12, 19--What is the emulsified transportation of crude oil with water?

This post was last edited by chengkang on 2010-2-20 at 11:56. To reduce the viscosity of the oil, hot water and chemicals are added during transportation, which achieves a partial emulsification effect; demulsification and dehydration then take place at the combined processing station. This is the process used in the Wangzhuang oil field in Shengli.

This post was last edited by chengkang on 2010-2-22 at 18:40. The emulsified transportation of crude oil by adding water involves dispersing heavy oil into water in the form of very small droplets, thereby creating an oil-in-water emulsion in which oil is the dispersed phase and water is the continuous phase. This approach transforms the friction between the heavy oil and the pipe walls, as well as the internal friction of the heavy oil itself, into friction between water and the pipe walls and between water and the heavy oil, thus **reducing the frictional resistance during pipeline transport. The emulsion can be used directly as fuel, or the crude oil obtained after demulsification and dewatering at the destination can be sold.

The moderator already said it when I woke up, so I won’t repeat it. Personally, I think the energy consumption associated with the water mixing process is extremely high; generally, this method is used either when the crude oil is highly viscous or contains a high amount of wax, or when the oil field is located in an extremely cold environment.

This post was last edited by chengkang on 2010-2-22 at 18:40. The transportation of crude oil mixed with water relies on high-temperature water to raise the temperature of the crude oil, thereby reducing its flow resistance and preventing it from solidifying at low temperatures. Crude oil emulsified transport involves adding active water containing fluidity modifiers for crude oil to the crude oil itself; under the action of these agents, an oil-in-water (O/W) pseudo-emulsion of crude oil is formed. The viscosity of this pseudo-emulsion is about two orders of magnitude lower than that of the crude oil itself, thereby **reducing the apparent viscosity of the crude oil. Additionally, surfactants adsorb on the tube wall to form a hydrophilic film, reducing the frictional resistance of the tube wall.

This post was last edited by chengkang on 2010-2-22 at 18:40. Clean water and additives are added to crude oil and mixed together to emulsify the oil and reduce its viscosity; this allows it to be transported through pipelines with less resistance.

This post was last edited by chengkang on 2010-2-22 at 18:41. Reactive water is used to reduce viscosity. China began research on the technology for transporting heavy oil mixed with activated water in the 1960s, but to date such research has mainly remained limited to laboratory tests and small-scale field trials involving pipeline transportation. For example, in the Shangjia Si oil field, tests were conducted using pipelines 160 meters long

Indeed, the power consumption during the water mixing process is relatively high, and the subsequent processing of crude oil is rather troublesome. But sometimes, the gas content in the oil at the wellhead is very low, and when it is difficult to manage coal or oil combustion, it seems that water mixing in the flow is necessary.

This post was last edited by chengkang on 2010-2-22 at 18:41. When an aqueous solution containing surfactants is mixed into crude oil, it forms a hydrophilic, wetting surface on the surfaces of oil pipes and pumping tubes. **Reduce resistance when the oil flow is reduced, thereby improving the efficiency of crude oil transportation

The last edit to this post was made by chengkang on 2010-2-22 at 18:42. It refers to the use of dispersants or viscosity reducers to reduce the flow resistance of heavy oil during extraction and transportation, thereby improving transportation efficiency. In the extraction and transportation of crude oil, drag reducers refer to a general term for active substances that can reduce the flow resistance of crude oil during its movement. Generally, it can be divided into reducing drag by adding water to crude oil, known as emulsification for viscosity reduction; the surfactant used in this process is called a viscosity reducer. Reducing drag by preventing water from mixing with crude oil is commonly referred to as dispersion-based drag reduction of the crude oil itself, and the surfactant used for this purpose is called a crude oil dispersant. Additionally, there is another type of drag reducer known as a frictional reducer. Unlike viscosity reducers and dispersants, anti-friction agents generally do not contain water or only a small amount of water (5%–10%), and they reduce the flow resistance of crude oil by altering the forces acting on the surfaces of the crude oil and the medium. In emulsification for viscosity reduction, about 30% water is typically added. By changing the type of crude oil emulsion, it is transformed into an oil-in-water emulsion in which water acts as the continuous phase and oil as the dispersed phase, thereby reducing the resistance encountered by the crude oil during flow. Emulsifying viscosity reducers present many problems when used to reduce the viscosity of water-containing crude oil. For example, the saturated alkanes in the crude oil (i.e., waxes) tend to precipitate in an ordered manner, accumulating on the surfaces of pipelines and reservoirs, which leads to pipeline blockages and increased difficulties in transportation and extraction. Crude oil dispersants are substances that can disperse the components in crude oil responsible for increasing its viscosity; common examples include polyisobutylene, olefin copolymers, polylong-chain α-olefins, polymethacrylates, and other olefin copolymer derivatives. The higher the relative average molecular weight of these dispersants, the fewer the branches, the better their solubility, and the better their drag-reduction efficiency; even at very low usage levels, they can achieve excellent drag-reduction effects. However, under high shear and high temperature conditions, the molecular chains of these polymers are highly prone to breaking, thereby losing their drag-reducing effect. In view of the problems associated with the aforementioned crude oil dispersants and viscosity reducers in the extraction and transportation of heavy oil, as well as the main factors that cause resistance to the flow of crude oil, this paper focuses on the synthesis of crude oil friction reducers and the related mechanisms by which they reduce friction. The mechanism by which anti-friction agents reduce friction is quite complex; it involves disciplines such as rheology, fluid dynamics, tribology, and the physical chemistry of polymers. There are many different theories regarding the mechanisms behind the action of anti-friction agents. We primarily studied the anti-friction mechanism of anti-friction agents from the perspective of interfacial chemistry. On this basis, using alkenyl imidazolines with oxygen-nitrogen structures as capping agents, the synthesized bicyclic imidazoline-derived capped polyethers exhibit good anti-friction properties for crude oil. Anti-friction agents for crude oil were thus developed, which can significantly reduce the viscosity of heavy oil and improve its rheology, thereby reducing the resistance during extraction and transportation and enhancing recovery rates and transportation efficiency. According to the principles of fluid tribology, the flow resistance of a fluid that transitions from sliding to rolling during flow **decreases**, and experiments have shown that double-ring imidazoline derivative-terminated polyethers possess this property. The main work and contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) It introduces the research progress on crude oil flow improvers at home and abroad, as well as their applications in oil fields. (2) Crude oil friction reducers were synthesized using imidazoline derivatives to cap linear polyurethanes. (3) This friction reducer exhibits excellent effects in reducing friction and viscosity during the extraction and transportation of high-viscosity acidic heavy oil, and its resistance to mineralization reaches 150,000 mg/L. (4) From the perspectives of interfacial chemistry and colloid chemistry as well as rheology, the changes in the flow resistance of crude oil before and after the addition of friction reducers, the surface tension and adsorption force of crude oil, and the viscosity of crude oil were studied. (5) It is preliminarily believed that the mechanism by which crude oil anti-friction agents reduce friction is a change in the flow state of the crude oil during flow, that is, a transition from translation to rolling, which thereby **reduces the flow resistance during its movement.

This post was last edited by chengkang on 2010-2-22 at 18:42. Due to the high viscosity of crude oil, a highly viscous water-in-oil emulsion is formed during transportation. To reduce the formation of such emulsions, crude oil is transported in an emulsified form with water added to it