What are the types of anti-corrosion coatings, anti-corrosion mortars, and anti-corrosion cement mortars used in the chemical industry?

Common types of anti-corrosion coatings include: 1. Epoxy resin coatings. Epoxy resin is a thermosetting resin in which each molecule contains two or more epoxy groups on average. Epoxy resins are widely used due to their ease of processing and molding, as well as the excellent properties of their cured products. By modifying the epoxy structure, creating epoxy alloys, adding inorganic fillers, or using expanding monomers to enhance their performance, anti-corrosion coatings can be produced. Epoxy resin coatings possess excellent physical and mechanical properties, with their strongest feature being their strong adhesion to metals ； It also has excellent chemical and oil resistance, particularly very good alkali resistance. The main components of epoxy resin coatings are epoxy resin and its curing agent, while auxiliary components include pigments, fillers, etc. Stainless steel powder is a metal pigment that has been developed in recent years. Due to its inertness and excellent protective properties, especially in high-temperature and highly corrosive environments, it can be used either as a primary pigment or as part of a composite pigment, together with binders, to form protective coatings. M. Selvaraj’s research found [1] that the polarization method can be used to achieve an optimal combination of stainless steel pigments and epoxy resin; the resulting powder-based epoxy coating can overcome the poor wear resistance of epoxy resin, allowing it to be used in outdoor environments. This coating is a two-component coating; one component consists of 70% epoxy resin dissolved in solvents such as methyl isobutyl ketone, xylene, and butyl synthetic rubber ； The other portion is obtained by dissolving 70% polyamide in xylene; the two are mixed together for use. Tests using mechanical, accelerated life, and electrochemical methods have shown that this coating possesses good mechanical properties and the ability to maintain a stable metallic morphology over long periods in solutions such as NaCl. To improve the heat resistance of epoxy resin coatings, people have utilized the heat resistance of siloxanes by mixing a small amount of siloxane resin with epoxy resin to create new heat-resistant anti-corrosion coatings. This is because the presence of –Si–O–Si– bonds in silicon gives the coating good thermal stability, while –Si–C– bonds ensure the solid content of the coating. First, epoxy resin and methyl isobutyl ketone are mixed to form a solvent; then silica is added to this solvent, followed by dilution with xylene, and polyamide is added as a curing agent. Observations using a spectrometer and electrochemical microscope revealed a significant improvement in the thermal stability of the coating, as well as good resistance to solvents such as toluene and trichlorotoluene [2,3]. Furthermore, M. Dhanalakshmi et al. studied epoxy resin coatings and found that their corrosion resistance was poor in humid environments. By using imines in place of the common polyamides and polyamines, the amines generated upon the hydrolysis of these imines could react with the epoxy resin, thereby achieving water-resistant and anti-corrosive properties [4,5]. If epoxy resin is blended with chlorinated rubber and silicone resins to produce polymer-polymer type coatings, the barrier properties of rubber against corrosive agents such as water vapor, along with the high-temperature resistance of silicones, can be utilized to achieve the protective functions of conventional multi-layer films using a single-layer coating [6–8]. Zhou Zhong, D04E, and others investigated the resistance of epoxy powder coatings and phenolic-modified epoxy powder coatings to penetration by various media, as well as their resistance to cathodic delamination, using static immersion and cathodic stripping methods. They explored the effect of phenolic resin on the corrosion resistance of the modified epoxy powder coatings. The results showed that modified epoxy powder coatings with an appropriate amount of phenolic resin could exhibit good water and acid resistance at 90°C under suitable curing conditions, and their alkali resistance was also improved to a certain extent [9,10]. The Nanjing Institute of Water Resources Science and Technology has developed a new type of epoxy powder coating [11]. They roughly grind the epoxy resin to a certain fineness, add an appropriate amount of curing agent, toughener, leveling agent, and filler to a mixer for pre-mixing, and then the premixed material is extruded, ground, screened, and dried. This coating is applied by spraying; its film exhibits good resistance to the penetration of acids, alkalis, salt spray, and chloride ions, has strong adhesion, an impact strength of >500 N*mm, a flexibility of 1 mm, and storage stability of >1.5 years. There is a type of HN heavy-duty anti-corrosion synthetic film, which is formed by the reaction of epoxy resin, unsaturated resin, titanium dioxide, mica powder, along with a high-strength binder and curing agent. Its main technical specifications are as follows: it does not form bubbles, peel, or change color after being subjected to artificial accelerated aging for over 1,000 hours; its oxygen index is above 29.5 at 35°C; and it exhibits excellent resistance to acid, alkali, and salt corrosion [12]. 2 Polyurethane coatings: Polyurethane coatings are coatings that use polyurethane resin as the base material, with pigments, fillers, and other materials serving as auxiliary components. Polyurethane coatings have strong adaptability to various application environments and substrates; they can cure at low temperatures, can be applied in humid environments on wet substrates, and exhibit excellent resistance to petroleum. The main drawback of polyurethane coatings is their high irritancy and toxicity. Polyurethane products are diverse. Based on their packaging form, they can be divided into two main categories: single-component moisture-curing polyurethane coatings and two-component polyurethane coatings. The former is a prepolymer containing isocyanate groups; after application, the coating film reacts with the moisture in the air to cross-link and cure. Commonly used ones are prepolymers based on ricinoleol alkoxides or polyethers. The main advantage of this coating is its ease of use, as it eliminates the hassle of preparation on-site. The main drawback is that the production of colored paint is relatively complex, requiring special manufacturing methods, and the shelf life of the finished product is generally short as well. The latter includes a polyhydroxyl component and a polyisocyanate component; these two components are mixed before use, and the hydroxyl groups in the polyhydroxyl component react with the isocyanate groups in the polyisocyanate component to form a cross-linked film. There are many types of polyhydroxyl compounds used, such as polyesters, polyethers, epoxy resins, and acrylic resins. The coating has good heat resistance, water resistance, and oil resistance, but poor alkali resistance. The recently reported 951 two-component heavy-duty anti-corrosion coatings [13] have a component A that is a toluene diisocyanate adduct curing agent, and a component B composed of epoxy resin, polyester resin, pigments, additives, and solvents. This type of anti-rust magnetic paint possesses excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties due to the addition of polyester resin to the epoxy resin. Its main technical specification is: fineness ≤ 30 μm ； Viscosity ≥50 s ； Drying time: surface drying ≤ 1 h, actual drying ≤ 16 h; drying at (90±2)°C ≤ 1 h ； Hardness ≥ 0.55 ； Gasoline resistance immersion for 1 year ； Resistance to acid immersion (25% H2SO4 solution) for 3 months ； Alkaline immersion (NaOH) for 3 months. It is also reported that there is a type of interpenetrating network anti-corrosion coating with excellent performance; this coating is a polyurethane formed by the interpenetration of rubber networks and plastic networks. At room temperature, it exhibits good corrosion resistance as well as favorable physical and mechanical properties in the face of substances such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, saline solutions, caustic alkalis, and gasoline. Tian Jun and others studied wear-resistant and anti-corrosive coatings composed of polyurethane and polytetrafluoroethylene irradiated with gamma rays. By using Fourier infrared spectroscopy and other methods to analyze the chemical structure and morphology of the coating surface, it was found that when an appropriate amount of polytetrafluoroethylene was included in the coating, polytetrafluoroethylene could accumulate on the coating surface and form a strong bond with the polyurethane resin, resulting in a dense coating surface with excellent wear resistance and corrosion resistance [14–17]. 