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Basic Knowledge of Safe Production I. Mechanisms of Combustion and Explosion: Combustion is a chemical reaction that produces light and heat; it is a chemical phenomenon in which a combustible material, under the influence of ignition energy, undergoes an exothermic, luminous oxidation-reduction reaction. Any combustion phenomenon that goes beyond acceptable limits and causes damage is referred to as a fire. Fires can be classified into five categories based on the type of combustible material: gases, (solid) combustibles, (liquid) combustibles, electrical fires, and metal fires. 1. Conditions for combustion: A. Combustible materials: These are substances that can be ignited under the action of an ignition source, and can continue to burn until they are completely consumed even after the source of fire is removed. B. Oxidizers: Also known as oxidizing agents, these are substances with strong oxidizing properties that can undergo oxidation reactions with combustible materials, thereby causing combustion. C. Ignition source: refers to the energy with a certain temperature and heat capacity that can cause flammable materials to catch fire. Common ignition sources include flames, electric sparks, arcs, and highly hot objects (such as welding slag and iron slag). 2. Types of combustion: Combustion is classified according to the state of the substance into gas combustion, liquid combustion, and solid combustion ； Based on their mode of combustion, they can be classified into spontaneous combustion, flash combustion, and ignition, among others. (1) Spontaneous combustion: The phenomenon in which a combustible material catches fire on its own due to exposure to heat from the surrounding environment, without the need for an open flame, is called spontaneous combustion. The lowest temperature at which spontaneous combustion occurs is called the autoignition point, or ignition point. The lower the autoignition point, the greater the risk of fire; autoignition applies to solid combustibles. (2) Flash ignition: It is a combustion phenomenon in which, at the temperature of a flammable liquid, only a small amount of flammable vapor present on the liquid surface mixes with air and then comes into contact with a fire source, resulting in a brief flame that goes out immediately (with a duration of less than 5 seconds). The lowest temperature at which the vapor evolved from the flammable liquid, when mixed with air to form a mixture, comes into contact with a fire source and causes flash ignition is known as the flash point of that flammable liquid. The lower the flash point, the greater the fire hazard. (3) Ignition: Ignition occurs when a combustible material comes into contact with a heat source, burns as a result, and continues to burn even after the heat source is removed. The lowest temperature at which a combustible material catches fire is called the ignition point or burning point. The lower the ignition point, the greater the fire hazard. When two substances with different ignition points are under the same conditions and exposed to a source of fire, the one with the lower ignition point will catch fire first. 3. Explosion: An explosion is a sudden process of physical or chemical energy release. During this process, matter releases the energy contained within it at an extremely fast rate, converting it into forms of energy such as mechanical work, light, and heat. Therefore, an explosion can cause tremendous destruction once it occurs. An explosion is a type of combustion; there is no fundamental difference between them, except that combustion in the case of an explosion occurs at an extremely fast rate. Based on the cause and nature of the substance’s explosion, explosions can be classified into three categories: physical explosions, chemical explosions, and nuclear explosions. (1) Physical explosion: refers to an explosion caused by physical changes (such as temperature, pressure, volume, etc.), with the most common examples being explosions in steam boilers and high-pressure gas cylinders. Its characteristic is that the properties and chemical composition of the material remain unchanged before and after the explosion. (2) Chemical explosion: It refers to the phenomenon in which a substance undergoes a chemical change in a short period of time, forming other substances, while generating large amounts of gas and releasing energy. (3) Nuclear explosion: It is an explosive phenomenon that occurs when the atomic nuclei of matter undergo fission or fusion reactions, releasing enormous amounts of energy in an instant. The explosion of the original **, the explosion of the hydrogen bomb. The explosiveness of ordinary substances is generally measured by the level of their explosive limit concentration. In other words, the lower the lower limit of the explosive limit concentration, the greater the explosion risk of that substance. II. Classification