. 124. If a computer catches fire, even after turning it off or unplugging it, the components inside can still remain hot, which may lead to flames and toxic gases being released. The fluorescent screen and cathode ray tube may also explode. The following are the steps to take in such a situation: (1) When the computer starts to smoke or catch fire, immediately unplug it or turn off the main switch, then cover the computer with a wet blanket or quilt. This will help prevent the spread of flames and also protect against glass shards from the fluorescent screen. (2) Never pour water on a computer that is on fire, even if it is turned off, as a sudden drop in temperature can cause the hot cathode ray tube to burst. Furthermore, there is still residual current in the computer, and splashing water may cause electric shock. (3) Never lift the cover to take a look. When extinguishing a fire, to prevent the cathode ray tube from exploding and causing injury, one must approach the computer from the side or behind. 125. Methods of escaping from a theater: (1) Use the safety exits to escape. Theaters are equipped with fire evacuation routes, as well as emergency lighting devices such as door lights, wall lights, and floor lights. Signs indicating \"Emergency Exit,\" \"Exit,\" or \"Emergency Exit\" are marked in red on a white background. In the event of a fire, spectators should follow the directions indicated by these emergency lighting facilities and quickly use the evacuation routes with less traffic to exit. A. When a fire breaks out on stage, the main direction in which the fire spreads is toward the auditorium. Those who cannot evacuate from the hall in time should stay as close as possible to one end of the screening room to seize the opportunity to escape. B. In the event of a fire in the auditorium, the main direction in which the fire spreads is toward the stage, followed by the screening room. Evacuees can use the various exits in the stage, theater, and audience area to evacuate quickly. C. In the event of a fire in the theater, since the fire poses little threat to the audience area, evacuees can use the stage and various exits in the audience area to escape. D. In the event of a fire, spectators on upper floors can evacuate outward through the exit doors using the stairs. If the stairs are blocked by smoke, and the fire is not too severe, it is possible to rush out through the fire; although one might suffer some injuries, this approach can prevent death. Furthermore, local materials can be used to make makeshift life-saving equipment such as curtain fabric in order to create evacuation routes. (2) Precautions: A. Evacuating personnel should follow the instructions of the theater staff; avoid crowding each other, running around randomly, or blocking the evacuation routes, as this will slow down the evacuation process. B. During evacuation, people should walk as close as possible to load-bearing walls or load-bearing structures to avoid being injured by falling objects. Especially in the event of a fire in the auditorium, people should not stay in the center of the theater. C. When there is a lot of smoke, it is advisable to walk bent over or crawl, as the air near the ground is cleaner. 126. Methods for escaping from public gathering places: When entering or leaving hotels, restaurants, and shopping malls, one should pay attention to where the emergency exits, safety exits, balconies, corridors, refuge floors, stairs, fire extinguishers, alarm bells, etc. are located. In the event of a fire, one should immediately press the alarm bell or call the fire department. Upon hearing a fire alarm, do not panic; instead, listen carefully to the announcements in the area to find out which floor is on fire and what the escape routes and methods are. In the absence of an announcement over the speakers, one can evacuate through the safety evacuation routes or use the fire elevators. Under no circumstances use ordinary elevators, as they may lose power or get stuck inside after a fire. When a fire breaks out and the exits are blocked, one should lock their room door, quickly open the windows, escape using the emergency staircase, or shout for help. It is also possible to create makeshift escape tools, such as using bed sheets to make ropes for escaping. When there is really no other option, try to flee to places where the fire and smoke cannot spread easily, such as toilets or security rooms, and close the doors and windows to seal off any gaps. If possible, water combustible materials such as doors and windows. While escaping from a fire, cover your mouth and nose with a wet cloth as much as possible and move while bending over. 127. To prevent fires caused by static electricity, measures such as grounding, bonding, controlling flow rates, preventing splashing and impacts, using as few pipes and containers made of non-conductive materials as possible, increasing air humidity, and preventing people from carrying electric charges can be taken. 