Some brief knowledge of environmental standards system
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1.* * Environmental Protection Standards(1) * * environmental quality standards: It is a restrictive regulation on harmful substances and factors in the environment in order to protect people's health, maintain the ecological environment and protect social material wealth, and take into account technical and economic conditions. * * Environmental quality standards are standards for measuring the quality of the environment within a certain period. In a sense, they are the target standards for environmental quality. (2) * * Pollutant emission standards (or control standards) ； is based on * * Environmental quality standards, as well as applicable pollution control technologies, and taking into account economic affordability, restrictive regulations on harmful substances discharged into the environment and various causes of pollution. It is a standard for pollution source control. (3) * * Environmental monitoring method standards: Unified regulations for monitoring environmental quality and pollutant emissions, standardizing sampling, analysis and testing, data processing, etc. (referring to unified regulations on analysis methods, measurement methods, sampling methods, test methods, inspection methods, production methods, operating methods, etc. The most common ones in the environment are analysis methods, measurement methods, and sampling methods). (4) * * Environmental standard sample standard: In order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of environmental monitoring data, standard materials are formulated for materials and physical samples used for value transfer or quality control. Standard samples play a screening role in environmental management and can be used to evaluate analytical instruments and identify their sensitivity. ； Evaluate the analyst's skills and standardize operational techniques. (5) * * Environmental Basic Standards: In the environmental standard work, unified regulations on technical terms, symbols, codes (codes), graphics, guidelines, guidelines, dimensional units and information coding are needed. 2. Local environmental protection standards: Local environmental standards are right * * Supplement and improvement of environmental standards. By the people of provinces, autonomous regions and self-administered municipalities * * formulated. In recent years, in order to control the deterioration trend of environmental quality, some places have incorporated total control indicators into local environmental standards. (1)Environmental quality standards: * * For items not specified in environmental quality standards, local environmental quality standards may be formulated. (2) Pollutant emission (control) standards: a. * * Local pollutant discharge standards can be formulated for items not specified in pollutant discharge standards. b. * * For projects with already stipulated pollutant emission standards, stricter than * * Local pollutant emission standards ； c. People of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government * * Establish local emission standards for air pollutants from motor vehicles and vessels that are stricter than * * Emission standards must be submitted to the State Council for approval. (3) * * State Environmental Protection Administration Standards: In addition to the above environmental standards, standards (including: Implement various environmental management systems, monitoring technologies, environmental zoning, planning technical requirements, specifications, guidelines, etc.). * * Environmental protection standards are divided into mandatory environmental standards and recommended environmental standards. Environmental quality standards, pollutant emission standards and other standards that must be implemented according to laws and regulations are mandatory standards. Mandatory environmental standards must be implemented, and exceeding them is illegal. Environmental standards other than mandatory standards are recommended standards. * * The adoption of recommended environmental standards is encouraged. Recommended environmental standards are cited by mandatory standards and must also be enforced. 3. Relationship between environmental standards * * The relationship between environmental standards and local environmental standards: In terms of implementation, local environmental standards take precedence over * * Enforcement of environmental standards. * * The relationship between pollutant emission standards: * * Pollutant emission standards are further divided into cross-industry comprehensive emission standards (such as: Comprehensive sewage emission standards, comprehensive air pollutant emission standards, boiler air pollutant emission standards) and industry emission standards (such as: Thermal power plant air pollutant emission standards, synthetic ammonia industry water pollutant emission standards, paper industry water pollutant emission standards, etc.). Comprehensive emission standards and industry emission standards do not overlap. Right now ； If there are industry emission standards, the industry emission standards shall be implemented, and if there are no industry emission standards, the comprehensive emission standards shall be implemented.