3 Flake resin coatings: Metals and certain inorganic compounds are treated using special physical or chemical methods to turn them into thin flakes of a specific size; these flakes are referred to as flakes in engineering terms. Using scales as fillers and synthetic resin as the film-forming substance (adhesive), along with other additives, corrosion-resistant materials can be produced. Scaled resin coatings share the following common feature: good impermeability ； Low contractility ； It has good impact resistance and wear resistance. Currently, there are scale resin coatings made from materials such as glass flakes, mica, corrosion-resistant metal sheets, and organic materials. Experiments have shown that the factors with the greatest impact on the coating are the amount of scales added and the amount of surface treatment applied. Those that have a significant impact on construction properties are suspended thickeners, reactive diluents, and pigments [18]. 3.1 Glass Flake Coating: A glassflake coating is a type of coating filled with fine flaky glass powder. Its coating can be applied in thick layers, and thanks to the isolating effect of these flaky glass particles, it offers excellent resistance to water, water vapor, electrolytes, and oxygen; thus, it is an outstanding heavy-duty anti-corrosion coating. Unsaturated polyester coatings filled with glass flakes of appropriate specifications have a much lower water vapor permeability than other coatings. The size of glass particle particles has a significant impact on permeability; for example, in the case of a 3 μm thick glass sheet, permeability increases significantly when its transverse dimension is less than 420 μm ； When it is greater than 420 μm, there is no effect on permeability, and it reaches its minimum value. Furthermore, the thickness of the coating on the glass sheet is also important; to achieve an optimal anti-corrosion effect, the coating thickness must be above 500 μm. The Japanese National Institute of Industrial Technology has developed an anti-corrosion coating with strong corrosion resistance and a short application time. The new coating involves coating tiny glass particles measuring in microns with zinc and aluminum, and then mixing them into a resin-based coating. Glass sheets prevent the intrusion of rainwater and salt ； Zinc in coatings prevents corrosion ； Aluminum, on the other hand, has the ability to suppress ultraviolet rays that cause coatings to deteriorate. The new coating requires only two coats to resist corrosion from seawater and similar substances for over 7–8 years, and zinc and aluminum are inexpensive materials. 3.2 Mica flake coatings: Mica is an aluminosilicate, and structurally it belongs to the category of layered silicates. Mica has good chemical stability; it exhibits excellent resistance to alkalis and organic solvents. Studies have shown that, under the same environmental conditions, mica flake unsaturated polyester coatings have roughly the same level of chemical stability as glass flake unsaturated polyester coatings ； Since resins are not resistant to alkalis, they are also completely destroyed in a sodium carbonate solution with a mass fraction of 20%. A newly developed mica resin film (0.1–1 mm) possesses the characteristics of flake resins while overcoming the inherent defects of such materials. 4 Inorganic zinc-rich coatings: Inorganic zinc-rich coatings are available in both water-based and solvent-based types. The former is based on sodium silicate, while the latter is based on ethyl orthosilicate. Ethyl orthosilicate is soluble in organic solvents; after application, as the solvent evaporates, the alkoxy groups in ethyl orthosilicate absorb moisture from the air and undergo a hydrolysis reaction, resulting in cross-linking and curing into high-molecular-weight siloxane polymers. The zinc-rich coating is made from ethyl silicate and zinc powder (with a mass content of 70%–90%); the zinc powder provides cathodic protection, which gives this coating good heat resistance, wear resistance, and solvent resistance, as well as strong rust prevention properties. Its drawback is the poor toughness of the coating film, which often requires the addition of some organic resins for modification. For example, a new type of coating resistant to high temperatures and severe corrosion – the HWE type inorganic zinc silicate primer – has been developed. This paint is primarily composed of alkyl silicates, ultra-fine zinc powder, pigments and fillers, special additives, and curing agents. It has moderate viscosity, a short curing time, and excellent heat and corrosion resistance [19]. Zinc-ferrophosphate pigments have proven to have great application potential. α-Fe2O3 and ZnO were mixed in a molar ratio of 1:1 and heated to 1,200°C to undergo a solid-state reaction, resulting in the reactants crystallizing into needle-shaped crystals. By mixing this with linseed oil as a pigment, coatings can be further prepared. Studies on its properties have shown that zinc-ferrate pigments possess good corrosion resistance; when added to organic coatings that do not undergo saponification, they can **improve the anti-corrosion properties of these coatings. The protective properties increase with the addition of pigments, and the mechanical properties also see a significant improvement [20]. 5 High-solid-content coatings: Conventional anti-corrosion coatings typically contain about 40% volatile components, most of which are organic solvents. These solvents evaporate into the atmosphere after the coating is applied, not only leading to defects in the coating layer and making it difficult to meet anti-corrosion requirements but also causing environmental pollution. Therefore, increasing the solid content of coatings and reducing their volatile components have become new directions in coating development. Currently, abroad, anti-corrosion coatings with a very high solid content (up to 95%) have been developed. These coatings possess excellent performance and have been used in oil and gas fields as well as in the hydropower industry, yielding good results. Domestic research has shown that high-performance coatings with a high solid content, prepared using modified epoxy and polyurethane prepolymers, have a solid content of 97%; the thickness of a single coating application can exceed 150 μm. Under the same conditions, the number of pores in such coatings is more than 2/3 less compared to conventional anti-corrosion coatings. In addition, compared to ordinary anti-corrosion coatings, it possesses the following advantageous properties: it has an extremely low content of volatile components and exhibits strong resistance to penetration under high pressure ； Short curing time, smooth and dense coating, good impact resistance ； It has good anti-sagging properties and excellent workability [21]. Fang Wei et al. studied the process for preparing high-performance epoxy-modified polyurethane-based high-solid-content flake coatings [22]. The glass flakes treated with coupling agents are arranged in parallel within the coating structure, forming multiple barriers against the penetration of corrosive agents; such coatings exhibit good chemical stability, strong adhesion of the paint film, and excellent resistance to alkalis. The main technical specifications are as follows: solid mass fraction 90% ； Drying time: surface drying ≤ 1 h, actual drying ≤ 24 h ； Flexibility 2 mm ； Dry film thickness 150 μm ； The salt spray resistance test lasted 1,200 hours, with no cracks or bubbling in the coating. Due to its advantages such as excellent performance, easy manufacturing, and low cost, which are unmatched by other materials, anti-corrosion coatings become the preferred choice when selecting anti-corrosion measures. As anti-corrosion technology matures, anti-corrosion coatings will surely see further development as well. Among them, high-solid-content coatings will surely become the trend of development due to their low volatile content, fast curing speed, and good application properties. Furthermore, epoxy resin coatings and polyurethane coatings, due to their high mechanical strength and adhesion as well as ease of processing and modification, will see further improvements and an expansion in their corrosion resistance and range of applications. The focus of research and development in anti-corrosion coatings will remain on the modification of resins, which are the determinants of a coating’s anti-corrosion performance; additionally, the development of new pigments and fillers as well as curing agents has also become a new area of focus.