128. Citizens’ fire safety responsibilities: (1) Learn and master scientific knowledge on fire prevention, strictly abide by fire safety regulations, and take proactive measures to ensure fire safety. (2) Voluntarily protect fire protection facilities; do not damage, misappropriate, remove, or shut down such facilities and equipment, and do not bury or occupy fire hydrants. It does not occupy fire separation distances. Do not block fire exits. (3) Do not bring open flames into areas where flammable and explosive hazardous materials are produced or stored, and do not bring such hazardous materials into public places or on public transportation. (4) An fire alarm should be reported immediately after a fire breaks out ； Private communication tools should facilitate fire alarms without charge ； Do not fake fire alarms. (5) All adult citizens have the obligation to participate in organized fire-fighting efforts. 129. First aid for liquefied petroleum gas: The main components of liquefied petroleum gas are propane, propylene, butane, and butylene; all the hydrocarbons that make up liquefied petroleum gas possess strong **properties. However, due to their low solubility in blood, under normal pressure conditions they have no effect on the body’s physiological functions. If the concentration of liquefied petroleum gas in the air is very high, thereby reducing the oxygen content in the air, it can cause suffocation. (1) Symptoms of poisoning: After poisoning, there are symptoms such as dizziness, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting, along with numbness in the limbs and glove-sock-like sensory disturbances; exposure to high concentrations of liquefied petroleum gas can cause unconsciousness. (2) First aid: Quickly remove the injured person from the scene, loosen their clothing, keep them warm, and provide oxygen. Use brain cell metabolites. Such as cytochrome C, APT, coenzyme A, and vitamins C, B1, B6, B12 ； Isotonic drip. For those with respiratory failure, respiratory stimulants such as coramine and lobeline can be used. 130. First aid for burns: Depending on the type of burn, the following first aid measures can be taken: (1) Take effective actions to extinguish the flames on the victim’s body and help them leave the area where the burn occurred as quickly as possible. When clothes catch fire, various methods should be used to extinguish the fire as quickly as possible, such as dousing it with water, sprinkling water on it, or lying down and rolling on the ground. Under no circumstances should one run upright or stand there shouting, as this can exacerbate the fire and cause or worsen burns to the respiratory tract. After the fire is extinguished, the injured person should immediately remove their clothes. If the clothes are stuck to the skin, help from rescuers can be sought to cut away the stuck portions, after which the wound should be bandaged. (2) Prevent shock and infection. To prevent shock in the injured and infection of the wounds, they should be given oral painkillers (contraindicated in cases of burns to the head or severe respiratory tract burns**) and sulfonamides, or antibiotics administered by intramuscular injection; they should also be given oral burn fluids, or drinks such as weak salt tea or weak salt water. It is generally advisable to take small amounts multiple times; if vomiting, abdominal distension, etc. occur, oral administration should be stopped. It is necessary to prevent injured persons from drinking only plain water or sugar water, to avoid complications such as cerebral edema. (3) Protect the wound surface. In a fire scene, no special treatment is generally required for burn wounds; try not to puncture blisters, and avoid applying colored topical medications such as gentian violet, as this may affect the assessment of the depth of the burns. To prevent further contamination of the wound and avoid exacerbating the infection as well as deepening it, the wound should be promptly and properly wrapped using bandages, large pieces of gauze, clean clothes, and sheets. When the hands and feet are burned, each finger and toe should be wrapped separately to prevent adhesion. (4) Management of combined injuries. Those with fractures should be immobilized ； In case of bleeding, stop the bleeding immediately ； Those with head, brain, chest, or abdominal injuries must receive appropriate treatment and be taken to the hospital for emergency care promptly. (5) Transport to the hospital immediately for treatment. After receiving basic first aid at the scene of the fire, the injured should be taken to the nearest hospital for further treatment as soon as possible. Be careful to prevent shock before and during the escort. Handle the patient gently and move smoothly to minimize their pain. 131. The “three understandings and three abilities” in fire safety knowledge refer to understanding the hazards of fires, knowing how to extinguish fires, and being aware of the measures to prevent fires ； Know how to report a fire, how to use a fire extinguisher, and how to escape and save oneself. 