So far, my country has a history of 35 years in formulating environmental protection standards. Over the past thirty years, environmental protection standards have experienced a process of emergence, development, and improvement in our country. The number of standards has continued to increase, the types of standards have become increasingly rich, and the status of standards has significantly improved. At the same time, standards are playing an irreplaceable role in implementing laws and regulations, implementing environmental protection planning goals, promoting technological progress, optimizing industrial structure, standardizing management and law enforcement behaviors, etc. 1. Historical evolution my country’s environmental protection standards started at the same time as the environmental protection cause. In 1973, the National Environmental Protection Conference Preparatory Group Office organized the * * The Capital Construction Commission, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Fuel and Chemical Industry, the Ministry of Metallurgical Industry, the Ministry of Light Industry, the Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and relevant units in Beijing, Shanghai, Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province, etc. jointly prepared my country's first environmental protection standard - "Trial Standard for Industrial "Three Wastes" Emissions" and submitted it to the first National Environmental Protection Conference held in August for discussion. On November 17, the standard was * * planning committee, * * Promulgated by the Capital Construction Commission and the Ministry of Health (Standard No.: GBJ4-73), implemented on January 1, 1974. At that time, our country had not yet enacted legislation on environmental protection (the Environmental Protection Law was promulgated in 1979), so this standard actually played an important role for a period of time. * * The role of environmental protection regulations. In 1974, the State Council Environmental Protection Leading Group was established, with an office responsible for daily work. In the institutional reform in 1982, the State Council established the Ministry of Urban and Rural Development and Environmental Protection, abolished the Environmental Protection Leading Group, and merged the leading group office into the Ministry of Urban and Rural Development and Environmental Protection to become the Ministry's Environmental Protection Bureau. In 1984, with the approval of the State Council, the Environmental Protection Bureau of the Ministry of Urban and Rural Development and Environmental Protection was reorganized into * * Environmental Protection Agency, becomes independent * * functional departments. From the Office of the Environmental Protection Leading Group of the State Council to * * During the Environmental Protection Agency period, * * Environmental protection standards work has developed healthily and made great progress. The types of standards have been enriched and the number of standards has grown rapidly. By the mid-1990s, it had been formulated * * There are more than 300 environmental protection standards, with an average of more than 30 standards released every year. 1998, * * After the establishment of the State Environmental Protection Administration, environmental protection standards entered a new period of development, and the growth rate of the number of standards further accelerated. In the past three years, the General Administration has issued more than 100 standards every year. currently, current * * The number of environmental protection standards has exceeded 1,000.
2. Nature, system and management system of environmental protection standards Environmental protection standards are regulations on the technical attributes of various things that need to be regulated in the field of environmental protection. Our country has established environmental protection legislation * * Environmental protection standard system, the "Environmental Protection Law", "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law", "Water Pollution Prevention Law", "Environmental Noise Pollution Prevention Law", "Marine Environmental Protection Law", "Radioactive Pollution Prevention and Control Law" and other laws provide for the formulation of environmental protection standards. my country's environmental protection standards include two levels, namely * * level standards and local (provincial) standards. * * Level environmental protection standards include * * environmental quality standards, * * Pollutant emission (control) standards, * * Environmental standard samples and other materials used in various aspects of environmental protection law enforcement and management * * Environmental Protection Standards. Environmental protection industry standards are a form of release of environmental protection standards. Because of their characteristics in terms of formulation subjects, release methods, scope of application, etc., they should be classified as * * level environmental protection standards. Local-level environmental protection standards include local environmental quality standards and local pollutant emission standards. Local environmental quality standards are * * Supplement to environmental quality standards. Local pollutant emission standards are * * The supplement or improvement of pollutant emission standards is more effective than * * Pollutant emission standards. According to legal provisions, * * and local environmental protection standards are determined by the environmental protection department of the State Council and local provincial-level * * formulated. Standard-setting entities, local-level standards and * * The relationship between environmental protection standards and other standards is a major difference between environmental protection standards and other standards. Environmental protection standards are formulated to safeguard public interests, which determines that environmental protection standards have characteristics different from product standards. According to common international practice, the environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge (control) standards in environmental protection standards adopt the management system of technical regulations and are formulated by relevant administrative departments or legislative bodies. Environmental protection standards are normative technical documents formulated and implemented in accordance with the law. The core contents of the environmental protection standard system, environmental quality standards and pollutant emission standards, are environmental protection technical regulations. Other environmental protection standards are formulated to meet the needs of implementing environmental protection technical regulations and meeting the needs of environmental protection law enforcement and management. * * The environmental protection standard system consists of environmental protection technical regulations and other environmental protection standards. It is an organic whole that is interconnected, closely coordinated, coordinated and inseparable.
