Design issues for pressure vessels under external pressure
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An external pressure vessel is used in the boiler system； External pressure: 3.0 MPa. Flat end caps are planned to be used for the tube sheets at both ends; what are their advantages and disadvantages?
30 kilograms of external pressure is quite high, but for a flat lid, there is no difference between external and internal pressure. Since it’s called a tube sheet, could it be a heat exchanger?