Everyone should look at occupational diseases and occupational hazards

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Chapter 4 Occupational Diseases and Occupational Hazardous Factors Chapter 4 Occupational Disease and Occupational Hazardous Factors With the continuous development and innovation of science, technology and production, people's understanding of health is also constantly updated. The international concepts of "labor health" and "industrial hygiene" are gradually replaced by the concepts of "occupational hygiene", "occupational health" and "occupational safety". Here, the word "occupation" covers almost all occupations that humans engage in, whether it is industrial production, agricultural production, service industries, technology or office secretarial work ； People are concerned not only about occupational diseases with obvious clinical manifestations caused by exposure to harmful factors in production labor, but also include all psychological, physiological and pathological changes caused by the adverse effects of occupational factors, regardless of whether they have obvious clinical manifestations. Section 1 Occupational Disease Health The human body has certain resistance and compensatory capabilities to the effects of occupational harmful factors. When the intensity and duration of occupational harmful factors acting on the human body do not exceed the human body's compensatory ability, it will only manifest as a subclinical adverse effect. When the human body cannot compensate, functional or organic pathological changes will occur, corresponding clinical symptoms will appear, and working ability will be affected. Such diseases are collectively referred to as occupational diseases (Occupational diseases). The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases defines occupational diseases as: "Diseases caused by workers in enterprises, institutions and individual economic organizations being exposed to factors such as dust, radioactive substances and other toxic and harmful substances in their professional activities." Broadly speaking, occupational diseases refer to all diseases caused by workers being exposed to occupational harmful factors in their professional activities. However, from a legal perspective, occupational diseases have their own specific scope and only refer to * * Legal occupational diseases stipulated by departments or legislative bodies based on comprehensive factors such as productivity development level, economic status, and medical level. Our country announced 14 species for the first time in 1957 * * After legalization of occupational diseases, after expansion and modification, in 2002 the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Labor and Social Security promulgated a catalog of occupational diseases, with a total of 115 categories in 10 categories, and published corresponding diagnosis and management methods. ； The Measures stipulate that if a patient is diagnosed with a statutory occupational disease, during the treatment and rest period, or when the patient is determined to be disabled or dies due to ineffective treatment, labor insurance benefits shall be provided in accordance with the labor insurance regulations. Most developed * * Legislation provides that the employer or * * Workers suffering from occupational diseases should be given financial compensation, so they are also called compensable diseases." Occupational safety and health will expand the focus of attention and research from harmful factors in industrial production, workers and workers' occupational diseases caused by these harmful factors to all jobs and occupations, all occupational groups, and all psychological, physiological and pathological changes and their mechanisms caused by the harmful effects (ad-verse effects) of occupational factors, whether they are asymptomatic subclinical changes or obvious clinical manifestations. Therefore, occupational safety and health in a broad sense must consider the combined effects of occupational and non-occupational factors, and adopt comprehensive intervention measures to protect and promote the health of the occupational population. Work is necessary for human survival and development. Suitable and enjoyable work and health complement each other and promote each other. However, poor working conditions will affect the quality of life of workers, thereby endangering health, leading to occupational diseases and work-related injuries, and in serious cases, even life-threatening. Working conditions consist of three aspects, namely: ①Work process is the most basic procedure of work, which changes with changes in production or work technology, machinery and equipment, materials used, tools or appliances, technological processes or work procedures. ； ②Work organization, which involves the work organization for the work process, the layout of appliances and equipment, the operator's operating posture, behavior and working methods, labor intensity, the ratio of intellectual and physical labor, the psychological condition of the operator, etc. ； ③The working environment originally refers to the workplace environment, including the indoor working environment and surrounding atmospheric environment established according to the process, as well as the natural environment for outdoor