of the hazard characteristics of flammable and explosive hazardous areas The hazard characteristics of such areas often depend on the chemical properties of the combustible materials themselves, such as the combustion and explosion properties of gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels, as well as the location of those areas. Additionally, factors such as the ventilation conditions in the area, and the layout and configuration of equipment and installations also play a role. (i) Flammable gases: Any gas that can catch fire or explode when exposed to heat, fire, or oxidizing agents is referred to as a flammable gas. The burning rate of gases is different from that of liquids and solids. It does not require processes such as evaporation or melting. Therefore, it moves faster than liquids and solids. The explosion hazard of flammable gases is related to their explosive limit concentration; the lower the lower limit of this concentration, the greater the explosion risk! 1. Explosive limit concentration of flammable gases: It is the percentage concentration of flammable gases or liquids that have evaporated and mixed with air, expressed as a volume percentage of their presence in the air. For example, the volume percentage of oxygen in the air is 21%. Explosion limit concentrations: Lower limit, Upper limit. Methanol: Flash point 11°C; 5.5% – 44%. Ethanol: Flash point 17°C; 3.3% – 10%. Methane: 5.0% – 15%. Isopropanol: 12°C; 2.0% – 12.7%. Hydrogen: 4.1% – 74.2%. 2. Classification: Combustible gases are classified into two grades based on their explosion limit concentrations. A. The lower explosion limit for Class 1 flammable gases is 10%; for a few flammable gases such as ammonia and carbon monoxide CO, it is 3. Classification of areas with gas explosion hazards: The \"Electrical Safety Regulations for Areas with Explosion Hazards\" classify areas where explosive gases, or vapors of flammable or combustible liquids that mix with air to form explosive gas mixtures, exist, into three hazard levels (0, 1, 2). Zone 0: This refers to areas where explosive gas mixtures occur frequently for short periods of time or persist for long periods under normal conditions (during startup, shutdown, operation, and maintenance). A: The space above the liquid level in containers or storage tanks holding flammable liquids. B. The internal space of equipment such as containers and tanks used to hold flammable gases. C. An open (mouthed) container, the space above the liquid surface containing flammable liquids. D. An indoor area where painting is carried out, and where explosive gas mixtures occur continuously. “Zone I (abbreviated as Zone 1) refers to areas where explosive gas mixtures can occur under normal conditions: (1) oil drums, oil tanks, oil sumps, and the areas surrounding openings where flammable liquids are present. (2) The space near the outlets for explosive gases, such as the space around pressure relief valves, breather valves, exhaust valves, and check valves. (3) The floating roof space of the floating roof storage tank. (4) Indoor areas with poor ventilation, where accumulated substances that can form explosions may be released. (5) There are areas that obstruct ventilation in the locations where leakage may occur. Such as pits and troughs where explosive mixtures can easily accumulate. “Zone 2 refers to areas where, under normal conditions, explosive gas mixtures cannot exist, and where such mixtures only appear occasionally for short periods in abnormal situations (such as equipment failure or misoperation): (1) Areas where hazardous materials may leak due to corrosion, aging, or other reasons that cause damage to the equipment containers. (2) Areas where high temperatures and pressures may be generated due to operational errors or abnormal reactions, posing a risk of hazardous material leakage. (3) Due to a malfunction in the ventilation equipment, explosive gas mixtures may accumulate, creating an explosive zone. (ii) Flammable liquids: refer to liquids that can catch fire and explode when exposed to heat, fire, or in contact with oxidizing agents. Flammable liquids with a closed-cup flash point equal to or below 61°C are classified (according to GB6944-86) into three categories: low flash point, medium flash point, and high flash point. 