132. The following fire safety precautions should be observed in the kitchen: (1) It is advisable to wear short-sleeved clothing or appropriate long-sleeved clothing while cooking, to prevent flames from spreading to the clothes. (2) Do not leave while cooking; turn off the stove before leaving. (3) Do not let children enter the kitchen to play. 133. Try to avoid visiting the following public places for consumption: (1) Places with only a single entrance and exit. (2) A location located in a basement. (3) Places decorated with flammable materials. (4) Locations with non-compliant fire safety equipment. (5) Sites where fire-resistant areas have been damaged. 134. Major fire safety hazards in public places include: (1) Safety doors being locked. (2) The safety door, which should normally remain closed, is left open at all times. (3) The safety door leading to the rooftop platform is locked. (4) Obstructions such as safety ladders, passages (e.g., walkways), and stairs. 135. For one’s own safety, when entering an unfamiliar place, one should first understand: (1) the directions for evacuation. (2) The location of safety doors and ladders, as well as whether they are open or locked. (3) Check the locations of fire extinguishing and evacuation equipment such as fire hydrants, descent devices, and rescue bags. 136. After a fire breaks out, use tape or wet towels, sheets, clothes, etc. to seal the gaps around the doors in order to prevent thick smoke from entering through them. 137. If the electrical distribution equipment originally designed for old buildings is not regularly inspected and upgraded, and as more home appliances are added leading to increased electricity consumption, overloading can occur, causing the wires to overheat and resulting in fires. 138. When wires are tied up, it may cause some of the wires to break, resulting in high impedance and heating of the wires, which can eventually lead to a fire. 139. Wires should be kept away from being pressed down by heavy objects. If a wire is compressed by such objects, it may break in some sections, resulting in high impedance that causes the wire to heat up, as well as damage to its insulation layer, which can lead to a short circuit. 140. The most common locations where wire short circuits occur are at the contact points of sockets and plugs; exposed wires can be damaged by external forces or due to overheating of electrical appliances, leading to internal short circuits. 141. Old wiring in home electrical systems, damaged external insulation, and the absence of fuse switches can easily lead to fires. 142. Pulling on the plug* and tightly gripping the wire can cause the wire to become loose, leading to a fire. 143. The most common danger associated with the use of household appliances is prolonged use, which can cause the wiring or motors to overheat and damage their insulation, leading to wire shorts and fires. 144. Electrical plugs should be wiped regularly; otherwise, dust, hair, or green rust will gradually accumulate at the two ends of the plug, increasing electrical resistance and thus posing a risk of fire. 145. Using other metals in place of fuses can cause electrical overload, preventing them from breaking and thus leading to fires. 146. Recharging dry batteries poses a risk of explosion. 147. When using gas, be sure to check for any odor; only turn it on after confirming there is no gas leakage, and ensure good ventilation. 148. When using gas cylinders, the following points should be noted: (1) Pay attention to the inspection deadline of the cylinder, and ensure it has a certificate indicating successful inspection. (2) Keep the gas cylinder upright and avoid severe vibrations. (3) Place in a well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight. (4) The gas cylinder must not be used with it laid down. (5) No items should be placed on the gas cylinder to prevent ignition. 149. If you suspect a leak in the gas pipes at home, do not use matches or lighters to test for leaks; instead, use soapy water bubbles to check for any leaks. 150. Procedures in case of gas leakage: (1) Immediately turn off the gas switch. (2) Under no circumstances should any electrical switches be turned on or off. (3) Gently open all doors and windows and quickly escape outdoors. (4) Alarm handling. 151. Using electrical appliances to dry clothes may cause fires; safety must be taken into account. Clothing is flammable; its ignition point is around 200°C, and excessive baking time can cause the clothing to burn and catch fire. 152. Leaving a recorder powered on for an extended period of time can lead to fires. Some recorders do not have a power switch; once the plug is inserted into the socket, the transformer is connected to the power supply. If the insulation quality of the silicon steel sheets or coils is poor, the core of the transformer may overheat or the coil insulation may be damaged, resulting in a fire. 153. Cigarette butts can also cause fires. The temperature of a cigarette butt is quite high – its surface temperature ranges from 200 to 300 degrees Celsius, while the temperature at its center can reach 700 to 800 degrees Celsius. The ignition point of most flammable materials is lower than the surface temperature of cigarette butts; for example, the ignition point of paper is 130 degrees Celsius, that of hemp fibers is 150 degrees Celsius, that of cloth is 200 degrees Celsius, that of candles is 190 degrees Celsius, that of varnished cloth is 165 degrees Celsius, that of celluloid is 100 degrees Celsius, that of turpentine is 53 degrees Celsius, that of camphor is 70 degrees Celsius, that of rubber is 120 degrees Celsius, that of yellow phosphorus is 34 degrees Celsius, and that of straw is 200 degrees Celsius. Therefore, once a cigarette butt is thrown on combustible material with a ignition point lower than the surface temperature of the butt, it can easily cause a fire accident. 