Anticorrosive mortars come in acid-resistant, wear-resistant, and high-temperature resistant types.

Metal corrosion is the phenomenon in which metals are damaged due to chemical or electrochemical actions by environmental agents. Metal corrosion affects all sectors of the national economy, causing significant losses to it. In industrially developed countries, the direct economic losses caused by corrosion account for 1% to 4% of the country’s total national economic output. Each year, about 20% of the steel produced suffers from corrosion and rusting, and approximately 30% of equipment becomes unusable due to corrosion. In China, the economic losses caused by metal corrosion amount to over 30 billion yuan per year, accounting for 4% of the gross national product. For a long time, various techniques have been used to protect metals from corrosion. Among them, one of the most effective and commonly used methods for preventing corrosion of metal equipment is to apply a corrosion-resistant coating on the metal surface, in order to isolate the corrosive agents from the metal substrate. Like other coatings, the formulation of anti-corrosion coatings mainly consists of a binder (resin), pigments and fillers, and solvents. The base resin is the film-forming substance and the main component in coatings; its molecular structure determines the key properties of the coating ； Colorants and fillers are used to help shield against corrosive factors; based on their mechanism of action, they can be divided into rust-inhibiting pigments and flake fillers ； Solvents are divided into organic solvents or water, and are used to dissolve the base resin to facilitate film formation. This paper aims to provide a review of the latest research progress on common metal anti-corrosion coatings. 1 Epoxy resin coatings: Epoxy resin is a thermosetting resin in which each molecule contains two or more epoxy groups on average. Epoxy resins are widely used due to their ease of processing and molding, as well as the excellent properties of their cured products. By modifying the epoxy structure, creating epoxy alloys, adding inorganic fillers, or using expanding monomers to enhance their performance, anti-corrosion coatings can be produced. Epoxy resin coatings possess excellent physical and mechanical properties, with their strongest feature being their strong adhesion to metals ； It also has excellent chemical and oil resistance, particularly very good alkali resistance. The main components of epoxy resin coatings are epoxy resin and its curing agent, while auxiliary components include pigments, fillers, etc. Stainless steel powder is a metal pigment that has been developed in recent years. Due to its inertness and excellent protective properties, especially in high-temperature and highly corrosive environments, it can be used either as a primary pigment or as part of a composite pigment, together with binders, to form protective coatings. M. Selvaraj’s research found [1] that the polarization method can be used to achieve an optimal combination of stainless steel pigments and epoxy resin; the resulting powder-based epoxy coating can overcome the poor wear resistance of epoxy resin, allowing it to be used in outdoor environments. This coating is a two-component coating; one component consists of 70% epoxy resin dissolved in solvents such as methyl isobutyl ketone, xylene, and butyl synthetic rubber ； The other portion is obtained by dissolving 70% polyamide in xylene; the two are mixed together for use. Tests using mechanical, accelerated life, and electrochemical methods have shown that this coating possesses good mechanical properties and the ability to maintain a stable metallic morphology over long periods in solutions such as NaCl. To improve the heat resistance of epoxy resin coatings, people have utilized the heat resistance of siloxanes by mixing a small amount of siloxane resin with epoxy resin to create new heat-resistant anti-corrosion coatings. This is because the presence of –Si–O–Si– bonds in silicon gives the coating good thermal stability, while –Si–C– bonds ensure the solid content of the coating. First, epoxy resin and methyl isobutyl ketone are mixed to form a solvent; then silica is added to this solvent, followed by dilution with xylene, and polyamide is added as a curing agent. Observations using a spectrometer and electrochemical microscope revealed a significant improvement in the thermal stability of the coating, as well as good resistance to solvents such as toluene and trichlorotoluene [2,3]. Furthermore, M. Dhanalakshmi et al. studied epoxy resin coatings and found that their corrosion resistance was poor in humid environments. By using imines in place of the common polyamides and polyamines, the amines generated upon the hydrolysis of these imines could react with the epoxy resin, thereby achieving water-resistant and anti-corrosive properties [4,5]. If epoxy resin is blended with chlorinated rubber and silicone resins to produce polymer-polymer type coatings, the barrier properties of rubber against corrosive agents such as water vapor, along with the high-temperature resistance of silicones, can be utilized to achieve the protective functions of conventional multi-layer films using a single-layer coating [6–8]. Zhou Zhong, D04E, and others investigated the resistance of epoxy powder coatings and phenolic-modified epoxy powder coatings to penetration by various media, as well as their resistance to cathodic delamination, using static immersion and cathodic stripping methods. They explored the effect of phenolic resin on the corrosion resistance of the modified epoxy powder coatings. The results showed that modified epoxy powder coatings with an appropriate amount of phenolic resin could exhibit good water and acid resistance at 90°C under suitable curing conditions, and their alkali resistance was also improved to a certain extent [9,10]. The Nanjing Institute of Water Resources Science and Technology has developed a new type of epoxy powder coating [11]. They roughly grind the epoxy resin to a certain fineness, add an appropriate amount of curing agent, toughener, leveling agent, and filler to a mixer for pre-mixing, and then the premixed material is extruded, ground, screened, and dried. This coating is applied by spraying; its film exhibits good resistance to the penetration of acids, alkalis, salt spray, and chloride ions, has strong adhesion, an impact strength of >500 N*mm, a flexibility of 1 mm, and storage stability of >1.5 years. There is a type of HN heavy-duty anti-corrosion synthetic film, which is formed by the reaction of epoxy resin, unsaturated resin, titanium dioxide, mica powder, along with a high-strength binder and curing agent. Its main technical specifications are as follows: it does not form bubbles, peel, or change color after being subjected to artificial accelerated aging for over 1,000 hours; its oxygen index is above 29.5 at 35°C; and it exhibits excellent resistance to acid, alkali, and salt corrosion [12]. 