1. Liquids with low flash point: flash point < –18°C. The flash point of gasoline is –50°C, that of ether is –45°C, and that of acetaldehyde is –38°C. 2. Liquids with medium flash point: –18°C ≤ flash point ≤ 23°C. The flash point of benzene is –11°C, that of toluene is 4°C, and that of ethanol is 12°C. 3. Liquids with high flash point: 23°C < flash point ≤ 61°C. The flash point of turpentine is 35°C, that of α-pinene is 33°C, that of butanol is 35°C, and that of chlorobenzene is 28°C. Flash point refers to the lowest temperature at which, under specified conditions, a flammable liquid can ignite when its vapor mixture comes into contact with a flame; this lowest temperature at which ignition can occur is known as the flash point of that substance. Flammable liquids all have their own flash points, which are inherent properties of those liquids; the lower the flash point, the easier it is for them to catch fire and burn, or even explode. The flash point of a mixture of two flammable liquids: it is generally located between the flash points of the individual liquids, and below the average of their flash points. The fire hazard classification for sites where flammable liquids are produced is divided into four categories as follows: 1. Category A: Liquids with a flash point < 28°C. 2. Category B: Liquids with a flash point of 28℃ ≤ flash point < 60℃. 3. Category C: Liquids with a flash point of 60°C ≤ flash point < 120°C. 4. Class D: Liquids with a flash point of ≥120°C. (III) Combustible solids: refer to solid substances that catch fire when exposed to fire, heat, impact, friction, or in contact with oxidizers. ①The combustion process of solids: Different solid substances have varying combustion processes. For solid substances with a low melting point, their combustion process involves melting first when heated, followed by evaporation to produce vapor, and then decomposition and oxidation. Such as asphalt, paraffin, rosin, sulfur, phosphorus, etc ； The combustion process of complex solid substances involves direct decomposition upon heating to release gaseous products, which are then oxidized and burned. Such as wood, paper, coal, plastics, synthetic fibers, etc. ②Dust explosion: It refers to an explosion that occurs when combustible dust suspended in the air mixes evenly with air to reach an explosive concentration, and then comes into contact with a source of fire. A. The five necessary conditions for a dust explosion: (1) the presence of a dispersed combustible dust cloud in the air. (2) The concentration of the combustible dust cloud should be within the explosive range (i.e., between the upper and lower explosion limits). Generally, the higher the dust dispersion, the greater the levels of combustible gases and oxygen ； The intensity of the fire source: the higher the initial temperature, the more likely it is to explode, and the greater the force of the explosion ； The higher the humidity and the presence of inert dust, the less likely an explosion is to occur ； The less dust ash there is, the more likely it is to explode, and the greater the range of the explosion will be. The lower explosion limit for general dust is 2–6 g/m3, while the upper explosion limit is 20–60 g/m3. (3) There is an ignition source with sufficient energy. This allows a portion of the dust to catch fire first. (4) There is an oxygen concentration high enough. (5) The dust must be in a relatively sealed enclosure (such as a building or equipment); only then can its sudden combustion cause the temperature and pressure inside the enclosure to rise rapidly. When the pressure exceeds the limit that the enclosure can withstand, it bursts open, resulting in a dust explosion. B. Classification of dust explosions: Seven types of dusts that are known to be explosive have been identified: metals (magnesium powder, aluminum powder, zinc powder) ； Coal (activated carbon, coal) ； Grains (starch, flour) ； Synthetic materials (dyes, plastic powder) ； Feed (fish meal, blood meal) ； Agricultural and sideline products (tobacco powder, cotton dust, flax fluff) ； Forest products (wood powder, paper powder, incense wood powder). C. Characteristics of dust explosions: When combustible dust is dispersed in the air at an appropriate concentration, once ignited, the fire will spread rapidly, resulting in what is known as a dust explosion or spray explosion. However, even for combustible dusts, dust explosions do not occur when they are in a piled-up state or stored densely in containers. Dust explosions generally occur in silos, hoppers, crushers, bucket elevators, dryers, conveyors, mixers, dust collectors, as well as pipes and trenches used for storage and transportation. During these processing operations, conditions that can lead to dust explosions are easily created. III. Fire and explosion prevention measures in flammable and explosive hazardous areas: Based on the principles of substance combustion, various effective safety technical measures (such as control of process parameters, combustion and explosion monitoring systems, safety flame arrestors, etc.) as well as organizational and management measures (such as safety management systems and the development of emergency response plans) are employed to better manage substances with explosion risks. Strict control is applied to fire use in production, fire operations are carefully managed, and unnecessary sources of fire are eliminated in order to prevent the formation of flammable and explosive situations. (i) Basic principles of fire and explosion prevention: Fire prevention