Help: Questions for coke oven temperature control operators

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1. Ask what dry distillation of coal is Answer: Coal is heated in an isolated space, releasing moisture and adsorbed gases; subsequently it decomposes to produce gas and tar, with coke remaining as the main component made of carbon. This process of thermal decomposition of coal is known as the dry distillation of coal. 2. What are the main stages in coking? Answer: Coal is loaded into the carbonization chamber, heated in an air-free environment to (1000°C–1100°C) to undergo drying, preheating, decomposition, the formation of a gelatinous substance, solidification of this gelatinous substance, partial shrinkage, and ultimately the formation of coke. 3. What are the main components of a coke oven? What is the function of each part? Answer: The coke oven structure is mainly composed of units such as the roof area, carbonization chamber, combustion chamber, chute area, regenerator, small flue, flue, and chimney. Function: Roof area: This section is equipped with dust removal holes and rising pipes to carry away the gaseous products generated during coking. The roof area has a certain thickness to bear the weight of vehicles and to prevent heat loss ； Charring chamber: It is the furnace where coal is dry carbonized ； Combustion chamber: Located on both sides of the carbonization chamber; it is divided into numerous flues, where gas and air mix and burn, thereby providing the heat required for coking ； Chute area: There is a chute that connects the regenerator and the combustion chamber; this chute is equipped with regulating bricks to control the air flow, among other functions ； Heat storage chamber: Located below the carbonization chamber and the combustion chamber, it contains grid bricks for storing heat; the heat from the exhaust gases is utilized to preheat the rising air, thereby raising the combustion temperature and reducing energy consumption ； Small flue: Located at the bottom of the regenerator, it is a passage for distributing the intake and exhaust of air and waste gas ； Flue: The flue branches, the coke side, and the main flue are used to collect the waste gases emitted by the coke oven heating system and direct them to the chimney for discharge, thereby regulating the suction force ； Chimney: The chimney is connected to the coke oven heating system through flues; due to buoyancy, it generates sufficient suction to create gas flow within the coke oven heating system, thereby allowing waste gases to be expelled. 4. What are the pathways for the flow of heating gas, air, and exhaust gases in a coke oven? Answer: The gas in the main return gas pipe passes through control valves, orifice plates, exchange valves, horizontal gas pipes, branch pipes, brick gas channels, and furnace bricks. 5. What does the air that enters the furnace through the upward air switch mix with to burn together with the gas? Answer: Air enters through the rising valve into the small flue’s grate bricks and lattice bricks; it then passes over the regenerator roof and mixes with gas to burn, generating waste gases. The exhaust gases, as well as those generated in the rising flue, pass through the cross-hole (circulation hole) to reach the descending flue; from there they go through the inclined duct, the top of the regenerator, the grid bricks, the grate bricks, the small flue, and the dividing flue of the descending valve, before entering the main flue and being discharged through the chimney. 6. Why do coke ovens require furnace protection fittings? Answer: The body of the coke oven is constructed from bricks of various shapes. As the brick structure is constantly exposed to changes in oven temperature as well as mechanical stresses from coke pushing operations, the bricks can easily become loose or damaged. Therefore, it is necessary to use iron components to support the oven, applying pressure to it so that it cannot expand freely, thereby ensuring the integrity of the coke oven. 7. What does the iron hardware for protecting coke ovens include? Answer: It mainly includes: furnace column, cross struts, longitudinal struts, springs, protective plates, and furnace door frame, etc. 8. What are the equipment for coke oven waste gas? Answer: Upward pipe, bridge pipe, water seal flap valve body, gas collection pipe, Π-shaped pipe, tar box, suction pipe. 9. What are the heating devices of a coke oven? Answer: Empty exhaust valve, gas preheater, increase/decrease cock, exchange cock, drain water seal, exchanger, orifice plate box, vent water seal. 10. Why is a coke oven gas preheater needed? Answer: The gas used for reheating contains substances such as tar and naphthalene; these substances condense at low temperatures, blocking the pipes and affecting uniform heating. Therefore, a gas preheater is necessary to preheat the gas. Coke oven gas generally needs to be preheated to around 50 degrees. 