operations. Now it also includes the "interpersonal environment" that can affect the psychological state of the operator and cause occupational stress. In short, working conditions refer to a composite system involving "process", "work" and "environment". The tasks of occupational health and occupational medicine should start from the three aspects of this composite system at the same time, evaluate the quality of working conditions, explore the crux, and study intervention strategies, thereby providing theoretical basis and specific technical measures for creating healthy, harmonious and unified working conditions. Section 2: Pathogenesis (Injury) Patterns and Characteristics of Occupational Hazardous Factors 1. Pathogenesis Pattern of Occupational Diseases Occupational harmful factors are the causes of occupational injuries, but these harmful factors require certain operating conditions and special individual characteristics of the contacts to cause occupational injuries in contacts. Only when harmful factors, action conditions, and individual characteristics of contacts coexist and interact with each other to conform to the general disease pathogenesis model, can occupational diseases be caused (Figure 4-1). Action conditions include: ①Exposure opportunity or frequency, that is, frequent exposure to certain occupational harmful factors during the labor process ； ②Exposure mode, that is, occupational harmful factors enter the human body through the respiratory tract, skin or other ways ； ③Exposure time, i.e. the total time of exposure per day or over a lifetime ； ④Exposure intensity, which refers to the concentration or level of exposure ； ⑤The level of management and protection, that is, the strict management system and protective measures, can effectively reduce the exposure and harm of occupational harmful factors, especially the occurrence of acute poisoning accidents and work-related injuries. ③④Conditions are the main factor that determines the harmful dose that the body receives. It is often expressed as exposure level, which is different from the actual dose received. ； The actual amount received is the amount entering the body and is directly proportional to the level of exposure. Accordingly, improving working conditions, controlling exposure levels, and reducing the actual amount admitted into the body are fundamental measures to prevent occupational injuries. Under the same conditions, different individuals have different chances and degrees of occupational injuries, which is related to the following factors: ①Genetic factors (genetic susceptibility), such as people with certain hereditary diseases or genetic defects (mutations) who are susceptible to certain harmful factors ； ②Age and gender differences. Different genders have different sensitivities to certain occupational harmful factors. Women are usually more sensitive to certain occupational harmful factors, especially during menstruation, pregnancy and lactation. Pregnancy and lactation also involve the impact on the fetus and body. Minors and the elderly are also more susceptible to the damaging effects of occupational harmful factors. ； ③Other diseases, such as liver disease that affects the ability to detoxify poisons, and skin diseases that reduce the skin’s protective capabilities ； ⑧Education level. People with low education level generally lack awareness of occupational harmful factors and have poor awareness of self-protection and health care. ； ⑤Malnutrition and lack of physical exercise reduce the body's resistance ； ⑥Psychological and behavioral factors. People with psychological problems are more likely to suffer from certain diseases or work-related accidents in long-term and stressful working lives. ； bad behavior * Habits such as smoking, drinking, and failure to comply with labor disciplines and operating procedures can increase the chance and degree of damage caused by occupational harmful factors, and even lead to serious casualties. These factors are collectively referred to as individual risk factors (host risk factors). People with these factors are more susceptible to occupational harmful factors or are more prone to occupational injuries, so they are called vulnerable groups or high risk groups. Only by fully understanding and evaluating various occupational harmful factors and their operating conditions, as well as individual characteristics, and taking measures to block the causal chain based on the intrinsic relationship between the three, can the occurrence of occupational diseases be prevented. 