principles (based on the characteristics of the fire’s development process): (1) Strictly control sources of ignition; (2) Monitor the signs of fire initiation; (3) Use fire-resistant buildings; (4) Prevent the spread of flames; (5) Limit the potential scale of the fire; (6) Organize and train fire-fighting teams; (7) Equip appropriate fire-fighting equipment. (ii) Main measures for fire and explosion prevention: (1) Prevent the formation of explosive mixture dust clouds. (2) Strictly control the emergence of ignition energy. (3) Release the pressure at the start of the explosion in a timely manner. (4) Cut off the path of explosion propagation. (5) Prevent the destructive effects of shock waves caused by explosive pressure on personnel, equipment, and buildings. Requirements for buildings (factories, warehouses): They must comply with the relevant regulations for explosive hazard areas and be capable of preventing the spread of fires and explosions. (III) Storage and handling of flammable and explosive materials: 1. Storage: If such materials are not stored properly or are not managed adequately, fires and explosions can occur. First, determine its physical and chemical properties and hazard characteristics to understand which items are prohibited from being stored together ； Which substances can form explosive mixtures ； Substances that can cause combustion or explosion upon contact or mixing, etc. On this basis, targeted measures such as light avoidance, ventilation and isolation, refrigeration, limitation of quantities, and dispersion should be taken respectively to ensure the safe storage of the substances; to achieve safe storage, it is necessary to ； (1) The storage area must meet fire safety requirements and be equipped with necessary fire-fighting equipment. (2) Such items should be stored in a classified manner: there are many types of flammable and explosive chemicals, each with different properties, and it is necessary to implement the principle of separation and fixed arrangements. That is, classification and zoning, along with determining the variety, quantity, storage location, and personnel for storage management. Small warehouses (including those of enterprises and institutions) should be organized into separate compartments and stacks according to categories, with proper spacing maintained. (3) Inspection and acceptance upon entry and exit: Before the goods enter the warehouse, the storage staff must conduct a thorough inspection and acceptance of the goods that are about to be stored there. Problems identified during inspection and acceptance should be addressed promptly. Goods with damaged packaging of unknown nature must not be stored in the warehouse; they should be placed in a separate area for proper handling to ensure safety. After goods are brought in or out of the warehouse, any items left behind or scattered on the work area must be dealt with promptly. (4) Piling, stacking, padding, and covering must meet the requirements. (5) It is necessary to strengthen (strictly regulate) the management of the storage process: the warehouse management system and relevant regulations must be strictly followed, and records of goods incoming and outgoing must be kept clearly. 2. Control measures: The key to handling flammable and explosive materials is to prevent the formation of explosive mixtures in order to avoid fires and explosions. (1) Replace fusible solvents with non-flammable ones. (2) It is a sealed and negative-pressure operation of the system. (3) It is ventilation and dust removal. (4) is inert gas protection. ㈣ Safety control of process parameters: temperature, pressure, flow rate, material ratios, liquid level, etc. Proper operation and accurate monitoring of these parameters are fundamental conditions for ensuring safe production; therefore, technical measures such as automatic control and hazard signal alarms are employed for these parameters. (1) Temperature control: During the production process, there are often changes in heat – some processes release heat while others absorb it. It is necessary to take measures to add or remove a certain amount of heat from the reaction system, either by heating or cooling, in order to keep the reaction temperature within an appropriate range. (2) Pressure control: Most of the towers, reactors, vessels, and tanks used in chemical production processes are pressure vessels. Proper operation and maintaining stable pressure are important measures for safe production. Otherwise, it may cause a large amount of material to leak or even lead to fire and explosion. Severe overpressure can cause the container itself to explode and rupture. (3) Feed control: It mainly involves controlling the speed of feeding, the ratio of ingredients used, the sequence in which they are fed, and the purity of the raw materials. (4) Flow and level control: The flow rate of materials is an important process parameter in petrochemical production; it