2 Polyurethane coatings: Polyurethane coatings are coatings that use polyurethane resin as the base material, with pigments, fillers, and other materials serving as auxiliary components. Polyurethane coatings have strong adaptability to various application environments and substrates; they can cure at low temperatures, can be applied in humid environments on wet substrates, and exhibit excellent resistance to petroleum. The main drawback of polyurethane coatings is their high irritancy and toxicity. Polyurethane products are diverse. Based on their packaging form, they can be divided into two main categories: single-component moisture-curing polyurethane coatings and two-component polyurethane coatings. The former is a prepolymer containing isocyanate groups; after application, the coating film reacts with the moisture in the air to cross-link and cure. Commonly used ones are prepolymers based on ricinoleol alkoxides or polyethers. The main advantage of this coating is its ease of use, as it eliminates the hassle of preparation on-site. The main drawback is that the production of colored paint is relatively complex, requiring special manufacturing methods, and the shelf life of the finished product is generally short as well. The latter includes a polyhydroxyl component and a polyisocyanate component; these two components are mixed before use, and the hydroxyl groups in the polyhydroxyl component react with the isocyanate groups in the polyisocyanate component to form a cross-linked film. There are many types of polyhydroxyl compounds used, such as polyesters, polyethers, epoxy resins, and acrylic resins. The coating has good heat resistance, water resistance, and oil resistance, but poor alkali resistance. The recently reported 951 two-component heavy-duty anti-corrosion coatings [13] have a component A that is a toluene diisocyanate adduct curing agent, and a component B composed of epoxy resin, polyester resin, pigments, additives, and solvents. This type of anti-rust magnetic paint possesses excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties due to the addition of polyester resin to the epoxy resin. Its main technical specification is: fineness ≤ 30 μm ； Viscosity ≥50 s ； Drying time: surface drying ≤ 1 h, actual drying ≤ 16 h; drying at (90±2)°C ≤ 1 h ； Hardness ≥ 0.55 ； Gasoline resistance immersion for 1 year ； Resistance to acid immersion (25% H2SO4 solution) for 3 months ； Alkaline immersion (NaOH) for 3 months. It is also reported that there is a type of interpenetrating network anti-corrosion coating with excellent performance; this coating is a polyurethane formed by the interpenetration of rubber networks and plastic networks. At room temperature, it exhibits good corrosion resistance as well as favorable physical and mechanical properties in the face of substances such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, saline solutions, caustic alkalis, and gasoline. Tian Jun and others studied wear-resistant and anti-corrosive coatings composed of polyurethane and polytetrafluoroethylene irradiated with gamma rays. By using Fourier infrared spectroscopy and other methods to analyze the chemical structure and morphology of the coating surface, it was found that when an appropriate amount of polytetrafluoroethylene was included in the coating, polytetrafluoroethylene could accumulate on the coating surface and form a strong bond with the polyurethane resin, resulting in a dense coating surface with excellent wear resistance and corrosion resistance [14–17]. 3 Flake resin coatings: Metals and certain inorganic compounds are treated using special physical or chemical methods to turn them into thin flakes of a specific size; these flakes are referred to as flakes in engineering terms. Using scales as fillers and synthetic resin as the film-forming substance (adhesive), along with other additives, corrosion-resistant materials can be produced. Scaled resin coatings share the following common feature: good impermeability ； Low contractility ； It has good impact resistance and wear resistance. Currently, there are scale resin coatings made from materials such as glass flakes, mica, corrosion-resistant metal sheets, and organic materials. Experiments have shown that the factors with the greatest impact on the coating are the amount of scales added and the amount of surface treatment applied. Those that have a significant impact on construction properties are suspended thickeners, reactive diluents, and pigments [18]. 3.1 Glass Flake Coating: A glassflake coating is a type of coating filled with fine flaky glass powder. Its coating can be applied in thick layers, and thanks to the isolating effect of these flaky glass particles, it offers excellent resistance to water, water vapor, electrolytes, and oxygen; thus, it is an outstanding heavy-duty anti-corrosion coating. Unsaturated polyester coatings filled with glass flakes of appropriate specifications have a much lower water vapor permeability than other coatings. The size of glass particle particles has a significant impact on permeability; for example, in the case of a 3 μm thick glass sheet, permeability increases significantly when its transverse dimension is less than 420 μm ； When it is greater than 420 μm, there is no effect on permeability, and it reaches its minimum value. Furthermore, the thickness of the coating on the glass sheet is also important; to achieve an optimal anti-corrosion effect, the coating thickness must be above 500 μm. The Japanese National Institute of Industrial Technology has developed an anti-corrosion coating with strong corrosion resistance and a short application time. The new coating involves coating tiny glass particles measuring in microns with zinc and aluminum, and then mixing them into a resin-based coating. Glass sheets prevent the intrusion of rainwater and salt ； Zinc in coatings prevents corrosion ； Aluminum, on the other hand, has the ability to suppress ultraviolet rays that cause coatings to deteriorate. The new coating requires only two coats to resist corrosion from seawater and similar substances for over 7–8 years, and zinc and aluminum are inexpensive materials. 3.2 Mica flake coatings: Mica is an aluminosilicate, and structurally it belongs to the category of layered silicates. Mica has good chemical stability; it exhibits excellent resistance to alkalis and organic solvents. Studies have shown that, under the same environmental conditions, mica flake unsaturated polyester coatings have roughly the same level of chemical stability as glass flake unsaturated polyester coatings ； Since resins are not resistant to alkalis, they are also completely destroyed in a sodium carbonate solution with a mass fraction of 20%. A newly developed mica resin film (0.1–1 mm) possesses the characteristics of flake resins while overcoming the inherent defects of such materials. 4 Inorganic zinc-rich coatings: Inorganic zinc-rich coatings are available in both water-based and solvent-based types. The former is based on sodium silicate, while the latter is based on ethyl orthosilicate. Ethyl orthosilicate is soluble in organic solvents; after application, as the solvent evaporates, the alkoxy groups in ethyl orthosilicate absorb moisture from the air and undergo a hydrolysis reaction, resulting in cross-linking and curing into high-molecular-weight siloxane polymers. The zinc-rich coating is made from ethyl silicate and zinc powder (with a mass content of 70%–90%); the zinc powder provides cathodic protection, which gives this coating good heat resistance, wear resistance, and solvent resistance, as well as strong rust prevention properties. Its drawback is the poor toughness of the coating film, which often requires the addition of some organic resins for modification. For example, a new type of coating resistant to high temperatures and severe corrosion – the HWE type inorganic zinc silicate primer – has been developed. This paint is primarily composed of alkyl silicates, ultra-fine zinc powder, pigments and fillers, special additives, and curing agents. It has moderate viscosity, a short curing time, and excellent heat and corrosion resistance [19]. Zinc-ferrophosphate pigments have proven to have great application potential. α-Fe2O3 and ZnO were mixed in a molar ratio of 1:1 and heated to 1,200°C to undergo a solid-state reaction, resulting in the reactants crystallizing into needle-shaped crystals. By mixing this with linseed oil as a pigment, coatings can be further prepared. Studies on its properties have shown that zinc-ferrate pigments possess good corrosion resistance; when added to organic coatings that do not undergo saponification, they can **improve the anti-corrosion properties of these coatings. The protective properties increase with the addition of pigments, and the mechanical properties also see a significant improvement [20]. 