11. What is the coke oven heating regime? Answer: The heating regime refers to the temperature and pressure conditions that are controlled and adjusted during the heat treatment process. For example: coking time, standard temperature, gas flow rate, flue draft, regenerator top draft, soot hole pressure, air inlet opening, air excess factor, orifice plate diameter, and collector pipe pressure, etc. 12. Indicators specified in the temperature regime of the coke oven: Answer: The temperature at the center of the coke cake is 950°C–1050°C℃ ； Top furnace temperature: 750°C–850°C℃ ； Gas collector temperature (<100°C) ； Gas temperature after preheater (50°C) ； The maximum straight-through temperature shall not exceed 1450°C; after adding the cooling correction, it should be no less than 1200°C. 13. To which three unions should the rising pipe reach? Answer: The rising pipe is unobstructed, the bridge pipe is unobstructed, and ammonia water is flowing. 14. What are the disadvantages of operating at low pressure in the gas collection pipe? Answer: Operating at low pressure creates a negative pressure in the carbonization chamber, allowing air to enter this chamber through gaps such as the furnace door; this, combined with the combustion of coke and gas, results in losses of coke and gas

Reply to 1# boyglf: I. Fill-in-the-blank questions 1. The method for adjusting the suction force at the top of the tank is related to the type of furnace and the path of gas flow. 2. The industrial analysis of coal includes four components: moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon. 3. Refractory products with a silica content of over 94% are known as silica bricks. 4. Switches are divided into mechanical and hydraulic types based on their driving mechanism. 5. Combining coals of different grades in a certain proportion for coking is known as mixed-coal coking. 6. Negative pressure in the gas collection ducts will create negative pressure in the carbonization chamber. 7. The furnace accessories designed to maintain the integrity and tightness of the coke oven structure are collectively referred to as furnace protection components. 8. The purpose of spraying high-pressure ammonia water is to achieve smoke-free coal loading. 9. The receipt and storage of raw coal are usually carried out at coal storage yards. 10. When measuring absorption, the carbonization chamber corresponding to the standard regenerator should preferably be at between 1/3 and 1/2 of the coking cycle. 11. The moisture in coal includes external moisture and internal moisture. 12. The three crystal forms of SiO2 are quartz, coesite, and cristobalite. 13. The exchange process goes through three basic stages: shutting off the gas, exchanging air and exhaust gases, and turning the gas back on. 14. The main pressure of the low-pressure ammonia water used for spraying in the gas collection ducts should be maintained at 0.1–0.2 MPa. 15. The low calorific value of coke oven gas is generally 16,730–18,820 KJ/m3. . 16. The main raw materials for silica fireclay include quartz powder, raw clay, silica brick powder, etc. 17. The heat consumption for coking when using blast furnace gas for heating is 10-20% higher than that when using coke oven gas. 18. When the moisture content of the coal used for charging the furnace is high, the carbonization time can be appropriately extended or the heating temperature increased. 19. The measured temperature value of the temperature sensing flue in each combustion chamber of the furnace is called the straight-through temperature. 20. To control the uniformity of the lateral temperature, it is required that, in the combustion chamber except for the burner throat, the lateral temperature should increase gradually from the machine side to the coke side. 21. The adjustment of the straight-run temperature uniformity is carried out on the basis of stable straight-run temperature. 22. The core temperature of the coke cake is the temperature at the center of the coke cake at the end of coking. 