3. Characteristics of environmental protection standards (1) The purpose of formulating environmental protection standards is to protect public interests, and environmental protection standards are essentially public welfare standards. Environmental Protection Standards and Implementation * * Environmental protection laws and regulations are closely related. For example, the environmental quality standards and pollutant emission (control) standards in environmental protection standards are environmental protection technical regulations with mandatory force according to law, and their mandatory force comes from * * Environmental protection laws stipulate obligations to meet standards and responsibilities for violating standards. (2) Environmental protection standards are technical documents. Their formulation subjects, system structures, basic principles, formulation basis, and implementation systems are all different from environmental protection laws and regulations, and have their own characteristics and rules.: 1. The standard content is highly technical and the system structure is special. Standards are technical documents with a certain scope of application. Most of their contents involve concepts, principles, etc. in professional and technical fields, and require certain professional knowledge or professional work background to understand and master them. The technical content of a single standard is often incomplete and needs to reference part or all of the content of other standards. Therefore, the standard system is a complex organism. Only through coordination, connection, and cooperation between standards can the entire standard system operate normally. For example, environmental quality standards and pollutant emission standards must cite monitoring technical specifications and monitoring method standards, while monitoring method standards must cite sampling and sample preparation standards. ； The development of monitoring method standards and standard samples must be based on the pollutant limit levels stipulated in environmental quality standards and pollutant emission standards, etc. 2. Standards are formulated and promulgated by administrative departments. Their contents are mainly technical provisions and fall within the scope of natural science. Standards are formulated by administrative departments to implement legal provisions and implement social management work. Those involved in the formulation of standards are mainly experts and managers from scientific research institutions, technical monitoring and testing institutions, technology development institutions, etc. The content of standards is mainly technical provisions, so standards belong to the category of natural sciences. 3. The standard-setting mechanism is special and the content is relatively simple. Standards are used to stipulate the technical attributes of things. Their biggest feature is that the content only involves things and objects, and does not directly affect people, nor does it directly stipulate responsibilities, rights and interests. Standards are formulated in accordance with legal provisions or for the implementation of laws. The content is relatively specific, microscopic, and highly technical. They are suitable for formulation by administrative departments and professional technical institutions. Standards are often formulated to implement legal provisions, but the decision-making mechanism in standard formulation is different from laws and regulations. (3) Standards are closely related to scientific research activities, and the formulation work is based on scientific research results and technological development levels. Each technical provision in the standard is determined based on the results of scientific experiments and comprehensive economic and technical feasibility and other factors. ； At the same time, the implementation of standards will also promote the development of scientific research and the improvement of technical levels in related fields. Therefore, standard work and scientific and technological work are interdependent, complementary and complementary to each other. Without the foundation of preliminary scientific research work, the formulation and revision of relevant standards will be unsustainable and difficult to be successfully completed within the prescribed work cycle. ； Similarly, without the promotion and promotion of standards, scientific research work will lose its motivation and direction. The essence of environmental protection technical regulations is still technical documents. For example, environmental quality standards are formulated based on environmental benchmarks (i.e., the maximum allowable amount or intensity of pollutants). The determination of each pollutant environmental benchmark requires long-term and extensive toxicological testing and research. Another example is that the determination of emission control requirements in industry-based pollutant emission standards is based on the emission level of the production process and feasible emission control technologies, which requires in-depth research on the industry's process, technical level, and affordability. The technical attributes of other standards in environmental protection standards are more prominent. For example, monitoring method standards are determined based on scientific experimental experience, and the process of formulating standard samples is itself a scientific experiment process.