is particularly crucial for hazardous production processes to control the flow rate of materials. To ensure safe operation, low-level and high-level alarms must be installed for liquid level control, especially in the case of hazardous powders. There is also a need for an alarm system for dangerous liquid levels, as well as interlocked control to automatically stop feeding or discharging. (5) Preventing leaks: Leaks during the production process often lead to the dispersion of flammable liquids and gases (vapors) in the environment, which is a major cause of fire and explosion accidents. To prevent errors in operation, relatively important pipelines should be painted in different colors for identification. Important valves should be marked and locked, etc. Valves on different pipelines should be spaced at appropriate distances to prevent mistakes in opening and closing them! (v) Control and elimination of fire sources: In industrial production, possible fire sources include furnace flames, heat generated by reactions, electrical power sources and electric sparks, static electricity sparks, heat from mechanical friction, sparks from impacts, and high-temperature surfaces. These fire sources are common causes of fires and explosions involving flammable and explosive substances. Therefore, it is very important for fire and explosion prevention to control the use of such sources of fire, eliminate unnecessary sources of fire in production, and enforce strict regulations regarding hot work. (1) Control of open flames: Open flames refer to visible flames, and appropriate measures must be taken to eliminate the source of fire. (2) Avoid friction and impact: Friction and impact often become one of the sources that can cause flammable gases, vapors, and dust to ignite and explode. To prevent fires and explosions, friction and impacts should be minimized as much as possible. (3) Preventing electric heat and electrical sparks: Dangerous temperatures in electrical equipment or circuits, such as electrical sparks and arcs, are major sources of ignition that can cause flammable gas vapors and dust to catch fire or explode. Preventing the occurrence of accidental sparks and dangerous temperatures is of great importance for fire and explosion prevention. (4) Eliminating the hazards of static electricity: To prevent fires and explosions caused by static discharge sparks, appropriate anti-static measures can be taken depending on the specific situation, such as grounding, bonding, and using metal balls for contact. (5) Control of other fire sources: The key points for controlling other fire sources are as follows: A. Prevent flammable materials from coming into contact with the surfaces of high-temperature equipment and pipes. The outlets for flammable substances should be kept away from high-temperature surfaces, and such surfaces should be equipped with insulation measures. Insulation should be made of non-combustible materials. B. Rags, oil-cotton yarns, etc. can catch fire on their own. It should be placed in a safe location or put into a metal tank for further handling. C. No smoking; carrying light sources (matches, lighters) is prohibited, etc. IV. Fire extinguishing measures in flammable and explosive hazardous areas ㈠ The four basic methods of fire extinguishing: 1. Cooling method: This involves reducing the temperature of the burning material below its ignition point, thereby stopping the combustion. 2. Isolation method: Separating the burning material from the unburned material is like removing the fuel supply at its source; this isolates the fire source, preventing it from spreading and eventually causing it to go out. 3. Oxygen deprivation method: This involves isolating air (a combustion promoter) to prevent the combustible material from obtaining oxygen and thus causing it to go out. 4. Chemical interruption method (inhibition method): Injecting a fire extinguishing agent containing halogen elements or alkali metals into the combustion system. These halogen or alkali metal-based groups can capture active free radicals in the combustion chain reaction. They combine to form stable molecules or less reactive free radicals, thereby interrupting the chain reaction of combustion and causing it to extinguish. (ii) Fire extinguishing agents: The commonly used fire extinguishing substances in industrial enterprises include water, foam, inert gases, non-flammable volatile liquids (mists), chemical dry powder solids, and sand. (III) Smoke and gas prevention measures: In a fire, combustible materials generally do not burn completely, which results in the generation of large amounts of smoke (CO, CO2, and carbon ash). When synthetic fibers, rubber, plastics, etc. burn, toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrogen cyanide may also be produced. Flammable liquids such as benzene and gasoline produce harmful gases as well as benzene and gasoline vapors when burned. These