What are non-ferrous metals
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What are non-ferrous metals? Non-ferrous metals refer to all metals other than the three ferrous metals: iron, chromium, and manganese. Compared to ferrous metals, it possesses special properties such as greater corrosion resistance, wear resistance, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, toughness, high strength, malleability, ductility, formability, and ease of rolling in industrial applications. It is an essential material for the development of modern industry, modern national defense, and modern science and technology. Categories of non-ferrous metals: There are a total of 64 types of non-ferrous metals, which are divided into five categories: 1. Heavy metals – 10 types: those with a density of over 4.5; they include copper, nickel, cobalt, lead, zinc, tin, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, and mercury. 2. Seven light metals: all with a specific gravity of less than 4.5; they are aluminum, magnesium, potassium, sodium, calcium, strontium, and barium. 3. 8 precious metals: They have a high specific gravity; these are gold, silver, platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, iridium, and osmium. 4. 17 rare metals: These are elements that occur in small quantities in the Earth’s crust and are difficult to extract; they include lithium, beryllium, titanium, rubidium, cesium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, rhenium, tantalum, niobium, zirconium, hafnium, gallium, indium, thallium, and germanium. 17 lanthanide rare earth metals: they are lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium. 5. Five semimetal elements: Their physicochemical properties lie between those of metals and non-metals; they are silicon, selenium, tellurium, arsenic, and boron. In our country, copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, nickel, tin, antimony, mercury, titanium, and magnesium – metals with high production volumes and wide areas of application – are referred to as the 10 most commonly used non-ferrous metals. These 10 metals are used as a benchmark for measuring the level of development, with copper, aluminum, lead, and zinc accounting for around 95% of the total production and consumption of such metals. There are a total of 64 types of non-ferrous metals, which are located in the periodic table as follows: Group Period IA Heavy metals Precious metals Semimetals O1H Hydrogen IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA He Helium 2Li Lithium Be Beryllium Light metals Rare metals B Boron C Carbon N Nitrogen O Oxygen F Fluorine Ne Neon 3Na Sodium Mg Magnesium IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIIB IB Aluminum Si Silicon P Phosphorus S Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ar Argon 4K Potassium Ca Calcium Sc Scandium Ti Titanium V Vanadium Cr Chromium Mn Manganese Fe Iron Co Cobalt Ni Nickel Cu Copper Zn Zinc Ga Gallium Ge Germanium As Arsenic Se Selenium Br Bromine Kr Krypton 5Rb Rubidium Sr Strontium Y Yttrium Zr Zirconium Nb Niobium Mo Molybdenum Tc Technetium Ru Ruthenium Rh Rhodium Pd Palladium Ag Silver Cd Cadmium In Indium Sn Tin Sb Antimony Te Tellurium I Iodine Xe Xenon 6Cs Cesium Ba Barium La-Lu Lanthanides Hf Hafnium Ta Tantalum W Tungsten Re Rhenium Os Osmium Is Iridium Pt Platinum Au Gold Hg Mercury Tl Thallium Pb Lead Bi Bismuth Po Polonium At Astatine Rn Radon 7Fr Francium Ra Radium Ac-Lr Lanthanides Rf Ha Unh Uns Uno Une Lanthanides La Lanthanum Ce Cerium Pr Praseodymium Nd Neodymium Pm Promethium Sm Samarium Eu Europium Gd Gadolinium Tb Terbium Dy Dysprosium Ho Holmium Er Erbium Tm Thulium Yb Ybrium Lu Lutetium Actinides Ac Actinium Th Thorium Pa Protactinium U Uranium Np Neptunium Pu Plutonium Am Americium Cm Curium Bk Berkelium Cf Californium Es Einsteinium Fm Fermium Md Mendelevium No Nobelium Lr Lradium
Heavy metals in chemistry 1 Definition: Heavy metals refer to metals with a specific gravity greater than 5 (generally, metals with a density of more than 4.5 grams per cubic centimeter). Heavy metals refer to metals with an atomic weight greater than 55. Since the atomic weight of iron is 56, which is greater than 55, it is also a heavy metal. There are about 45 types of heavy metals, which are generally transition elements. Such as copper, lead, zinc, iron, cobalt, nickel, manganese, cadmium, mercury, tungsten, molybdenum, gold, silver, etc. Although heavy metals such as manganese, copper, and zinc are trace elements required for biological activities, most heavy metals like mercury, lead, and cadmium are not essential for life, and all heavy metals are toxic to the human body at concentrations above a certain level. For example, the