2. Characteristics of occupational diseases Occupational diseases have the following five characteristics:: ①The cause of the disease is clear. The cause is occupational harmful factors. The disease requires certain conditions. After the cause is eliminated or the conditions are blocked, the disease can be eliminated. ； ②Most of the causes of exposure are detectable and require a certain intensity (concentration or dose) to cause disease. Generally, there is an exposure level (dose)-effect (response) relationship. Reducing and controlling the intensity of exposure can reduce the incidence. However, in some occupational tumors (such as pleural mesothelioma caused by exposure to asbestos), there is no exposure level (dose)-effect (response) relationship. ； ③There is often a certain incidence rate among people exposed to the same factor, and only individual cases rarely occur ； ④If diagnosed and treated early, most occupational diseases have a better prognosis ； However, for some occupational diseases such as silicosis (formerly known as silicosis), all treatment methods so far have no obvious effect. They can only treat the symptoms comprehensively to slow down the process. Therefore, the later it is discovered, the worse the curative effect will be. ； ⑤Except for occupational infectious diseases, treating individuals will not help control the disease in the population. Harmful work environments must be effectively "treated". From an etiological point of view, occupational diseases are completely preventable, so "prevention first" must be emphasized. Occupational diseases can affect various organs and systems and involve various specialties of clinical medicine, including internal medicine, surgery, neurology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to firmly grasp and fully utilize the comprehensive clinical multidisciplinary knowledge and skills to achieve early detection, timely diagnosis, effective treatment, and active recovery. It is also necessary to master issues such as employment contraindications and labor ability assessment. The characteristic of work-related injuries is that although the probability of work-related injuries increases with the increase in exposure opportunities, it is not proportional, and there is no "exposure level" problem. It generally occurs individually and is closely related to poor working conditions, lack of strict management, and psychological and behavioral factors. By improving the working environment, strictly standardizing management, operations and behaviors, psychological counseling and treatment, and strengthening protective measures, the occurrence of work-related injuries can generally be effectively controlled. Section 3 Occupational safety and health aspects in the 21st century 1. Impact of changes in industrial structure and employment status on workers’ health As the planned economy transforms into a market economy, my country’s employment system has also changed from * * The shift to a contract system has resulted in the emergence of a large number of temporary and contract workers, resulting in irregular working hours and frequent changes in types of work and work units. The occupational harmful factors they are exposed to also change frequently, making it difficult to implement the due protection of occupational health. Some employers pursue profits excessively and violate * * Acts and employee wishes do not pay attention to occupational safety and health. Practitioners often lack formal training, have poor industrial production knowledge, especially occupational health and safety knowledge, and have poor self-protection capabilities, so many occupational health problems will arise. Many labor-intensive individuals and "foreign-funded" enterprises employ many female workers. The physiological characteristics of women make them vulnerable to harmful occupational factors. Failure to effectively protect these groups will cause serious occupational health problems and even affect the health of future generations and the quality of the population. 2. Expansion of the scope of occupational harmful factors and changes in the types of injuries caused. Since the reform and opening up, my country's industrial development has been rapid, and a large number of enterprises, production processes and products have emerged that are very advanced in technology and production level, and even lead the world in some aspects. ； At the same time, since our country is the largest developing country * * , the family background is thin, development is very unbalanced, and many backward or even very backward enterprises, production processes and products still exist in large numbers. Therefore, the current characteristics of occupational harmful factors in our country are that there are many types and a wide range of existence, not only in developing * * Occupational harmful factors common in backward production methods, as well as in developed countries * * The existence of high technology and high-tech production brings new occupational harmful factors. At present, the main harmful factors threatening my country's working population are still dust, chemical poisons and certain physical factors (such as noise). The top occupational diseases are pneumoconiosis, chemical poisoning, occupational skin diseases and noise-induced hearing loss. ； Secondly, there are ergonomic issues related to musculoskeletal injuries (such as low back pain) caused by poor posture, local tension and unreasonable labor organization. ； As well as work-related injuries (deaths) caused by failure to comply with operating procedures and neglect of safety precautions. It should be noted in particular that in recent years, major and malignant accidents in mines have occurred frequently, resulting in heavy casualties and property losses. With the rapid development of information technology, intelligence-intensive "office" type mental labor will replace traditional manual labor-intensive labor. Information technology is fully used to organize and control the production process, and dangerous operations can even be carried out by