smoke and toxic gases are extremely harmful to the human body, and they are a major cause of casualties in fires; more than 50-80% of deaths in fires are caused by smoke and toxic gases (mainly CO). (1) Ordinary outdoor fires: The main hazard is smoke. Firefighters should generally not stand on the downwind side of the fire site to avoid fainting from inhaling smoke; instead, they should extinguish the fire from the upwind side. (2) Indoor fires: Before firefighters enter the building to extinguish the fire, they must first open the doors and windows. If a fire breaks out in a basement, due to poor air circulation, firefighters must wear gas masks and oxygen respirators when entering to avoid the risk of poisoning. (3) Fires that occur in toxic and hazardous work environments: When fighting such fires, firefighters must be equipped with filter-type gas masks or oxygen respirators, as well as safety helmets, protective clothing, and shoes. The filter-type gas masks should use cartridges of the appropriate type, depending on the type of chemical toxins and harmful gases present. When the oxygen concentration in the air drops below 18% and the concentration of toxic gases exceeds 2%, filter cartridges of all types will no longer be effective at filtering toxins; they should be discontinued and replaced with oxygen respirators or air respirators. In the event that firefighters are present… ； In case of poisoning symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and chills, the affected person should be immediately removed from the fire scene, allowed to rest in a quiet place and breathe fresh air; in severe cases, they should be taken to the hospital for emergency treatment. Safety Culture I. Introduction to Safety Culture 1. The concept of culture: Culture is a historical phenomenon; every society has a culture that is suited to it, and this culture develops alongside the progress of that society’s material production. As an ideological culture, it is a reflection of a particular society’s politics and economy, while at the same time having a significant impact on those same politics and economy. Another definition of culture is the ability to use writing and general knowledge. 2. The concept of safety culture: The sum of material and intellectual wealth created by humanity in order to achieve safety for society and itself. A safety culture is a people-oriented culture whose purpose is to protect people’s physical and mental health, cherish life, demonstrate responsibility and care, respect individuals, and encourage them to realize their own value. It is an important component of social culture as well as of corporate culture; especially in today’s society and in multinational business operations, the significance and role of a safety culture are becoming increasingly important. Safe material wealth: refers to safe material conditions, generally meaning working conditions and the work environment, and it reflects the level of technological development as well as the standards for resource allocation. 2. Spiritual wealth of safety: namely, a series of safety knowledge systems ranging from conceptual awareness to concepts. The narrow definition of safety culture regards the spiritual wealth of safety as safety culture. This includes safety-related concepts, ideas, ethics, commitments, training, education, science, knowledge, etc., as well as the corresponding legal frameworks, regulations, management systems, and organizational structures. 3. Components of safety culture (three parts or three elements): material culture, management culture, and spiritual culture. Surface culture (1) Safety material culture: It represents the material conditions for safety activities, and it is also a product and result of safety culture. This includes technical and hardware measures such as design, site selection, processes, layout, equipment, facilities, and protection, to ensure the safety, health of personnel, and a safe working environment. For example: landscaping to beautify the environment, proper lighting, safety exits, dust and gas prevention facilities, noise control, safety equipment, etc. (2) Safety management culture: laws and regulations on occupational safety and health (occupational hazards), management systems and procedural documents, safety rules and regulations, training and education, work documents, and operating procedures. For example: target responsibility system, HSE management plan, HSE “two books and one form”, and HSE excellence improvement plan, etc ； (3) Safety spiritual culture: safety concepts, policies and guidelines, ideological awareness, cultural qualities, psychological resilience, performance goals, corporate image, etc., constitute the \"software\" of safety management. For example: leadership commitments, code of conduct, corporate spirit. (4) The relationship among the three: Material culture is the essence and foundation of safety culture; it is what