5 High-solid-content coatings: Conventional anti-corrosion coatings typically contain about 40% volatile components, most of which are organic solvents. These solvents evaporate into the atmosphere after the coating is applied, not only leading to defects in the coating layer and making it difficult to meet anti-corrosion requirements but also causing environmental pollution. Therefore, increasing the solid content of coatings and reducing their volatile components have become new directions in coating development. Currently, abroad, anti-corrosion coatings with a very high solid content (up to 95%) have been developed. These coatings possess excellent performance and have been used in oil and gas fields as well as in the hydropower industry, yielding good results. Domestic research has shown that high-performance coatings with a high solid content, prepared using modified epoxy and polyurethane prepolymers, have a solid content of 97%; the thickness of a single coating application can exceed 150 μm. Under the same conditions, the number of pores in such coatings is more than 2/3 less compared to conventional anti-corrosion coatings. In addition, compared to ordinary anti-corrosion coatings, it possesses the following advantageous properties: it has an extremely low content of volatile components and exhibits strong resistance to penetration under high pressure ； Short curing time, smooth and dense coating, good impact resistance ； It has good anti-sagging properties and excellent workability [21]. Fang Wei et al. studied the process for preparing high-performance epoxy-modified polyurethane-based high-solid-content flake coatings [22]. The glass flakes treated with coupling agents are arranged in parallel within the coating structure, forming multiple barriers against the penetration of corrosive agents; such coatings exhibit good chemical stability, strong adhesion of the paint film, and excellent resistance to alkalis. The main technical specifications are as follows: solid mass fraction 90% ； Drying time: surface drying ≤ 1 h, actual drying ≤ 24 h ； Flexibility 2 mm ； Dry film thickness 150 μm ； The salt spray resistance test lasted 1,200 hours, with no cracks or bubbling in the coating. Due to its advantages such as excellent performance, easy manufacturing, and low cost, which are unmatched by other materials, anti-corrosion coatings become the preferred choice when selecting anti-corrosion measures. As anti-corrosion technology matures, anti-corrosion coatings will surely see further development as well. Among them, high-solid-content coatings will surely become the trend of development due to their low volatile content, fast curing speed, and good application properties. Furthermore, epoxy resin coatings and polyurethane coatings, due to their high mechanical strength and adhesion as well as ease of processing and modification, will see further improvements and an expansion in their corrosion resistance and range of applications. The focus of research and development in anti-corrosion coatings will remain on the modification of resins, which are the determinants of a coating’s anti-corrosion properties. In addition, the development of new pigments and fillers as well as curing agents has also become a new area of focus. HF-1 structural heavy-duty anti-corrosion coating adhesive is used for protecting the inner surfaces of chemical facilities in harsh corrosive environments ； Anticorrosive floor coating ； Create a high-strength fiberglass reinforced plastic protective layer. * HF-2 epoxy glass flake anti-corrosion coating adhesive is used for high-level anti-corrosion coating on chemical equipment, storage tanks, sewage channels, and similar applications. * HF-3 high-strength modified epoxy anti-corrosion mortar, used for constructing acid-resistant bricks, ceramic tiles, granite, and bonding layers ； Constructing an integrated anti-corrosion floor ； Repair, reinforcement, and waterproofing of dams, bridges, ditches, and wall cracks. * HF-3-1 modified epoxy anti-corrosion mortar for pouring and fixing equipment foundations ； Apply a thick coat of anti-corrosion coating. * HF-3-2 Wet-curing modified epoxy anti-corrosion mortar for constructing acid-resistant bricks, slabs, granite, etc. in humid environments or underwater ； Constructing an integrated anti-corrosion floor ； Repair, reinforcement, and waterproofing of dams, bridges, ditches, and wall cracks. * HF-4 steel structure anti-corrosion coating adhesive is used for large-scale anti-corrosion coating of chemical equipment, steel structures, pipelines, trenches, etc ； Prepare a fiberglass-reinforced plastic anti-corrosion coating. * HF-4-1 sealing layer anti-corrosion coating adhesive is used to create anti-corrosion and moisture-proof isolation layers for floors. * HF-5 epoxy acrylate wall anti-corrosion coating adhesive is used for anti-corrosion coating of walls in chemical industrial environments. * HF-6 wet-curing heavy-duty anti-corrosion coating adhesive for emergency repairs, bonding, and coating in humid environments ； Prepare a fiberglass-reinforced plastic anti-corrosion coating. * HF-6-1 wet-curing sealant coating adhesive is used to create anti-corrosion and moisture-proof isolation coatings on newly poured concrete floors as well as on floors in humid environments. * HF-7 anti-corrosion coating adhesive for buried facilities is used for applying anti-corrosion and waterproof coatings to various buried facilities, pipes, etc. * HF-8 high-temperature resistant anti-corrosion coating adhesive is used for anti-corrosion coating and bonding of high-temperature facilities ； Production of fiberglass reinforced plastic (≤160°C). * HF-8-1 high-temperature resistant anti-corrosion coating adhesive is used for anti-corrosion coating and bonding of high-temperature facilities ； Production of fiberglass reinforced plastic (≤350°C). * HF-8-2 high-temperature resistant anti-corrosion putty is used for bonding and repairing high-temperature equipment and components ； Constructing acid-resistant bricks, slabs, and granite (≤150°C). * HF-9 is a non-toxic anti-corrosion coating adhesive for drinking water containers, used to apply non-toxic anti-corrosion coatings to containers and facilities such as drinking water tanks, pools, towers, and vessels. * HF-10 thixotropic epoxy anti-corrosion putty adhesive is used for applying thick anti-corrosion coats on vertical surfaces. * HF-11 high-strength anti-corrosion structural adhesive is used for bonding, repairing, sealing leaks, and coating metal and non-metal structural components ； Create a high-strength fiberglass reinforced plastic protective layer. * HD-1 epoxy floor coating is used for decorative coating of floors in industrial facilities, hospitals, schools, and other public places. * HD-2 epoxy self-leveling floor coating is used for decorative coating of floors in industrial facilities, hospitals, schools, and other public places. * HF-12 is a special coating adhesive for fiberglass-reinforced plastic anti-corrosion purposes; it is used to create fiberglass-reinforced plastic anti-corrosion layers on the inner walls of chemical facilities, pipelines, storage tanks, sewage channels, and flue stacks in exhaust towers. * HF-13 epoxy grouting adhesive is used for bonding and repairing cracks in equipment foundations, bridges, dams, and building structures.

