Problems with chemical cleaning of boilers

Molecules of substances can be divided into polar and non-polar types. Symmetric molecules such as H2, O2, and N2 are non-polar, whereas H2O and N2O are polar. In the absence of a magnetic field, polar molecules arrange themselves in any manner, but when a magnetic field is applied to them, their dipoles align themselves in the direction of the magnetic field. Under the influence of a magnetic field, non-polar molecules become polarized, thereby acquiring a dipole moment and experiencing an attractive force that leads to their orderly arrangement. When bipolar molecules exert an attractive force between opposite poles and a repulsive force between like poles, this causes certain deformation of the molecules, increasing their polarity. The cations and anions of salts in water are surrounded by water dipoles, which prevents them from moving freely and thus inhibits the precipitation of scale formed by salts such as calcium and magnesium. When moving electrons are subjected to a magnetic field, a force perpendicular to the direction of their motion is generated (the Lorentz force); this forces the electrons to deviate from the normal crystal lattice, thereby preventing the normal crystallization of the solid. It can also reduce the accumulation of scale on metal surfaces. Since the polarity of water molecules treated by an electromagnetic field increases, their ability to penetrate scale also increases; this weakens the bond between the scale and the pipe walls, allowing the scale to fall off. This is one of the mechanisms by which magnetic treatment prevents scale formation. 　　Under the influence of a magnetic field, positive and negative ions in water move in opposite directions, generating a weak electric current. In water, O2 + e → O2-, and the formation of O2- leads to a decrease in the amount of O2 present in the water. At the same time, Fe2O3·nH2O (commonly known as rust), which is formed due to potential difference corrosion of the pipeline itself, reacts with weak electron currents as follows: 3Fe2O3·nH2O + 2e → 2Fe3O4 + (1/2)O2 + 3nH2O. Fe3O4 is very stable at room temperature and does not undergo further oxidation; it is referred to as magnetic iron oxide. The film it forms separates the pipe wall from the water, and corrosion stops. 　　The magnetic field reduces the dissolved oxygen in water, and at the same time creates a Fe3O4 protective film that significantly reduces corrosion.