remote control, creating many favorable conditions for occupational health and safety. However, the fast pace and monotonous work brought about by highly mechanized production and advanced assembly lines, as well as the high requirements for the technical quality of operators, lead to high mental stress, professional psychological load (psycho10gical work10ad), mental fatigue and functional problems. ； Due to the airtightness of offices and the large amount of pollutants produced by electronic office equipment and decoration materials, indoor air quality is poor, causing "sick building syndrome" and so on. In this century, the development of microelectronics industry and biogenetic engineering technology occupies a prominent position in the high-tech industry. The challenges they pose to occupational health and occupational medicine will be new materials, new processes, radiation and potential biological pathogens. For example, the microelectronics industry was once considered the first "cleaner production" industry, but in fact it is the industry with the most exposure to chemicals, including ethers, alcohols, esters, homo and benzene organic solvents, metal compounds (such as antimony, germanium, arsenic, boron, phosphorus), as well as fluorides (hydrogen fluoride), silicides (such as trichlorosilane), etc. In addition, extremely low frequency magnetic fields (extremely 10w frequency magnetic fields) and radio frequency radiation (radio frequency radiation) are also issues that cannot be ignored. Although there have been no reports of major occupational hazards caused by the application of biogenetic engineering so far, in view of the potential hazards of new biological pathogens arising from genetic recombination or mutation, developed countries in the West * * Safety and health management regulations for biogenetic engineering laboratories that are more stringent than controlling radionuclide contamination have been formulated ； The safety of genetic engineering products to humans will also be a new topic in toxicological evaluation. The 2003 SARS disaster that ravaged the land of China is still fresh in people’s memories. In some traditional industries, such as coal mining, due to the widespread application of comprehensive mechanized coal mining technology, the labor intensity of workers has * * The ergonomics problems caused by excessive labor intensity and poor posture have been solved, and work-related injuries have also been significantly reduced. ； However, due to the accelerated speed of cutting coal seams, corresponding dust reduction measures failed to keep up in time, and the dust concentration in the working surface increased significantly, causing serious harm to the health of coal miners. Due to extremely high concentrations and prolonged exposure, some traditional poisons have caused illnesses that were rare in the past, such as acute toxic encephalopathy caused by 1,2-dichloroethane. In order to adapt to the needs of improving people's living standards, some industries have flourished, such as the jewelry processing industry and the clothing dry cleaning industry. Subsequently, there have been rapid-onset silicosis among workers in the jewelry processing industry, which was very rare in the past, and occupational health problems caused by dry cleaning workers being exposed to organic solvents. In short, in recent years, we will face a situation where traditional occupational harmful factors and emerging new problems coexist at the same time. We will face a very arduous task. In addition to traditional occupational harmful factors, we must work hard to deal with new occupational health problems. ； Therefore, the classic concept of "identifying, evaluating, predicting and controlling occupational hazards" should be given a new concept and efforts should be made to explore forward-looking control strategies. Global economic integration (g10balization) is the main trend of economic development in the world today. It plays an important role in effectively utilizing various resources, promoting the economic development of various countries, and narrowing international gaps in various aspects and fields, including occupational health and safety. However, in the process of economic integration, it will inevitably bring about certain negative effects. Among them, developed * * or region will transfer raw materials, production processes or products that are prohibited in the country or region to developing countries * * Producing in different areas or regions is a serious problem, which is called "hazard transfer". In 2000, the Ministry of Health received reports of acute poisoning cases from "foreign-funded" enterprises, an increase of 43.8% compared with 1999. According to a survey in a certain city, out of a total of 1,407 "foreign-funded" enterprises, 62.8% were enterprises with occupational hazards. ； 14.2% of employees are exposed to different types of harmful factors, including physical factors (49%), chemical factors (32%), silica dust (18%), and infectious pathogens (1%). Since the 1990s, acute poisoning accidents of organic solvents have frequently occurred in "foreign-funded" enterprises in a certain province. This was caused by dichloroethane, trichlorethylene, and in developed countries. * * The number of people poisoned by benzene and