154. Flammable and explosive substances such as gasoline, alcohol, and nail polish should not be stored in refrigerators or other cool places. When volatile flammable and explosive substances are kept in a refrigerator, the limited space inside the refrigerator can lead to the formation of explosive mixtures; if sparks are generated during operation, an explosion or fire is likely to occur. Therefore, it is strictly prohibited to store flammable and explosive items in refrigerators. 155. In the event of a fire involving household appliances or electrical wiring, it is necessary to cut off the power supply first. Some fire extinguishing agents are conductive, while others may not be conductive but lack good insulating properties. If a fire breaks out in an electrical system and fire extinguishing agents are used without first cutting off the power, electric shock and related injuries are likely to occur. 156. In the event of a fire indoors, one should not rush to open the door and enter to put out the fire. When the doors and windows in a room are closed, air circulation is prevented and there is insufficient oxygen inside, so the fire spreads slowly. Under normal circumstances, there is only a lot of smoke but no very high flames. If the doors and windows are opened, a large amount of fresh air enters the room, causing the fire to spread rapidly. Furthermore, due to air convection, the flame can spill outside, causing the fire to spread and resulting in a large-scale fire. 157. In the event of a fire, it is necessary to call the fire emergency number “119” promptly. Once the call is connected, one should calmly and accurately provide information such as the location of the fire, the district and street address, the house number, the area where the fire started, the materials that are burning, the intensity of the fire, the caller’s name, and the phone number being used. After reporting the fire, someone should be sent to the intersection to meet the fire truck and guide it to the site of the fire, so that it can be extinguished promptly and losses can be minimized. 158. When using dry powder and 1211 fire extinguishers, aim the nozzle at the base of the flame and use continuous spraying to put out the fire. 159. If all escape routes are blocked by the fire, one can use a flashlight, wave clothes, or shout to send distress signals out of the window and wait for rescue. When trapped by the fire, it is important to send distress signals correctly. Crying for help while lying down is more effective than standing up. If the sound is difficult to hear, one can also use a flashlight to emit light, wave bright-colored clothing, or throw objects downstairs in order to draw the attention of rescuers. 160. Thirteen rules for escaping a fire: Rule 1: Practice evacuation in advance to remain calm in emergencies. Everyone should be familiar with the structure of the building where they work, study, or live, as well as the escape routes. If necessary, emergency evacuation drills can be organized to help everyone get to know the fire-fighting equipment available in the building and the methods for self-rescue and escaping. In this way, when a fire breaks out, one won’t feel trapped with no way out. Remember: planning in advance will make things twice as effective. Second tip: Get familiar with the environment and memorize the exits. When you are in an unfamiliar environment, such as staying in a hotel, shopping in a mall, or visiting an entertainment venue, it is essential for your own safety to pay attention to the locations of evacuation routes, safety exits, and stairways, so that you can leave the area quickly in an emergency. Remember: when everything is safe, always be prepared for potential dangers and leave yourself a way out. Third tip: Keep the exit of the passage unobstructed. Stairs, passages, and safety exits are the most important escape routes in case of a fire; they must remain unobstructed. Do not pile up clutter there or put locks on them, so that people can pass through safely and quickly in an emergency. Remember: cutting off your own path to escape means certain death. Fourth tip: Extinguish small fires to benefit others. In the event of a fire, if it is found that the flames are not intense and pose no significant threat to people, and if there are sufficient firefighting equipment available nearby, such as fire extinguishers and fire hydrants, efforts should be made to control and extinguish the small fire ； Under no circumstances should you panic and run around in a frenzy, ignoring the small fire and thus causing a bigger disaster. Remember: fight to extinguish the “early-stage fire” every