Epoxy zinc-rich primer I. Composition: A two-component primer made up of epoxy resin, zinc powder, solvents, and amine-based curing agents. II. Characteristics: Excellent corrosion resistance, strong adhesion, high zinc powder content in the paint film, and outstanding water resistance. 　　III. Applications: Used as a base coat for heavy-duty anti-corrosion coatings, applicable to ships, port facilities, bridges, steel structures, oil drilling platforms, and chemical processing equipment. 　　IV. Technical requirements: HG/T3668-2000 Item Specification Color and appearance: Gray, with variable shade; paint film should be smooth Viscosity, S (Cast-4 cup): ≥ 20 Drying time, h: ≤ Surface dry time: 1 ； Practical performance: 24 Impact strength, kg·cm ≥ 50 Flexibility, mm: 1 Saltwater resistance: passes after 72 hours V. Construction guidelines 1. The surface of the object to be coated must be free of oxide scale, rust, oil stains, etc. 　　2. The substrate temperature must be at least 3°C above the dew point; when the substrate temperature is below 5°C, the paint film will not cure, so painting should not be carried out in such conditions. 　　3. After opening the container of Component A, it must be mixed thoroughly. Then, Component B should be added to Component A while stirring, in accordance with the specified ratio, and the mixture should be mixed well again. After allowing it to stand and mature for 30 minutes, an appropriate amount of diluent should be added to achieve the desired viscosity for application. 　　4. Use the paint mixture within 6 hours after mixing. 　　5. Brush coating, air spraying, and roller coating are all acceptable. 　　6. Continuous stirring is necessary during the coating process to prevent sedimentation. 　　7. Painting interval: Base material temperature (°C): 5-10, 15-20, 25-30. Minimum interval (hours): 48, 24, 12. The maximum interval shall not exceed 7 days. 　　8. Recommended film thickness: 60–80 um. 　　VI. Transportation and Storage 　　1. During transportation, the product should be protected from rain and direct sunlight, as well as from collisions, and must comply with the relevant regulations set by transportation authorities. 　　2. The products should be stored in a cool and well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight, and in a warehouse that is free from sources of fire and heat. 　　VII. Safety Protection 　　The construction site should have adequate ventilation. Painters should wear glasses, gloves, masks, etc., to prevent skin contact and inhalation of paint fumes. Open flames and smoking are strictly prohibited at the construction site. 　　Performance: It is an electrochemical protective coating. This paint offers excellent corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties, strong adhesion, as well as electrical conductivity and cathodic protection capabilities. It can be used as a pre-coating primer in workshops; with a film thickness of 15–25 um, it does not affect welding performance. This product is also commonly used as an anti-rust primer. 　　Usage: It is suitable as an anti-rust primer as the base coat for the surfaces of steel structural equipment in industries such as oil storage tanks, bridges and ships, offshore oil drilling platforms, port facilities, smelting, and chemical processing equipment. It can also be used as a maintenance primer after steel plate polishing or sandblasting. 　　Key technical specifications: Surface dry time ≤1 hour, full dry time ≤24 hours; Workable time ≥5 hours. Impact resistance: 50 cm·kg. Salt spray resistance: capable of withstanding salt spray for 72 hours. Safety and hygiene regulations: This product contains flammable organic solvents and is somewhat toxic. It should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated, and dry place, away from sources of fire and heat. During transportation, it should be protected from rain and exposure to sunlight. When in use, the safety regulations for painting operations as well as the procedural guidelines must be followed. At the construction site, proper ventilation should be ensured, and measures such as fire prevention, static electricity prevention, and protection against poisoning should be taken. 　　Transportation and storage: 1. This coating is a flammable substance; therefore, its transportation and storage must comply with the safety regulations for flammable materials. 　　2. It should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated, and dry indoor environment; exposure to rain, sunlight, or sources of fire is strictly prohibited. 　　3. The storage period is one year. Acrylic Paints I. Composition: It is a one-component, self-drying, weather-resistant and anti-corrosive paint that is manufactured using advanced processes; it is based on traditional acrylic resins, with the addition of chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber recognized for its long service life, weather-resistant pigments and fillers, as well as weather-resistant additives. The primer is type A, the intermediate coat is type B, the topcoat is type C, the varnish is type D, and the aluminum powder paint is type E. 　　II. Characteristics: 1. Excellent weather resistance. Acrylic acid, a weather-resistant resin recognized both domestically and internationally, is used as the main film-forming agent, while chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber, which offers excellent weather resistance and corrosion resistance, is used as the main modifier. This improves the coating’s weather resistance, gloss retention, and color stability. 　　3. Excellent corrosion resistance. The coating exhibits excellent resistance to chemicals, water, alkalis, salts, seawater, oils, and aging. 　　4. Strong decorative performance. The coating is thick, smooth and shiny, resistant to abrasion and easy to clean; it is also impact-resistant, available in a variety of colors, and offers an attractive appearance. 　　5. Easy to apply, cures at room temperature. The coating can be cured into a film at temperatures between 5 and 40°C, or it can be baked at temperatures between 60 and 80°C for 30 minutes to form a film; it exhibits good adhesion to metal, concrete surfaces, brick and stone, wood, and plastic products. 　　III. Applications: Suitable for anti-corrosion coating of metal and non-metal surfaces such as those found in automobiles, ships, mechanical equipment, mines, mining operations, the metallurgical industry, the chemical industry, furniture, instruments and meters, interior and exterior building walls, floors, metal products, outdoor advertisements, and guardrails. 　　IV. Technical requirements: HG/T3668-2000 Item Specification Color and appearance: Various colors, with a smooth paint film Viscosity, S ( Tu-4 cup): ≥ 20 Drying time, h: ≤ Surface dry time: 1 ； Practical performance: 24 Impact strength, kg·cm ≥ 50 Adhesion force (notch method), ≤ 1 Flexibility, mm: 1 V. Construction guidelines 1. The surface of the object to be coated must be free of oxide scale, rust, oil stains, etc. 　　2. The substrate temperature must be at least 3°C above the dew point; when the substrate temperature is below 5°C, the paint film will not cure, so painting should not be carried out in such conditions. 　　3. Brush coating, air spraying, and roller coating are all acceptable. 　　4. Continuous stirring is necessary during the coating process to prevent precipitation. 　　5. Recommended film thickness: 60–80 um. 　　VI. Transportation and Storage 　　1. During transportation, the product should be protected from rain and direct sunlight, as well as from collisions, and must comply with the relevant regulations set by transportation authorities. 　　2. The products should be stored in a cool and well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight, and in a warehouse that is free from sources of fire and heat. 　　VII. Safety Protection 　　　Epoxy coal tar paint 　　I. Composition: It is a two-component, long-lasting anti-corrosion coating that is developed using advanced manufacturing processes. It is based on traditional epoxy coal tar coatings, with the addition of chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber, which is recognized for its long service life both domestically and internationally, as well as mica iron oxide, other corrosion-resistant pigments and fillers, special additives, and reactive solvents. The primer is type A, the intermediate coat is type B, and the topcoat is type C. 　　 