n-hexane, which have been "strictly restricted for use" for a long time, has killed 28 people, and dozens of people have suffered severe sequelae and skin damage. In this province and two other provinces with very developed shoe-making industries, a large number of workers have developed aplastic anemia and peripheral neuropathy due to exposure to benzene and n-hexane. It should be said that the vast majority of North American and Western European industrialized * * The invested companies attach great importance to the health and safety of their employees. Most of them design industrial hygiene and environmental protection facilities at the same time as the factory buildings and production processes are designed, and install industrial hygiene and environmental protection facilities simultaneously during the installation of production equipment, setting an example for the creation of "clean production". However, there are also some foreign or overseas investors who simply pursue economic growth and even adopt "double standards" for harmful factors, deliberately concealing the chemical names of harmful substances, and intentionally passing on the harm to the investing countries and regions. This tendency also occurs in some domestically operated enterprises, manifested in the transfer of hazards from developed areas to underdeveloped areas, and from cities to rural areas. And in some areas * * For the sake of short-term economic benefits, they do not strictly review the imported projects, or they adopt a "turn a blind eye, close a blind eye" attitude while knowing their harmfulness. Regarding this phenomenon, while strengthening publicity and education, legislation and law enforcement supervision should be strengthened to take strict precautions. For toxic and harmful items that have been introduced, they must be resolutely rectified in accordance with my country's occupational health and environmental protection regulations. Production can only continue after reaching standards. ； Those that cause huge harm and are difficult to rectify must be resolutely banned. 4. Challenges brought about after joining the WTO. After joining the "WTO", my country's economic and social development and national life will undergo unprecedented changes. Occupational health and occupational medicine, which are part of the health industry, will also face challenges. The first is the challenge of legislation and law enforcement. Many of my country's laws and regulations on occupational health and safety have not yet been integrated with international standards. In terms of occupational health management services, it has been internationally accepted to incorporate the identification, evaluation, and control of occupational hazardous factors into IS09000, ISO14000, and I10 Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Sys-tems (I10/OSH2001). As an international standardized system for occupational safety and health management, it has become an international standard for evaluating enterprise quality, environmental protection, and occupational safety and health. The assessment of enterprise quality, environmental protection, and occupational safety and health management is gradually becoming a necessary condition for international trade. With the development of global economic integration, it may become a major non-tariff barrier to international trade. ； some developed * * It has been proposed to include occupational safety and health levels into the terms of trade, taking advantage of environmental protection and occupational safety and health issues to have a positive impact on developing countries. * * impose economic sanctions. Therefore, our country must integrate occupational safety and health regulations and management systems with international standards as soon as possible, and in the process, continuously improve the level of scientific research, services, and management of occupational health and occupational medicine in our country, protect people's health, and promote economic development. 5. Occupational stress leads to an increase in psychological disorders. At present, in our country's working environment, in addition to the existence of chemical, physical and biological harmful factors, with the increasing degree of production automation and the widespread application of high and new technologies, production efficiency continues to improve. Modern industry, which is repetitive, monotonous, tense, fast-paced, high in mental power and low in physical strength, has gradually become the main production method. The fierce competition for employment has made the requirements for the quality and ability of employed personnel increasingly higher. This results in unstable employment status, role changes and interpersonal conflicts, causing "occupational stress" in employed personnel, causing adverse psychological behavioral effects and mental stress effects (strain), and even inducing stress-related disorders, occupational stress syndrome, and even "death from overwork", which has become a prominent issue in occupational health. Research on occupational stress in my country is still in its infancy. Through research on "work-related diseases", behavioral function measurement and symptom self-rating scale analysis, it has been found that scientific researchers with high mental loads, workers in noisy environments, shopping mall salesmen, and employees of "foreign-funded" enterprises have significantly higher scores for psychological disorder factors, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, interpersonal tension, depression, anxiety, fear, and paranoia. The overall prevalence of mental disorders in my country has increased from 0.32% to 0.73% in the mid-to-late 1970s to the current 1.56%. Therefore, occupational stress has become a problem that cannot be ignored in the fields of occupational health and occupational medicine in my country. 