23. Coking time refers to the period from when the coal in the carbonization chamber is leveled to when the coke is produced. 24. The function of the waste gas tray is to control the air and gas entering the coke oven heating system, as well as to regulate the waste gas generated by the heating system. 25. The gases used for heating coke ovens include coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, generator gas, and mixed gas. 26. Blast furnace gas is characterized by a low calorific value, slow combustion rate, and a long flame. 27. The calorific value of blast furnace gas is 20-25% that of coke oven gas. 28. The explosion limit refers to the concentration range in which a mixture of air and other flammable gases can explode. 29. Operating the gas collection pipe at low pressure creates a negative pressure in the carbonization chamber, allowing large amounts of air to enter the chamber through the furnace door, resulting in losses of coke and gas. 30. A two-part furnace divides the combustion chamber into two sections on each side of the coke. 31. The regenerator is located at the lower part of the coke oven and is connected to the combustion chamber via an inclined channel. 32. The gases used for heating coke ovens include _coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, generator gas, mixed gas, etc. 33. The low calorific value of blast furnace gas is generally 3350 – 4180 Kj/m3. 34. The gas preheater is used to preheat coke oven gas. 35. The number of regenerative chambers in a coke oven is two more than that of the carbonization chambers. 36. The cooling temperature is the decrease in the temperature of the downward-flowing flue gas during the reversal interval. 37. The time that coal material stays in the carbonization chamber during the coking process is called the carbonization time. 38. During each cycle time, the pressure at the monitoring hole should be maintained within the range of 0–5 Pa. 39. The construction process of coking ovens goes through three stages: preparation, construction, and completion. 40. When the moisture content of the coal used in the oven is high, it is possible to extend the coking time or increase the heating temperature accordingly. 41. The selection of the air excess factor is very important; if α is too low, the gas does not burn completely, and the combustible components are released along with the exhaust gases. 42. Generally, the temperature of the side flame channel is required to be at least 100°C higher than that of the standard flame channel. 43. The heat consumption for coking serves as the basis for determining the amount of gas required to heat the coke oven. 44. The inclined chute adjustment brick is a means to adjust the amount of gas or air. 45. The function of the sealing wall in the regenerator structure is to provide sealing and insulation. 46 There are basically three methods for heating ovens with fuel: gas combustion heating, liquid combustion heating, and solid combustion heating. 47. The principle for determining the pressure in the gas collection pipe is to ensure that the pressure at the bottom of the carbonization chamber is not less than 5 Pa at the end of coking. 48. Blast furnace gas is more toxic than coke oven gas due to its higher carbon monoxide content. 49. The processing of coal before it is fed into the furnace is collectively referred to as the coal preparation process. 50. The function of the coke oven chimney is to create a suction at its base, overcoming the resistance of the heating system in order to allow the waste gases inside the oven to be expelled and air to be drawn in. 51. Carbon coke with a particle size of 10-25 mm is called granulated coke. 52. The concentration of combustibles in blast furnace gas is low, so the flame is longer than that in coke oven gas. 53. The heating regime refers to the temperature and pressure systems that need to be controlled or adjusted during the heat treatment process. 54. A water seal tank is installed in the heated gas pipeline system to drain the water accumulated in the pipes. 55. Generally, materials with a fire resistance temperature of over 1200°C are referred to as refractory materials. 56. The aging and damage of coke ovens can be divided into normal aging and damage and abnormal aging and damage. 57. Generally, the coking time decreases as the temperature of the flame channel increases, and increases as the width of the carbonization chamber increases. 58. A general automatic control system consists of a setpoint element, a sensing element, a control element, and an actuating element. 