Environmental Protection "Three Simultaneities" System The "Three Simultaneities" system is a basic system for environmental management of construction projects and an important manifestation of my country's prevention-oriented environmental protection policy. That is, environmental protection facilities in construction projects must be designed, constructed, and put into use simultaneously with the main project. “The scope of application of the "Three Simultaneities" system includes: New, renovation and expansion projects ； Technical transformation project ； Engineering projects that may cause pollution and damage to the environment. In 1973, the State Council issued the "Several Provisions on Protecting and Improving the Environment" for the first time.: All newly built, expanded and renovated enterprises must implement the "Three Simultaneities" system ； 1976 * * This system was reiterated in the "Report on Strengthening Environmental Protection Work" approved by the central government ； The "Environmental Protection Law (Trial)" of 1979, the "Environmental Protection Law" of 1989, individual environmental protection laws of various periods and the "Regulations on Environmental Protection of Construction Projects" of the State Council all stipulate that construction projects must implement the "three simultaneous" system. (source: * * State Environmental Protection Administration website)
Improving the scientific nature of the methods for formulating pollutant emission standards 1. In order to reflect the principles of market fairness and efficiency in controlling pollution, indicator design should select characterization parameters based on the different relationships between pollution source productivity and pollutant emission. In most cases, the productivity of pollution sources is related to the amount of pollutants emitted. Generally, the amount of pollutants emitted per unit productivity of sewage discharge facilities is used as an indicator, which is called the emission rate. For example, how many kilograms of COD are emitted by producing one ton of paper, and how many grams of NOx are emitted by driving a car for one kilometer. When dilution can be effectively prevented or the dilution effect can be converted, the emission rate can also be simplified to the pollutant emission concentration in exhaust gas or wastewater. Concentration indicators are also often used when there is no correlation between productivity and emissions. When the emission rate or emission concentration adopted by the unit is insufficient to control pollution source emissions, the emission rate and emission concentration can be selected at the same time. Sometimes, in order to simplify the work of monitoring emissions from thousands of pollution sources, it can also be stipulated that as long as equipment that reaches a certain purification efficiency is installed and operates normally, it will be deemed to comply with the emission standards. When the law of pollution source generation cannot be grasped, the removal rate can be used as an indicator. Standards expressed in numerical values are the main content of pollutant emission standards and are expressed as technical quantitative mandatory requirements that can be verified through inspection and monitoring. When it is difficult or inappropriate to use quantitative methods to control the emission behavior process, written normative process operation standards can also be formulated. 2. Formulated based on control technology * * Emission Standards Emission standards should have scientific indicators, be technically feasible, and have fair and reasonable implementation costs. The basic basis for determining emission limits is based on technology. When considering conventional production processes, taking appropriate pollution prevention and clean production measures, and adopting terminal pollutant reduction technologies, the emission level is the emission limit. Due to the dispersion of production processes, pollution prevention measures and terminal reduction technologies, when determining emission limits, technologies should be summarized and synthesized, and different technical options should be summarized and demonstrated. Since technology selection is often related to the economic costs of enterprises, environmental cost analysis should also be conducted when determining emission limits. Since the production processes of old and new pollution sources are different, and the treatment technologies that may be adopted are also different, emission standards should be formulated separately for new and old pollution sources. 3. Establish emission standards by industry and production process. The production processes of products in different industries are different. Therefore, emission standards are generally formulated according to industry or process categories. It is difficult to compare the fairness of emission behaviors between different industries. 4. Environmental technical regulations for products The emission of pollutants mainly occurs during the production process of products, but some products emit large amounts of pollutants during use, or are difficult to dispose of after use and discard, constituting an important source of pollution. Such products have obvious dual characteristics of use function and environmental pollution. Pollutant emission standards or pollutant content control standards should be formulated for such products and environmental controls should be implemented for them. When the degree of environmental pollution caused by the use of a certain type of product is comparable to the pollution caused by the production process of this product or other products, it is necessary to formulate emission standards, that is, environmental technical regulations for the product.