is directly reflected to society and the outside world, visible in form and audible in sound, and constitutes the superficial layer of culture ； Spiritual culture serves as the direction and guidelines for action; it embodies the core values of a safety culture and constitutes the deeper layer of culture ； Management culture is a means and method; it is the carrier of material and spiritual culture, the intersection point of \"software\" and \"hardware\", and represents the middle-level culture. The deep culture is the core, playing a dominant and guiding role; the surface culture serves as the foundation, while the middle culture acts as a carrier. The surface culture and the middle culture also have a certain influence back on the deep culture. 4. Development of safety culture: (1) Theory of safety culture levels: Safety culture has emerged alongside human development and social activities; it is a product of human activities and evolves as production progresses. The development of modern safety culture can be understood with the help of hierarchy theory or hierarchical structure. Layer 4: Layer 3: Value and Norms Layer; Spiritual Intelligence Layer. Layer 2: Institutional Layer. Layer 1: Physical Layer. (2) Safety cultures at different stages: As shown in the diagram, the development of safety culture can be traced through the continuous improvement of safety awareness, safety management, safety science, and system management. There are 4 stages and 4 forms of expression: Natural instinct, Management; file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image027.gif Team culture, Self-management. Primitive type, Dependent type, Independent type, Cooperative type. Judging from the position in this chart, the safety culture of this organization is as follows: A. Primitive type: Safety management is handled in a natural manner ； Using fines as a substitute for training is not the right approach for employee training ； Inability to control or allow the accident to unfold unchecked ； Strict handling after the incident, with emphasis on death accidents ； Passive post-event management ； Thinking that investment in safety is just wasted money ； No, and I don’t follow the rules either ； Safety objectives are not broken down. B. Dependent: Manager’s commitment ； Formulate HSE policies ； Set goals ； Establish rules and procedures ； Strict management, heavy penalties ； Pay attention to the device’s safety performance. C, Standalone: Personal knowledge ； Personnel safety responsibility ； Organizational own security needs ； Self-management ； Safe working practices and *habits ； Pay attention to one’s own performance ； Focus on improving technology; D. Collaborative approach: HSE commitments that are spoken, put into action, and proven effective ； Every individual is a member of the team ； Care for others ； Protect others ； Care for one another ； Focus on the team’s honor ； Common goal – “0”5. Systematic approach to safety culture education: Basic safety education for the general public; safety skills training for enterprise employees; safety awareness training for corporate leaders; systematic education programs for professionals dedicated to safety matters. II. Models for building a safety culture: 1. Concept of corporate safety culture: Corporate safety culture refers to the sum of material and intellectual assets that are created by enterprise employees in their efforts to prevent accidents, mitigate disasters, and create a safe and civilized working environment. 2. Manifestations of the enterprise’s safety culture: Reflect the general and specific requirements of the enterprise in terms of safety, as well as the current level of scientific and technical knowledge related to safety and its application in production ； The entire enterprise fosters a shared understanding of safe production, creating an environmental atmosphere in which everyone attaches importance to it ； 3. Models for building corporate safety culture: Development of the physical safety culture ； Construction of a safety system culture ； Construction of a safety mental culture ； Building a safety behavior culture III. Safety culture activities 14. Safety education activities: “Three-level safety education” for new employees” ； Safety education for special operation personnel ； Other forms of safety education (regular safety training, safety “continuing education” programs, training for changing job roles, etc.) 2. Safety technology activities: intrinsic safety of technologies and processes ； Standardization construction ； Emergency response plan ； Emergency drill* ； Removal of potential hazards, etc. 3. Safety awareness campaigns: Signage installation ； Traditional promotional activities ； Modern promotional activities 4. Safety inspection activities: Human factors safety inspections ； Physical state safety check ； Security management effectiveness inspection ； Inspections of post responsibility systems, etc. 5. (1)