Superheated steam and supercooled water

When all the water in the wet steam has vaporized, it becomes saturated steam, at which point the steam temperature remains at the boiling point. If saturated steam is further heated, raising its temperature above the boiling point, the steam obtained at this point is called superheated steam.

Supercooled water Definition Water that remains in a liquid state below 0°C due to a lack of nucleation sites or other reasons is called supercooled water. Generation conditions In fact, even at atmospheric pressure, there exist supercooled water and superheated water. There is a common misconception that it is temperature and pressure that determine the state of water. But that is only the state when equilibrium is reached! 　　The imbalance between the condensation, freezing, and vaporization of water can persist for a considerable length of time. A necessary condition for water to freeze into ice is the presence of nucleation sites. It can be tiny ice crystals, suspended particles in water, or the walls of a container. In the absence of these conditions, liquid water can remain below freezing point for a longer period without freezing. If a nucleation site suddenly enters at this time, freezing occurs extremely rapidly. If such water droplets are present in the upper atmosphere, it poses a serious challenge to the safety of aircraft. 　　For gaseous water to condense into liquid water, nucleation sites are also required. 　　The boiling of water also requires similar conditions, but instead of nucleation sites, it is the tiny bubbles in the water, or the tiny bubbles on the surface of the container walls, or the air in the extremely small cracks on the container surface. Otherwise, superheated water is very likely to form. (In many chemical experiments, small pieces of porcelain or similar materials are placed in the liquid while it is being heated; they serve as nucleation points to prevent the liquid from boiling violently.) ) Transformation: When there is not enough supercooled water, it turns into ice immediately (for example, when an airplane in the sky passes through clouds containing supercooled water, the supercooled water in those clouds comes into contact with the airplane; in the presence of condensation nuclei, it immediately freezes, and the airplane’s body acts as such a nucleus, which can lead to plane crashes). In one episode of \"The Brothers Haier,\" there is a pond that doesn’t freeze even at sub-zero temperatures; so a man throws a stone into it, and the pond then freezes. This is the theoretical result. In fact, it is impossible for supercooled water to exist in such an environment; there is dust in the air, as well as impurities and plankton in the water, all of which can serve as nucleation sites.

Water that remains in a liquid state below 0°C due to a lack of condensation nuclei or other reasons is called supercooled water. 　　 Generation conditions 　　　In fact, even at atmospheric pressure, there exist supercooled water and superheated water. There is a common misconception that it is temperature and pressure that determine the state of water. But that is only the state when equilibrium is reached! 　　The imbalance between the condensation, freezing, and vaporization of water can persist for a considerable length of time. A necessary condition for water to freeze into ice is the presence of nucleation sites. It can be tiny ice crystals, suspended particles in water, or the walls of a container. In the absence of these conditions, liquid water can remain below freezing point for a longer period without freezing. If a nucleation site suddenly enters at this time, freezing occurs extremely rapidly. If such water droplets are present in the upper atmosphere, it poses a serious challenge to the safety of aircraft. 　　For gaseous water to condense into liquid water, nucleation sites are also required. 　　The boiling of water also requires similar conditions, but instead of nucleation sites, it is the tiny bubbles in the water, or the tiny bubbles on the surface of the container walls, or the air in the extremely small cracks on the container surface. Otherwise, superheated water is very likely to form. (In many chemical experiments, small pieces of porcelain or similar materials are placed in the liquid while it is being heated; they serve as nucleation points to prevent the liquid from boiling violently.) ) Conversion: When there is not enough supercooled water, it turns into ice immediately (for example, when an airplane in the sky passes through clouds containing supercooled water, the supercooled water in those clouds comes into contact with the airplane; in the presence of condensation nuclei, it immediately freezes, and the airplane’s body acts as such a nucleus, which can lead to plane crashes). In one episode of the series \"The Haier Brothers,\" there is a scene where a pond fails to freeze even at sub-zero temperatures; so a man throws a stone into it, and that’s how the pond freezes. This is the theoretical result. In fact, it is impossible for supercooled water to exist in such an environment; there is dust in the air, as well as impurities and plankton in the water, all of which can serve as nucleation sites. 　　 Example: There are many water droplets in the clouds that do not freeze even when the temperature is below 0°C; such water droplets are called supercooled water droplets. Supercooled water droplets are unstable; even the slightest disturbance will cause them to freeze immediately into ice particles. When supercooled water droplets collide with sleet, they freeze immediately; this is known as impact freezing. When freezing by impact occurs, the outer part of the supercooled water droplet immediately freezes into an ice shell, but its interior remains liquid for a while. Moreover, as the latent heat released by the external freezing is transferred to the interior, the temperature of the liquid supercooled water inside is higher than that of the outer ice shell. The temperature difference causes the frozen supercooled water droplets to have a positive charge on the outside and a negative charge on the inside. When freezing occurs inside as well, the cloud droplets expand and split, and their outer layers break apart into many positively charged small ice particles that are carried by the air currents to the upper parts of the cloud. The negatively charged core portions of the frozen droplets stick to the heavier graupel particles, causing the graupel to become negatively charged and remain in the middle and lower parts of the cloud.

Agree with what was said above; I support you! !

Now I understand why planes suddenly freeze up in the air and crash. Thank you