59. When heating with coke oven gas, the air excess coefficient in the vertical flue is 1.20–1.30. 60. The materials used in the construction of coke ovens fall into three categories: refractory materials, insulating materials, and ordinary building materials. II. True or False Questions 61. Among the physical properties of coal, properties such as its specific gravity, infiltrability, internal surface area, and mechanical strength have almost no impact on coal processing techniques. (×) 62. The shrinkage of coke is mainly caused by low furnace temperature or incorrect coal blending. (√) 63. The main factors determining the quality of coke are the quality and blending of coking coal, the pretreatment of the coal before coking, and the coking process itself. (√) 64. Coal is mainly a mixture of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. 　　(×) 65. In a coke oven, the heat generated by the combustion of gas is transferred to the coal charge through the walls of the carbonization chamber. (√) 66. Both the rising pipe water seal cover and the coke catcher in the coke quenching tower are considered environmental protection equipment. 　　　　　　　(√) 67. The function of the raw gas exhaust equipment is solely to exhaust raw gas; it has no other purpose. 　　　　　(×) 68. The heat storage capacity of the furnace wall in the coke oven chamber is independent of the thickness of the furnace wall. 　　　　　　　　(×) 69. Heating equipment mainly includes gas equipment, exhaust gas equipment, and furnace columns. 　　　　(×) 70. Coking plant production mainly includes four processes: coal charging, coke pushing, coke quenching, and coke screening. (√) 71. The on/off valves are used to shut off or connect the gas supply, as well as to adjust the amount of gas supplied for a short period of time. (√) 72. The function of the exhaust gas tray is to control only the amount of air entering the coke oven heating system and the amount of blast furnace gas. (×) 73. The temperature at the center of the coke cake serves as the basis for determining the standard temperature in the firebox, as well as for determining the temperature difference between the sides of the machine-made coke. (√) 74. On-time coke pushing refers to the actual coke pushing time matching the planned coke pushing time. (√) 75. The measurement and adjustment of the straight-line temperature are among the key aspects in controlling the temperature of coke ovens. (√) 76. The temperature difference between the upper and lower parts of the coke cake’s center should not exceed 150°C. (×) 77. Under normal circumstances, silica bricks experience residual shrinkage, while clay bricks experience residual expansion. (×) 78. Determine the pressure in the gas collection duct, based on the principle that the pressure at the bottom of the tar box on the machine side and at the bottom of the carbonization chamber should not exceed 5 Pa during coking, taking into account as well the pressure fluctuations caused by the control devices. (×) 79. The pressures in the two gas collection pipes should be kept equal to prevent backflow of gas. (√) 80. The main pipe and the branch pipes do not have gas valves for regulating and shutting off the gas supply to the gas furnace. (√) 81. The pressure in the combustion system is determined to be maintained at 0–5 Pa, based on the specified air excess coefficient and the pressure at the furnace top viewing ports. (√) 82. The moisture content of the blending coal directly affects the temperature and carbonization time in the coke oven. (√) 83. China has large reserves of coking coal, and it is used in blended coals primarily to reduce the ash content of coke. ( × ) 84. The area above the roof bricks of the carbonization chamber is referred to as the furnace roof area. (√) 85. The combustible components in gas include hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, etc. (×) 86. Furnace columns are generally made of cast iron. (√) 87. Generally, materials with a fire resistance temperature of over 1200°C are referred to as refractory materials. (×) 88. The force acting perpendicularly on a unit area is called pressure intensity; in the adjustment of coke ovens, it is commonly referred to as pressure. (√) 89. The rising pipe is directly connected to the combustion chamber, which facilitates the exhaust of waste gases. (×) 90. The equipment for protecting coke ovens includes check valves for adjusting flow, as well as orifice plate boxes. (×) 91. A high ash content in the blending coal reduces its cohesiveness, resulting in lower strength of the coke. (×) 92. Temperature is a physical quantity that indicates the heat level of an object. (×) 93. When blast furnace gas enters the regenerator for preheating, it undergoes thermal decomposition, releasing graphite which then clogs the grid bricks. (×) 94. The gas pressure in the carbonization chamber must remain under negative pressure at all times throughout the coking period. (×) 95. Blast furnace gas is a colorless, odorful gas with no smell. 　　 (×) 96. The gas pressure in the carbonization chamber must remain under negative pressure at all times throughout the coking period. (×) 97. When blast furnace gas enters the regenerator for preheating, it undergoes thermal decomposition, releasing graphite which then clogs the grid bricks. (×) 98: Heat required to convert 1 kg of coal into coke in the carbonization chamber of a coke oven.　　 (√) 99: Adding some briquetted coal to the blend is mainly aimed at improving the quality of coke and expanding the options available for coal used in coke production. (√) 100. Eliminating smoking and filling the coal can both increase the production of raw gas. 　　　　　　　　(√) 101. In terms of its location, the small flue also constitutes a part of the regenerator. 　　　　(√) 102. Negative pressure operation is strictly prohibited in the gas collection system; a Class A fire permit is required whenever work is to be carried out on coal gas pipelines. 　　　(√) 103. The bricks used for coke oven construction are mainly high-alumina bricks. 　　　　　　　　　 　(×) 104: The exhaust pipe and intake pipe must be installed at an incline. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　(√) 105. Modern regenerative coke ovens are basically composed of a carbonization chamber, a combustion chamber, an incline zone, and a regeneration chamber. 　　　　(√) 106. Blast furnace gas is beneficial for top heating. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(√) 107. The solid mineral residue resulting from the complete combustion of coal is called ash, and the percentage of ash relative to the dry coal is known as the ash content. 　　　(√) 108. Appropriate expansion joints should be provided during the construction of coke ovens. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　(√) 109. The pressure at any point along the vertical height inside the carbonization chamber is lower than the pressure in the combustion chamber. 　　　　　　　　　　(×) 110. The most prominent characteristics of using coke oven gas are its flammability, explosiveness, and tendency to cause blockages. 　(√) 111. The temperature difference at the standard temperature on the machine side is an indicator to ensure uniform maturation of the coke cake along the length of the carbonization chamber; the vertical flue on the coke side is slightly lower than that on the machine side. 　　　　　(×) 112. The measurement and adjustment of the horizontal temperature are intended to control the uniformity of the temperature across the width of the coke oven. 　　　　　　　　　　(√)　　　　　　　　　　　　 113. The common method for measuring the curvature of steel columns is the rectangular method. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　(×) 114. Once the gas and air enter the vertical flue, they mix and burn, with the combustion process continuing from the rising section all the way to the descending section. 　(×) 115. The suction pressure at any point in the gas regenerative chamber should not be lower than 5 Pa, and the sealing walls of the regenerative chamber as well as the joints where the exhaust gas trays meet the masonry must be extremely airtight. 　　　　　　　(√) 116. When heating blast furnace gas, high energy consumption results in the generation of large amounts of waste gas. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(√) 117. By adjusting the pressure difference at the top of the regenerative chambers between the upward and downward airflow, it is possible to control the gas flow rate in the heating system. (√) 118. Regardless of the type of gas used for heating, a coke oven goes through three basic processes: turning on the gas, exchanging exhaust gases with air, and turning off the gas. (×) 119. Effective ways to reduce the ash content in coke are coal washing and coal blending. (√) 120. Gas pipelines should have a certain slope to facilitate the smooth drainage of water and tar accumulated inside the pipes. (√) III. Multiple-choice Questions 121. The pressure in the gas collection pipe should be kept stable, with fluctuations not exceeding ③. ①5Pa ②8Pa ③10Pa ④15Pa 122. The time that coal remains in the carbonization chamber during the coking process is called __①__. ①Coking time ② Turnover time ③ Operating time ④ Dry distillation time. 123. Under certain industrial heating conditions, the reason why a single type of coal or a blend of coals can be converted into metallurgical coke is that the coal possesses ____②______. ①Adhesiveness ②Coking tendency ③Solidification property ④Melting property. 