clinical manifestations of mercury poisoning include systemic symptoms such as headache, dizziness, fatigue, and fever. Oral and gastrointestinal symptoms include swollen, red, and painful gums, erosion and bleeding, loose teeth, pus discharge from the gum pockets, bad breath in the mouth, as well as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Skin contact can cause red papular rashes, which are more common on the limbs and the head and face. A few patients may experience kidney damage, and in some severe cases, there may be symptoms of acute interstitial pneumonia such as coughing, chest pain, difficulty breathing, and cyanosis. Heavy metal poisoning causes proteins in the body to coagulate; you can find this information in high school chemistry textbooks. If there is a mild poisoning, drink plenty of milk. The proteins in milk react with heavy metals. This will not damage your own bodily functions. One must also seek medical attention immediately after drinking it. There is currently no strict and unified definition of what constitutes heavy metals. In the context of environmental pollution, heavy metals refer mainly to biologically toxic heavy elements such as mercury, cadmium, lead, chromium, and the metalloid arsenic. Heavy metals cannot be biodegraded; instead, through biomagnification in the food chain, they can become concentrated by thousands of times before eventually entering the human body. Heavy metals in the human body can interact strongly with proteins and enzymes, rendering them inactive, and they may also accumulate in certain organs of the body, causing chronic poisoning. Heavy metal elements are discharged into rivers, lakes, or oceans without treatment for certain reasons, or end up in the soil, thereby contaminating these water bodies and soils; they cannot be biodegraded. If fish or shellfish accumulate heavy metals and are consumed by humans, or if heavy metals are absorbed by crops such as rice and wheat and then eaten by humans, these heavy metals enter the human body and cause heavy metal poisoning. In mild cases, this leads to strange diseases such as Minamata disease and itai-itai disease, while in severe cases it can be fatal. Therefore, we should not consume too much seafood, and it is essential to cook it thoroughly before eating each time, in order to avoid ingesting bacteria. Major heavy metal elements: From the perspective of environmental pollution, heavy metals refer to mercury, cadmium, lead, and \"metalloids\" such as arsenic, which are heavy metals with significant biological toxicity. The four most toxic to the human body are lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium. These heavy metals cannot be broken down in water; when consumed by humans, their toxicity increases, and they combine with other toxins in water to form more toxic organic compounds. Heavy metals cause great harm to the human body. Common ones include: Mercury: Once ingested, it goes straight to the liver and causes severe damage to the brain, nerves, and vision. In natural water, 0.01 milligrams per liter can cause poisoning in humans. Cadmium: Causes high blood pressure and leads to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases ； It damages bones as well as the liver and kidneys, and can cause renal failure. Lead: It is one of the heavy metals with high toxicity; once it enters the body, it is difficult to eliminate. It can directly damage brain cells, especially the nervous system of fetuses, leading to congenital intellectual disability ； It can cause dementia and other conditions in the elderly. There are also carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. Cobalt: Can cause radioactive damage to the skin. Vanadium: Damages the heart and lungs, leading to abnormal cholesterol metabolism. Antimony: Along with arsenic, it can turn silver jewelry a brick red color and cause radioactive damage to the skin. It can also damage the bones, liver, and kidneys. Thallium: It can cause polyneuritis. Manganese: Excessive amounts can cause hyperthyroidism. It can also damage vital organs. Arsenic: It is one of the components of arsenic trioxide; it is highly toxic and can cause rapid death. Long-term exposure to small amounts can lead to chronic poisoning. There is also carcinogenicity. Any of these heavy metals can cause headaches, dizziness, insomnia, forgetfulness, mental confusion, joint pain, kidney stones, cancer (such as liver cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer), as well as beriberi and birth defects ； The damage to cells, organs of the digestive and urinary systems, as well as to the skin, bones, and nerves is particularly severe.
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