II. Main features: 1. Interpenetrating network anti-corrosion layer. By modifying traditional epoxy coal tar pitch with chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber, which possesses excellent anti-corrosion properties, a cross-linked network anti-corrosion coating is formed after curing; this coating features a low water absorption rate, good water resistance, strong resistance to microbial attack, and high impermeability. 　　2. It has excellent comprehensive anti-corrosion performance. Thanks to the use of rubber modification with excellent corrosion resistance, the coating exhibits improved physical and mechanical properties, electrical insulation properties, wear resistance, resistance to stray currents, as well as heat and temperature resistance. 　　3. Film thickness per application. It has a low solvent content, allows for a thick film to be formed in one application, requires fewer application coats, and its application method is the same as that of traditional epoxy coal tar coatings. 　　III. Applications: Suitable for steel structures that are permanently or partially submerged underwater, chemical plants, sewage treatment tanks, buried pipelines in oil refineries, and steel storage tanks ； Buried cement structures, inner walls of gas tanks, floor slabs, automobile chassis, cement products, support structures in coal mines, underground mining facilities and marine pier facilities, wooden products, underwater structures, pier steel railings, heating pipelines, water supply pipelines, gas supply pipelines, cooling water systems, oil pipelines, etc. 　　IV. Technical requirements: HG/T3668-2000 Item Specifications Color and appearance: Black or brown, with a smooth paint film Viscosity, S (Cast-4 cup): ≥45 Drying time, h: ≤ Surface dry time: 1 ； Practical performance: 24 Impact strength, kg·cm ≥ 50 Adhesion force (grid method), ≤ 1 Flexibility, mm: 1 Saltwater resistance, passes after 72 hours V. Construction guidelines 1. Preparation method: Stir the paint thoroughly until there are no residues at the bottom of the container. While still stirring, add the specialized curing agent in a ratio of 10:1 (by weight) to the paint, and stir well. Allow the prepared paint to rest for 10–15 minutes before use. 　　2. Surface treatment requirements: For steel structures, the substrate must meet the rust removal standard of Sa2.5, or manual rust removal shall be employed ； Chemical rust removal can also be used; it is required that the surface be free of oil, rust, and foreign substances, and dry and clean. The steel substrate after rust removal must have a primer applied to it within 4 hours. 　　3. Construction precautions: ① The welds on the steel surface must be smooth with no sharp edges, and free of weld beads and burrs. If the weld is higher than 2 mm, use primer and talcum powder to prepare a putty with the appropriate viscosity; apply this putty to both sides of the weld once the primer has dried, then level it out to create a smooth transition surface, thereby preventing a vacuum from forming when glass fabric is wrapped around it ； ②When applying a thick coat, it is desirable for the material not to flow; generally, no thinner needs to be added during preparation. However, if the ambient temperature is too low and the viscosity is high, 1% to 5% of a thinner can be added, along with an appropriate increase in the curing agent ； ③During construction, attention must be paid to changes in weather and temperature; work should not be carried out in rainy, foggy, or snowy conditions, or when the relative humidity is above 80% ； ④The thickness of the glass cloth should preferably be 0.1 mm or 0.12 mm. It should be degreased, alkali-free or mild-alkali glass cloth with a warp and weft density of 12×10 strands/cm² or 12×12 strands/cm²; damp glass cloth must be dried before it can be used ； ⑤Method of patching: The overlap between the anti-corrosion layer of the patch and that of the pipe body must be at least 100 mm; the surface at the overlap area must be treated to a St3 standard, being clean and free of any contaminants ； ⑥Method for repairing the wound: First, remove the damaged protective coating; if the underlying layer is not exposed, only the middle coating needs to be repaired – the glass fiber mesh topcoat is already filled ； ⑦Visual inspection: Each painted pipeline must be inspected individually to ensure that the anti-corrosion coating is smooth, without wrinkles or bulges. Pinhole inspection: It can be carried out using an electric spark leak detector; the standard level is 2000V, the enhanced level is 3000V, and the ultra-enhanced level is 5000V. A pass result is achieved if there are no more than 1 spark occurrence per 45㎡ on average. If it fails the test, the pinhole area must be repainted. 　　4. Theoretical coating consumption: Without taking into account the effects of the actual painting environment, painting methods, techniques, surface condition, as well as the structure, shape, and surface area during application, the typical amount of paint required per square meter is as follows: for light-duty applications: 0.23 kg of primer per㎡, and 0.36 kg of topcoat per㎡ ； Standard grade: primer 0.24 kg/㎡, topcoat 0.5 kg/㎡ ； Medium grade: Primer 0.25 kg/㎡, topcoat 0.75 kg/㎡ ； Enhanced grade: primer 0.26 kg/㎡, topcoat 0.88 kg/㎡ ； Extra high strength grade: primer 0.27 kg/㎡, topcoat 1.11 kg/㎡. 　　VI. Transportation and Storage 　1. During transportation, the products should be protected from rain and exposure to sunlight, collisions should be avoided, and they must comply with the relevant regulations set by the transportation authorities. 　　2. The products should be stored in a cool and well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight, and in a warehouse that is free from sources of fire and heat. 　　VII. Safety Protection 　　The construction site should have adequate ventilation. Painters should wear glasses, gloves, masks, etc., to prevent skin contact and inhalation of paint fumes. Open flames and smoking are strictly prohibited at the construction site. The construction site should have good ventilation. Painters should wear glasses, gloves, masks, etc., to prevent skin contact and inhalation of paint fumes. Open flames and smoking are strictly prohibited at the construction site. Chlorinated rubber topcoat I. Composition: Made from chlorinated rubber, plasticizers, pigments, etc. 　　II. Characteristics: The paint film is tough, with excellent weather resistance and chemical resistance. 　　III. Applications: Used in ships, port facilities, chemical processing equipment, bridges, etc. 　　IV. Technical requirements: HG/T2798-1996 Item Index State in the container: After mixing, there are no lumps and the mixture is uniform. 　　Fineness um ≤ 40 　　Applicability: Easy to apply by brushing 　　Drying time, h: 6 hours until fully dry 　　Appearance of the paint film: Normal 　　Covering power, g/㎡ ≤ 185 　　Flexural resistance, mm: 10 　　Adhesion between coats: No abnormalities 　　Alkaline resistance, 48 hours: No abnormalities 　　Gloss at 60°: ≥ 70 　　Solid content, %: ≥ 45 　　Solvent-insoluble matter, %: ≤ 35 　　V. Application method 　　1. The surface of the previous coat must be free of oil, moisture, dust, etc.; it must be kept clean and dry. 　　2. A special diluent for chlorinated rubber must be used to adjust the construction viscosity. 　　3. Coating method: Air spraying, brushing, or rolling. For airless spraying, use the company’s thick-consistency chlorinated rubber paint. 　　4. Theoretical coating rate: film thickness of 35 um, 120–140 g/㎡. 5. It is recommended to apply a second coat, resulting in a film thickness of 60–80 um. Primer paints: epoxy iron red paint, epoxy limonite anti-rust paint, chlorinated rubber anti-rust paint, etc. 　　VI. Transportation and Storage 　1. During transportation, the products should be protected from rain and exposure to sunlight, collisions should be avoided, and they must comply with the relevant regulations set by the transportation authorities. 　　2. The products should be stored in a cool and well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight, and in a warehouse that is free from sources of fire and heat. 　　VII. Safety Protection 　　The construction site should have adequate ventilation. Painters should wear glasses, gloves, masks, etc., to prevent skin contact and inhalation of paint fumes. Open flames and smoking are strictly prohibited at the construction site. Antistatic Coating 　　 I. Definition: 　It is a two-component, heavy-duty anti-corrosion coating designed for oil resistance and antistatic properties; it uses epoxy resin, which boasts excellent oil and corrosion resistance, as the main film-forming agent. Long-lasting chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber, recognized both domestically and internationally, is used as the primary modifier. Conductive pigments, fillers, conductive additives, solvents, and other components are added to it, and it is manufactured through advanced production processes. 　　