124. The absorption order of the Austenite analyzer is ___②____. 　　　①CO2 CO O2 ②CO2 O2 CO ③CO CO2 O2 ④CO O2 CO2 125. To ensure sufficient suction in the chimney during the production process, the temperature of the small flue should not be lower than ___②____. 　　　①200℃ ②250℃ ③300℃ ④350℃ 126. The control value for the average temperature below the flame channel on the machine side is ________①_______ . 　　　①Standard temperature ②Flue temperature ③Horizontal row temperature ④Burner tip temperature. 127. For installing protective plates and burner door frames, __②_____ asbestos rope should be used. ①∮Over 36 mm ② ∮32–36 mm ③ Below ∮32 ④ Asbestos rope of any diameter. The maximum temperature at the temperature measurement points in the vertical flues of silicon brick coke ovens shall not exceed ___③_____. ①1250℃ ②1320℃ ③1450℃ ④1100℃ 129. Phosphorite quartz has two crystal phase transition points, namely _____℃ and ②_____℃. ①117 and 160 ②160 and 120 ③117 and 150 ④117 and 217. The opening time of the carburizing chamber from when the door is opened to when it is closed should not exceed _____①_____. ①7 minutes ②15 minutes ③20 minutes ④25 minutes. 131. The coal type with the best coking properties in coking coal blends is _____③______. ①Bituminous coal ②Fertilized magnesium ③Coking coal ④Lean coal. 132. The load softening temperature of clay bricks is approximately ___③__°C. ① 1200℃ ②1300℃ ③1350℃ ④1400℃ 133. Due to _____②_____， the temperature of the raw gas entering the gas collection duct is reduced to below 90℃. 　　　①　Natural cooling ② Spraying ammonia water ③ The temperature was not high to begin with ④ Rain 134. The uniform lighting intensity for constructing a coke oven shed is ____①_____. 　　　①　20 watts per square meter ② 30 watts per square meter ③ 40 watts per square meter ④ 50 watts per square meter. 135. To produce coke from coal, the process generally involves four stages: drying, pyrolysis, ____①_____， and coke maturation. 　　　① Semicoke shrinkage ② Secondary pyrolysis ③ Colloidal formation ④ Stratified coking. 136. When coal is heated to 20–200°C in a carbonization chamber, it is in the _____①______ stage. 　　　①　Drying and preheating ② Decomposition of colloids ③ Conversion of semi-coke to coke ④ Pyrolysis. 137. The gas preheater is used to preheat ____②______. ①Blast furnace gas ② Coke oven gas ③ Raw gas ④ Mixed gas. 138. The regenerator is used to reduce the temperature of waste gases from around 1200°C to below ____②____°C. ①300 ②400 ③500 ④600 139. The average temperature of the entire furnace is ___③_____. ①Horizontal row temperature ② Furnace tip temperature ③ Straight-through temperature ④ Regenerator temperature. 140. When heating with blast furnace gas, the temperature at the outlet of the flue is generally lower by ③ °C compared to when using coke oven gas. ① 30-40 ② 40-50 ③ 40-60 ④ 50-60. 141. When the furnace drying temperature reaches _____①______°C, it is necessary to carry out trial operations of the equipment while it is still hot. ① 500-600 ② 500-700 ③ 600-700 ④ 500-800. 142. The temperature of the raw gas in the gas collection duct should be at _____②_________. ①Around 50°C ② Around 90°C ③ Around 200°C ④ Around 600°C. 143. The average temperature on the walls of the carbonization chamber is approximately ______②_________°C. ①1000 ②1100 ③1200 ④1300 144. It is required that the dust concentration in blast furnace gas not exceed ④ mg/m3. ①5mg/m3 ②8mg/m3 ③10mg/m3 ④15mg/m3 145. The channel that connects the regenerator to the exhaust gas tray is ___①_____. ①Small flue ② Horizontal flue ③ Inclined duct ④ Branch flue. 146. Among the main quality parameters of the furnace column, its curvature before installation is ____③_____ . ①Not less than 5mm ②5–10mm ③Not more than 5mm ④Greater than 5mm. 147. For coal moisture, for every 1% change in moisture content, the standard temperature changes by approximately ____ ②______. 　　　