6. The establishment of the "big environment" concept of occupational health and the integration of environmental health. The uncontrolled development of science and technology and industrial and agricultural production has caused chemical and physical harmful factors to be released from factories into the environment, changing from "occupational harmful factors" to "environmentally harmful factors", causing serious pollution and damage to the environment, leading to the depletion of the atmospheric ozone layer, the formation of acid rain, the destruction of tropical rainforests, the verge of disappearance of biodiversity, and even the failure of the entire ecosystem. These "environmental harmful factors" will become the main disease-causing factors for humans in the 21st century. Painful lessons have proven that the traditional occupational health model that targeted professional groups, used "secondary prevention" as the main approach, separated it from environmental sanitation, and ignored the environmental pollution problems caused by the production process has been unable to meet the needs of modern society as scientific research and industrial and agricultural production have entered a stage of rapid development. Therefore, occupational health workers must establish the concept of "big environment" and regard their work as part of "environmental health" work. They should strictly prevent possible harm to the environment caused by the production process as their scope of duties. They should view and deal with occupational hazards from the perspective of creating "clean production", improving the quality of professional life and implementing a "sustainable development strategy", so that this discipline can truly become a powerful guarantee for the sustainable development of industrial and agricultural production. 1． Early Detection of Occupational Injuries In 1996, the World Health Organization proposed the global strategy of "occupational health for everyone". The goal of occupational health work is to protect the "physical, mental and social well-adapted status" of occupational groups and have a good quality of occupational life. Therefore, eliminating, preventing or significantly reducing the exposure of occupational groups to occupational harmful factors, in-depth research on the impact of low-intensity (dose) long-term exposure to occupational harmful factors on the human body, and early detection of damage to occupational groups at the cellular and even molecular levels will become the main tasks of occupational health in the 21st century. to this end: ①Appropriate technologies to control harmful factors should be proposed and implemented ； ②Carry out effective health promotion education so that workers can consciously protect themselves ； ③Master the strategies and methods of contact assessment ； ④Introduce new theories and methods from other disciplines, master the technology of exploring subclinical injuries and even very slight functional changes, especially the research of biomarkers, promptly screen workers with minor injuries, and deal with them early to protect their health. 2． Ergonomics is developing * * , especially in Northern and Western Europe, ergonomics principles and methods have been widely used to establish a harmonious "man-machine-environment" relationship, playing an important role in creating safe, efficient and satisfactory working conditions. Chinese scholars have conducted fruitful research in some aspects, such as "Application of Occupational Biomechanics" and "Exposure and Dose Analysis of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Diseases." However, my country's ergonomics research started late and has few research units. It is still a weak area that needs to be strengthened. Looking forward to the 21st century, with the further improvement of informatization and automation, and workers' needs for safe, efficient, satisfactory and comfortable working conditions, ergonomics research will surely become a "hot spot" of occupational health concern in my country. 