second counts. Fifth rule: Stay calm, determine the direction, and evacuate quickly. In the event of a fire, faced with thick smoke and intense flames, one must first force oneself to stay calm, quickly determine the dangerous and safe areas, decide on a way to escape, and leave the hazardous area as soon as possible. Never blindly follow the crowd or get involved in chaotic pushing and shoving. When evacuating, be careful to run towards bright areas or open spaces outside; try to head downwards to lower floors. If the passages are blocked by smoke and fire, move away from them by going through balconies, windows, rooftops, etc., to escape outside. Remember: only by staying calm can one come up with good solutions. Sixth rule: Avoid dangerous places and do not be greedy for wealth. In a fire, human life is the most important. When in danger, evacuate as quickly as possible; do not waste precious time escaping by getting dressed or searching for and carrying away valuables due to shyness or concern for them. Those who have already escaped danger should never return to that perilous place and put themselves back in harm’s way. Remember: as long as the green mountains remain, there will be no lack of firewood. Seventh tip: Simple protection – cover your nose and crawl. When escaping, take routes filled with smoke to avoid smoke poisoning and prevent suffocation. To prevent inhaling the thick smoke in a fire, one can use a towel or mask to cover the nose and evacuate by crawling. Smoke is lighter than air and floats upward; evacuating close to the ground is the best way to avoid inhaling smoke and filter out toxic gases. When passing through areas blocked by fireworks, it is necessary to wear protective gear such as gas masks, helmets, and flame-retardant heat-insulating clothing. If such gear is not available, one can pour cold water on the head and body, or cover the head and body with wet towels, wet blankets, etc., before rushing out. Remember: it’s always better to have multiple protective tools at hand than to go without any. Eighth rule: Make good use of passageways; avoid elevators. Buildings designed and constructed in accordance with standard specifications will have two or more escape stairs, passages, or safety exits. In the event of a fire, choose to use the relatively safer stairway based on the circumstances. In addition to using stairs, one can also use the building’s balconies and windowsills to climb to safe locations in the vicinity; descending along protrusions in the building’s structure such as downspouts and lightning conductors can also help escape. In high-rise buildings, the power supply system for elevators can be cut off at any time during a fire, or the elevators may deform due to heat, trapping people inside. Moreover, since the elevator shafts act like vertical chimneys connecting all floors, toxic smoke poses a direct threat to the lives of those trapped, so under no circumstances should one use ordinary elevators to escape. Please remember: taking the elevator is extremely dangerous when escaping. Ninth rule: Descend slowly to escape, use a rope to save yourself. High-rise and multi-story public buildings are generally equipped with descent devices or life ropes, allowing people to safely leave dangerous floors using these facilities. In the absence of such specialized facilities, when the escape routes are blocked and rescuers cannot arrive in time, you can quickly use ropes, bed sheets, curtains, clothes, or other items at hand to create a makeshift life rope. Wetting it with water, you can slide down from the window sill or balcony along this rope to a lower floor or the ground, thus escaping safely. Remember: be bold and careful, for the life rope is right by your side. Tenth rule: Seek shelter and hold your ground until rescue arrives. If the door feels hot to the touch, opening it will inevitably expose one to flames and thick smoke. The escape route was blocked and no one came to rescue them for a while. At this time, one can adopt the approach of creating shelters and holding out for rescue. First, close the doors and windows facing the fire, and open those facing away from it. Use wet towels or cloths to block the gaps around the doors and windows, or dampen a blanket and cover the windows; then keep pouring water on the room to prevent smoke and fire from entering. Stay inside the room until rescue workers arrive. Remember: What fears a sharp spear when faced with a strong shield? Eleventh rule: Swing slowly and throw gently to seek help. Those trapped by fireworks and unable to escape immediately should stay in areas such as balconies or windows where they can be easily seen and where they can stay away from the fireworks. During the day, one can wave bright clothes out of the window or throw light, eye-catching objects outside ； At night, one can use a flashlight to flash continuously at the window or tap on objects in order to send an effective distress signal and draw the attention of rescuers. Since firefighters enter buildings by moving along the walls, when one is choked by smoke and unable to save themselves, they should try to roll toward the wall or