II. Scope of application: 1. Anti-corrosion and anti-static protection for the inner and outer walls of oil storage equipment such as oil storage tanks, oil pipelines, tank cars, and oil tankers in industries such as petroleum, chemicals, railways, and transportation ； 　　2. Anti-corrosion and anti-static protection for gas cylinders, water gates, underground pipelines, etc ； 　　3. Anti-corrosion and anti-static protection for equipment and facilities in industries such as coal mining, aviation, textiles, and grain processing. 　　III. Main features: 　　　1. Good corrosion resistance. The coating has strong adhesion and excellent impact resistance. It has good resistance to permeation, excellent resistance to humid heat, and good water resistance. 　　2. Good oil resistance. The coating can be used for a long time in natural gas, gas, as well as in oils such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and lubricants. 　　3. Strong electrical conductivity. Its electrical conductivity is stable and reliable, with a resistivity that meets the technical specifications for antistatic coatings for oil tanks as defined in GB6950-2001. 　　4. Easy to use, cures at room temperature. It comes in a two-component package, so it is not restricted by the surrounding environment; all that is needed is to mix the contents after opening the container. The curing agent is prepared in proportion, and a standard construction method is used – the material cures into a film at room temperature, with a sufficient thickness achieved in just one application. 　　5. The solvent does not contain chlorinated compounds, vinyl ethylene glycol ethers, or their acetate esters. 　　IV. Usage Instructions: 1. Preparation method: First, stir the paint thoroughly until there are no residues at the bottom of the container. Then add the Xianghe-brand special curing agent in a ratio of paint:curing agent = 10:1 (by weight), stir well, and allow it to mature for an appropriate period of time before use. 　　2. Surface treatment requirements: When coating the metal surface, sandblasting or shot blasting should be used to achieve a rust removal level of Sa2 per national standards; the surface must be kept dry, and coating should be applied within 4 hours ； When coating concrete, it must be air-dried until the moisture content is ≤10% before coating, and the surface should be cleaned thoroughly. 　　3. Usage period: It is recommended to use up the prepared paint within about 2 hours (at 20°C). Do not pour unused paint back into the container. 　　4. Coating thickness: Approximately 70 μm for a single coat applied by high-pressure airless spraying or air spraying, while the thickness is about 60 μm when applied by hand brushing. 　　5. Theoretical consumption: Without taking into account the effects of factors such as the painting environment, painting methods, painting techniques, surface condition, as well as the structure, shape, and surface area during actual painting. 6. Painting recommendations: To achieve a smooth coating, high-pressure airless spraying is the best method; in cases where high-pressure airless spraying is not possible, air spraying should be used, with manual brushing serving as the third option for painting. 　　7. Amount of thinner to use: If the paint is indeed too thick, an appropriate amount of a specialized thinner can be added, in a ratio of 3–10%. It is strictly prohibited to use water, alcohol, banana juice, or gasoline for dilution. The paint should be sealed tightly immediately after use to prevent it from becoming damp and deteriorating. 　　8. After the application of the final topcoat is completed, it must be allowed to cure naturally for 7 days before it can be put into use; if the ambient temperature is below 10°C, this curing time should be extended accordingly. 　　　V. Packaging and Storage: 　　　1. Packaging: Sealed in iron drums, with a net weight of 20 kg per drum; the curing agent weighs 15 kg per drum, and the diluent also weighs 15 kg per drum. 　　2. Storage and transportation: It is a flammable substance; it should be stored in a well-ventilated, cool, and dry place away from sources of fire, and collision must be avoided.

High-temperature anti-corrosion mortar is a new type of fire-resistant and anti-corrosive material with high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and excellent performance. It is mainly used in industries such as chemicals, steelmaking furnaces, gold smelting, and glass kilns. Composition: Powdered binder – curing agent – corrosion-resistant material – additives. Technical specifications: Corrosion resistance: 98%, specific gravity: 2.1 T/m3, compressive strength: 30 MPa, adhesion strength: 1.2 MPa, tensile strength: 2.5 MPa, water absorption: <10%, operating temperature: 200–1900°C, setting time: initial setting in 1 hour, final setting in 12 hours. Construction procedure: 1. First, roughen and rust-remove the base equipment, and ensure that there is no water at the site before starting construction. 2. Mix the clay on a flat concrete surface or steel plate; it is best to use 50 kilograms of clay per mixing session. 3. No other substances should be added to the prepared clay; it should be dissolved using tap water, with the amount of water used neither too much nor too little. The clay should be mixed repeatedly until it reaches a paste-like consistency before use. 4. Rinse the sheets with water before sticking them together; leave proper mortar joints as required by the design. The mortar joints should be full and smooth, without any cracks. If cracks are detected after drying, they should be repaired promptly with mortar, ensuring that the joints remain crack-free. 5. No one is allowed to walk on the laid ceramic tiles during the construction period, and these tiles must not be wetted or washed with water. After the entire project is completed, a thorough inspection should be carried out; any deficiencies must be corrected promptly. The total curing time is 10 days. If the temperature is below 15°C, the curing time is X days; delivery for use is available after the curing period has elapsed. 6. If lumps of different sizes are found in the clay inside the package, it should be crushed into powder before use, which will not affect the quality. This clay is stored in a dry and well-ventilated area; it is an abrasion-resistant and corrosion-resistant clay of the two-component chemical reaction type. It is made by mixing an organic adhesive and a curing agent with wear-resistant materials such as silicon carbide and corundum. The main features are: it can be used in any complex working environment, has high strength, good adhesion, high hardness, and is resistant to wear, water, oil, and acids and alkalis. Cures at room temperature, is easy to apply, and results in a lining with good integrity. This clay is suitable for the boiler pulverization systems in power and metallurgical enterprises, and can be used as an anti-wear lining for coarse (fine) separators, coal hoppers, mill outlets, powder discharge units, and fan casings. Suitable for the casings of slurry pumps in cement plants, the linings of slurry transfer pipes and their elbows, as well as the linings of cement pneumatic conveyance pipes. The storage period is 6 months. Usage: 1: It is necessary to grind and remove rust in terms of work. Use a wire brush, coarse sandpaper, or a hand-held grinder to remove surface dirt and rust; sandblasting can be employed if available. A metallic finish is required, with the surface kept dry and dust-free. 2: Lay an iron wire mesh (25 X 25 X 1) on the working surface; weld thin iron sheets every 30 cm both longitudinally and transversely to press the wire mesh against the working surface. 3: Prepare the mortar on-site and use it immediately after preparation. The prepared mortar must be used within 45 minutes. Therefore, the amount prepared at one time should not be too large. 4: Use a plastic scraper to apply the putty onto the working surface, then strike it firmly with a flat wooden hammer to level it; the thickness should generally be 15–20 mm. 5: The temperature of the construction environment should be above 15°C; if it is below 15°C, measures should be taken to raise the environmental temperature. 6: It can be put into use after 7 days of resting; during this period, it must not be exposed to water, direct sunlight, vibrations, or impacts.