3． Occupational safety and occupational health are integrated in many developed countries * * , work-related injuries have been included in the category of occupational diseases. In scientific research and practical management work, occupational safety and health are integrated, collectively referred to as "occupational safety and health". The United States has already formed a comprehensive scientific research institution (NIOSH) and a supervisory agency (OSHA). In our country, occupational health and occupational safety were governed by the Ministry of Health and * * The Safety Production Bureau of the Economic and Trade Commission is under the jurisdiction of the Education, Scientific Research and Management Bureau, which is independent of each other. Not only does it cause many inconveniences, but also because resources cannot be shared, it has a negative impact on both aspects of work. In recent years, production accidents have occurred frequently in our country, and most of them are large-scale vicious accidents. ； A large proportion of these accidents are caused by serious occupational health problems, such as: Explosions caused by high concentrations of coal dust and high concentrations of poisonous lice can cause death. The economic losses and social impact caused by death and disability due to production accidents have exceeded occupational health problems. Therefore, doing a good job in occupational safety is a very urgent task. The health department and labor safety department must strengthen coordination and cooperation and give full play to their respective expertise and complementary roles. suggestion * * Learn from foreign experience, integrate occupational safety and occupational health, and manage them in a unified way to give full play to the role of ensuring the life safety and health of the working population. 4． Occupational Health Network Information With the rapid development of the Internet, network information retrieval is booming and developed * * occupational safety: Most health management, research institutions, journals, magazines and libraries have set up their own websites. Through these websites, the latest research information, regulations, standards, data, etc. can be easily and quickly found. Over the past 50 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, a lot of work has been done in the field of occupational health and occupational medicine, remarkable results have been achieved, and rich experience has been accumulated. Participating in Internet exchanges not only helps domestic colleagues share research results with each other in a timely manner, but also introduces our research results to foreign colleagues. At the same time, we can learn from other people's advanced results, share resources, and promote the development of occupational health. At present, most occupational health management and research units in our country have not yet set up their own websites, and there is no national * * Level occupational health and occupational medicine website. Therefore, the websites of various occupational health institutions should be established as soon as possible to enrich the content and gradually form * * level occupational health and occupational medicine website, and finally joined the WHO information Internet website (http: //www. wh0. int). 5. Occupational hazards in non-industrial production Occupational health originated from industrial hygiene. Over the years, because occupational hazards in industrial production are far greater than in other industries, the focus of occupational health and occupational medicine has been on industrial production. In the past ten years or so, the problem of occupational hazards in non-industrial production has become increasingly apparent, mainly including book, archive, and document management operations, video operations (information industry, banking, insurance, securities industry, television stations, etc.), and mentally stressful operations (design institutes, hospitals, * * Government agencies, newspapers, universities and scientific research institutions, police, managers and business managers, drivers, etc.). In addition to being affected by some chemical, physical, biological, and ergonomic factors, workers in these industries are mainly affected by occupational stress, leading to psychological and mental problems, as well as diseases such as hypertension. In the 21st century, with the increasing expansion of the tertiary industry, non-industrial production jobs: The problem of occupational hazards will become more and more serious and gradually become a major concern of occupational health and occupational medicine. Section 4 Occupational Hazardous Factors and Occupational Diseases There are various occupational hazards (occupational hazards) in different working conditions. Under certain conditions, they can have adverse effects on health and then lead to occupational diseases. 1. Occupational harmful factors and their sources Occupational harmful factors can be divided into the following three categories according to their sources. (1) Harmful factors generated during work 1. Chemical factors 1) Toxic substances such as lead, mercury, benzene, chlorine, carbon monoxide, organophosphorus pesticides, etc. 2) Production dust such as silica dust, coal dust, asbestos dust, organic dust, etc. 2． Physical factors 1) Abnormal meteorological conditions, such as high temperature, high humidity, and low temperature. 2) Abnormal air pressure, such as high air pressure and low air pressure. 3) Noise and vibration. 4) Ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, y-rays, etc. 5) Non-ionizing radiation, such as visible light, ultraviolet rays, infrared rays, radio frequency radiation, microwaves, lasers, etc. 3． Biological factors 1. Fur workers may be exposed to Bacillus anthracis, fungi on sugarcane bagasse, fleas carrying encephalitis viruses that live on the bark of forest trees, and biological infectious pathogens that medical workers are exposed to. (2) Harmful factors in work organization 1) Unreasonable work organization and system, unreasonable work schedule system, etc. 2) Mental (psychological) occupational stress. 