Attention should be paid to the effectiveness of environmental regulations on emission standards 2006-03-30 | edit: enablesite | [Large, Medium and Small] 2006-03-24 Zhou Yangsheng Zhang Guoning Zheng Xiaoyu Because it is difficult for enterprises to avoid pollutant emissions during the production process, in order to prevent enterprises from transferring internal costs to the external environment and balance the emission rights between enterprises, representatives representing public interests * * The behavior of pollutant discharge must be controlled, which leads to the production of pollutant discharge standards. It represents the external characteristic index of the impact of pollution sources on the environment. It requires pollution sources to take continuous technical measures to reduce pollutant emissions and implement legally binding technical enforcement measures for pollutant emission behaviors. 1. Basic Principles and Justification of Pollutant Emission Standards Pollutant emission standards are restrictive regulations on the quantity, concentration, and mode of pollutants emitted by pollution sources and other indicators that characterize the environmental characteristics of pollution sources based on environmental quality standards and technical and economic conditions in order to meet environmental quality standards and protect human health and the ecological environment. It is the basic basis and legal standard for judging whether the emission of pollutants is legal. This standard has become the world's common legal norm for controlling pollution source emissions. This is a strategic technical enforcement method for implementing environmental quality standards. Its function is to directly control pollution sources and limit the pollutants they discharge, thereby achieving the purpose of preventing and controlling environmental pollution. Essentially, pollutant emission standards are * * The quantification and technical indicators of environmental laws and regulations are an important technical basis for environmental law enforcement and management. Therefore, the pollutant emission standards are * * It is an important part of the environmental protection legal system and has the same mandatory binding and administrative guidance functions as environmental regulations. Therefore, its legal status and effectiveness as environmental regulations must be emphasized during the formulation, revision and implementation of pollutant emission standards. Setting pollutant discharge standards is environmental legislation. Excessive discharge of pollutants is a violation of environmental regulations. Administrative, civil and criminal sanctions must be imposed on violators. Due to the characteristics of environmental protection regulations for pollutant emission standards, their formulation bodies, standard systems, and legal liability for violations of standards are all different from product quality standards. The formulation of pollutant emission standards must be carried out by statutory authorities in accordance with prescribed procedures. No other unit other than statutory authorities has the right to formulate pollutant emission standards. my country's current "Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China", "Atmospheric Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People's Republic of China" and other laws clearly stipulate that the environmental protection administrative department of the State Council and the provincial people * * Develop pollutant emission standards based on environmental quality standards and economic and technical conditions. 2. Improve the scientific nature of the methods for formulating pollutant emission standards 1. In order to reflect the principles of market fairness and efficiency in controlling pollution, the indicator design should select characterization parameters based on the different relationships between pollution source productivity and pollutant emission. In most cases, the productivity of pollution sources is related to the amount of pollutants emitted. Generally, the amount of pollutants emitted per unit productivity of sewage discharge facilities is used as an indicator, which is called the emission rate. For example, how many kilograms of COD are emitted by producing one ton of paper, and how many grams of NOx are emitted by driving a car for one kilometer. When dilution can be effectively prevented or the dilution effect can be converted, the emission rate can also be simplified to the pollutant emission concentration in exhaust gas or wastewater. Concentration indicators are also often used when there is no correlation between productivity and emissions. When the emission rate or emission concentration adopted by the unit is insufficient to control pollution source emissions, the emission rate and emission concentration can be selected at the same time. Sometimes, in order to simplify the work of monitoring emissions from thousands of pollution sources, it can also be stipulated that as long as equipment that reaches a certain purification efficiency is installed and operates normally, it will be deemed to comply with the emission standards. When the law of pollution source generation cannot be grasped, the removal rate can be used as an indicator. Standards expressed in numerical values are the main content of pollutant emission standards and are expressed as technical quantitative mandatory requirements that can be verified through inspection and monitoring. When it is difficult or inappropriate to use quantitative methods to control the emission behavior process, written normative process operation standards can also be formulated. 2. Formulated based on control technology * * Emission Standards Emission standards should have scientific indicators, be technically feasible, and have fair and reasonable implementation costs. The basic basis for determining emission limits is based on technology. When considering conventional production processes, taking appropriate pollution prevention and clean production measures, and adopting terminal pollutant reduction technologies, the emission level is the emission limit. Due to the dispersion of production processes, pollution prevention measures and terminal reduction technologies, when determining emission limits, technologies should be summarized and synthesized, and different technical options should be summarized and demonstrated. Since technology selection is often related to the economic costs of enterprises, environmental cost analysis should also be conducted when determining emission limits. Since the production processes of old and new pollution sources are different, and the treatment technologies that may be adopted are also different, emission standards should be formulated separately for new and old pollution sources. 3. Establish emission standards by industry and production process. The production processes of products in different industries are different. Therefore, emission standards are generally formulated according to industry or process categories. It is difficult to compare the fairness of emission behaviors between different industries. 4. Environmental technical regulations for products The emission of pollutants mainly occurs during the production process of products, but some products emit large amounts of pollutants during use, or are difficult to dispose of after use and discard, constituting an important source of pollution. Such products have obvious dual characteristics of use function and environmental pollution. Pollutant emission standards or pollutant content control standards should be formulated for such products and environmental controls should be implemented for them. When the degree of environmental pollution caused by the use of a certain type of product is comparable to the pollution caused by the production process of this product or other products, it is necessary to formulate emission standards, that is, environmental technical regulations for the product. ( * * Environmental Standards Research Institute of the State Environmental Protection Administration)
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