the door so that firefighters can find them and rescue them. Furthermore, rolling toward the wall can also prevent the collapse of the house’s structure from injuring one oneself. Remember: Only by fully exposing yourself can you strive to save yourself effectively. Twelfth rule: Once the fire has reached you, do not run in panic. If someone at a fire finds that their clothes have caught fire, they must never run around or try to smother the flames with their hands, as running or patting at the fire creates wind currents that accelerate the supply of oxygen and thus intensify the fire. If your clothes catch fire, you should quickly try to remove them or roll on the ground to extinguish the flames ； It is even more effective to be able to jump into the water promptly or have water poured on one’s body or fire extinguishing agents sprayed. Remember: rolling on the ground may be embarrassing, but it can save you from being burned to death. Thirteenth Rule: There is an art to jumping from a building, to survive at the cost of injury. People trapped in fire smoke often fall into extreme terror and near-collapse; their panicked state can easily lead to reckless and harmful behaviors such as jumping from buildings to escape. It should be noted that jumping is only an option when firefighters have prepared life-saving air mattresses and are ready to guide people to jump, or when the building is not very tall (usually 4 floors or less) and there is no other choice but to jump or die from burning. Even if there is no way out left, and as long as one’s life is not in serious danger, one should calmly wait for the firefighters to arrive. There are skills involved in jumping from a building as well; when doing so, one should try to land in the center of the rescue cushion, or jump towards areas with pools, soft canopies, grass, etc ； If possible, try to hold onto soft items such as blankets or sofa cushions, or jump while holding an umbrella open, in order to reduce the impact force. If jumping from a building barehanded, one must grasp the window sill or balcony and let the body hang down naturally to minimize the vertical distance. Before hitting the ground, one should wrap both arms around the head and curl the body into a ball to reduce injury. Jumping from a building may save one’s life, but it can cause damage to the body, so one must be extremely cautious. Please remember: jumping off a building is not the same as suicide; the key is to have a way out

I think finding a company that is the same or similar, and having new employees go there for training, is the best way to provide training. For training operators, it’s best to have experienced workers mentor the newcomers. Training in theoretical knowledge cannot be accomplished in a short time; the key lies in them learning on their own in their spare time*.

1. Physical and chemical properties of substances； 2. Personal protection (protection within the work area, personal protection, protection for others; selection and use of various protective equipment) ； 3. Accident handling (how to evacuate, self-rescue, respond in emergencies, provide first aid, handle the situation, and report it) ； 4. Process flow and equipment

I think it should be divided into the characteristics and precautions of chemical production, and then, based on the nature of your company’s production processes, focus on the production process flow and key operating points, precautions, emergency response, and safety.

Our approach is to have the process technicians prepare their own training materials, conduct short-term training tailored to each specific position, and require exams. The exam consists of a written test and practical (simulated) operations. Those who fail are given a deadline to retake the exam, until they are removed from their position (this has not happened yet). The job operation procedures should be detailed to cover the operation of each valve, including control of process parameters, equipment maintenance, and safety aspects. It would be best to have very detailed flowcharts. Answers to random questions regarding different process adjustments for specific positions. From time to time, targeted papers on the processes and equipment related to specific positions are published underground (mostly collected by the technicians themselves) for the learning of those working in those positions. For the friend on the 5th floor: It’s a good suggestion to ask similar organizations to carry out the training on behalf. For reference.

What industry is the original poster in, and what do they produce? Training should be conducted by integrating basic principles and operational skills, as well as equipment operation and process control parameters; it will also be effective only when taking into account the workers’ specific educational level.

Go for training. Then take more exams, including practical and theoretical ones.

It’s not that easy, right? They would only have you learn * if it were your own company; don’t they worry about leaks if you go to another company to learn *? It’s fine for a master to guide an apprentice, but the problem is that we’re all newcomers here