3) The work intensity is too high or the production quota is inappropriate, such as the assigned operations or tasks are not suitable for the physiological condition or physical strength of the operator, etc. 4) Excessive strain on individual organs or systems, such as strained vision, etc. 5) Staying in bad posture for a long time or using unreasonable tools, etc. (3) Harmful factors in the working environment 1) Factors in the natural environment, such as solar radiation in hot seasons ； Low temperatures in the cold season, microclimate in the workplace. 2) The factory building or layout is unreasonable, for example, toxic and non-toxic work sections are arranged in the same workshop. 3) Environmental pollution caused by unreasonable work processes or improper management. In actual workplaces and work processes, multiple occupational harmful factors often exist at the same time, producing a combined effect on the health of workers. 2. Health damage caused by occupational harmful factors Occupational harmful factors can cause a variety of health damage, ranging from minor health effects to serious damage, commonly known as occupational diseases. Severe cases can cause work-related injuries (occupati.elinjuries,) and occupational diseases (Occupant), and even lead to disability or death. 1． Occupational poisoning ①Poisoning by lead and its compounds (excluding tetraethyl lead) ； ②Mercury and its compound poisoning ； ③Manganese and its compound poisoning ； ④Cadmium and its compound poisoning ； ⑤beryllium disease ； ⑥Thallium and its compound poisoning ； ⑦Poisoning by vanadium and its compounds ； ⑧Phosphorus and its compound poisoning (excluding phosphine, zinc phosphide, aluminum phosphide) ； ⑨Poisoning by arsenic and its compounds (excluding arsenic hydrogen) ； ⑩arsine poisoning ； ⑩Chlorine gas poisoning ； ⑩Sulfur dioxide poisoning ； ⑩Phosgene poisoning ； ⑩Ammonia poisoning ； ⑩Nitrogen oxide poisoning ； ⑩carbon monoxide poisoning ； ⑥carbon disulfide poisoning ； ⑩hydrogen sulfide poisoning ； ⑩Phosphine, zinc phosphide, aluminum phosphide poisoning ； ⑩industrial fluorosis ； ⑨Poisoning by cyanide and its nitrile compounds ； ④Tetraethyl lead poisoning ； ③Organotin poisoning ； ③Nickel carbonyl poisoning ； ③benzene poisoning ； ③Toluene poisoning ； ⑤xylene poisoning ； ⑧n-hexane poisoning ； ◎Gasoline poisoning ； ⑩Poisoning by organofluoropolymer monomers and their thermal decomposition products ； ⑨Dichloroethane poisoning ； ③Carbon tetrachloride poisoning ； ④vinyl chloride poisoning ； ⑦trichlorethylene poisoning ； ③Allyl chloride poisoning ； ③Chloroprene poisoning ； ⑤Poisoning by amino and nitro compounds of benzene (excluding trinitrotoluene) ； ⑦trinitrotoluene poisoning ； @methanol poisoning ； ⑩phenol poisoning ； ⑧Pentachlorophenol poisoning ； ⑧Formaldehyde poisoning ； ⑩dimethyl sulfate poisoning ； ⑩acrylamide poisoning ； ⑥Organophosphorus pesticide poisoning ； ⑩Urethane: Poisoning by good medicine ； poisoning with chlorpyrimidine ； ⑩Methyl bromide poisoning ； ◎Pyrethroid pesticide poisoning ； ⑩Occupational toxic liver disease that can be diagnosed according to the "Diagnostic Criteria and Treatment Principles of Occupational Toxic Liver Disease" ； ⑨Other occupational acute poisonings that can be diagnosed according to the "General Principles of Diagnostic Criteria and Treatment Principles for Occupational Acute Poisoning". 2． Pneumoconiosis ① Silicosis ； ②Coal workers' pneumoconiosis ； ③Graphite pneumoconiosis ； ④black pneumoconiosis ； ⑤asbestosis ； ⑥Talc pneumoconiosis ； ⑦cement pneumoconiosis ； ⑧mica pneumoconiosis ； ⑨Potter's pneumoconiosis ； ⑩aluminum pneumoconiosis ； ⑩welder's pneumoconiosis ； ⑧Caster's pneumoconiosis. 3． Physical factors occupational diseases ① heatstroke ； ②decompression sickness ； ③altitude sickness ； ④aviation sickness ； ⑤local vibration disease ； ⑥Radiation diseases include acute external exposure radiation sickness, chronic external exposure radiation sickness, internal exposure radiation sickness, and radiation skin burns. 4． Occupational infectious diseases①Anthrax ； ②forest encephalitis ； ③Brucellosis. 5. Occupational skin diseases ① Contact dermatitis ； ②photosensitivity dermatitis ； ③Electrophotodermatitis ； ④melanosis ； ⑤Acne ； ⑥ulcer ； ⑦Other occupational dermatoses that can be diagnosed according to the "Diagnostic Standards and Treatment Principles of Occupational Dermatoses". 6. Occupational eye diseases ① Chemical eye burns ； ②photoophthalmia ； ③Occupational cataracts (including radiation cataracts). 7. Occupational ear, nose and throat diseases ① Noise deafness ； ②Chrome Rhinitis. 8. Occupational tumors ① Lung cancer and skin tumors caused by asbestos ； ②Bladder cancer caused by aniline ； ③Leukemia caused by benzene ； ④Lung cancer caused by methyl chloride ； ⑤Lung and skin cancer caused by arsenic ； ⑥Hepatic angiosarcoma caused by vinyl chloride ； ⑦Lung cancer among coke oven workers ； ⑧Lung cancer among workers in the chromate manufacturing industry. 9. Other occupational diseases ① Chemical burns ； ②Metal smoke heat ； ③occupational asthma ； ④occupational allergic alveolitis ； ⑤Byssinosis ； ⑥Bursitis among coal mine workers ； ⑦dental erosion ； etc.