①　＜5℃ ② 6-8℃ ③ 10-15℃ ④ >30℃ 148. The storage time of bituminous coal in the coal yard generally does not exceed ③____ days. ①50 ②70 ③60 ④100. According to the regulations, the coke cake is considered mature when the temperature difference at its center is no more than 100℃ at ① ℃. 　　　　　　　　　　　　①1000±50℃ ②1000±30℃ ③1000±80℃ ④1000±100℃ 150. Number of regenerative chambers in the coke oven: ____④____. ①One less than the carbonization chamber: ② The same as the carbonization chamber: ③ One more than the carbonization chamber; Two more than the carbonization chamber. 151. For heat exchange and recovery of waste heat, use ________ ①________. ①Regeneration chamber ② Carbonization chamber ③ Combustion chamber ④ Preheating chamber. 152. During coke oven operation, the average temperature of the walls of the combustion chamber is __ ③ °C. 　　　① 1000　　② 1100　　　③ 1300　　　④ 1400 153. The temperature of the raw gas in the gas collection pipe should be_______　②_______. ①Around 50 ② Around 90°C ③ Around 200°C ④ Around 600°C. 154. Blast furnace gas does not possess the characteristic of ________④__________. 　　　①Low calorific value ② Slow burning rate ③ Preheating before combustion ④ Low system resistance. 155. The required gap width between the bricks used in coke oven construction is _____②_____. ① 4-8mm ② 3-6mm ③ 1-2mm ④ 2-4mm. 156. Generally, materials with a fire resistance temperature of over ____②___°C are considered refractory materials. 　　　①　1480 ② 1580 ③ 1680 ④ 1780. 157. The average temperature of the entire furnace is ______③______. 　　　①　Horizontal row temperature ②, furnace tip temperature ③, straight-line temperature ④, regenerator temperature. 158. The explosion range of blast furnace gas is ______②______. 　　　①　< 30% ② 40-70% ③ 70-80% ④ > 80% 159. For coke ovens with a prolonged coking time of less than 20 hours, the maximum allowable daily variation is ____①____ hours. 　　　①　1　②　0.5 ③　1.5 　④　2　 160. When blast furnace gas is not preheated, its theoretical combustion temperature is low; it must be preheated to over _______②_____°C in order to meet the requirements. 　　　① 500 ② 800 ③ 1000 ④ 600 IV. Essay Questions 161. Briefly describe the relationship between the regenerator and the combustion chamber in a coke oven? The combustion chambers are located on both sides of the carbonization chamber; they are the places where gas combustion generates heat ； The regenerator is located below the carbonization chamber and the combustion chamber; it is connected to the combustion chamber through inclined channels, and it uses the heat from exhaust gases to preheat the air required for combustion as well as the blast furnace gas ； They are connected to preheat the gas and air, making full use of the heat from the exhaust gases. 162. What are the advantages of larger coke ovens? ①With the enlargement of coke ovens in infrastructure investment, the number of chambers in these ovens decreases while maintaining the same production capacity; as a result, the amount of materials used for constructing the ovens, the iron components used for protecting them, as well as the equipment for heating gas and handling waste gases also decreases. ②Low heat loss and high thermal efficiency result in reduced production costs. ③Labor productivity is high; each worker can process more coal and produce more coke per shift. As labor productivity increases, the cost per ton of coke produced decreases accordingly. 163. What are the procedures for replacing furnace gas with coke oven gas? (1) Close the mixed gas valve. (2) After switching, start from the end of the pipeline to close the downward airflow; adjust the blast furnace gas valve or the lean gas valve. (3) Remove the shaft of the weight used to control the downward airflow, loosen the screws on the air inlet cover, reconnect them, and take off the asbestos sheet. (4) After checking that the above tasks have been completed, perform manual direction switching. (5) After the switch, open the coke oven gas addition and reduction plugs one by one to supply coke oven gas into the coke oven. (6) After performing steps (2) and (3) again, use manual reversing. (7) Adjust the opening of the exhaust gas inlet, change the setting for using coke oven gas, set the flue suction to the level required when using coke oven gas, ensure that the plug for coke oven gas is in the correct position, and check the combustion condition in the vertical flue. (8) All control devices and instruments in the coke oven gas system are operating properly, and the heating regime is determined. (9) The preheater and carbon removal nozzles are operated based on the gas temperature. (10) When the blast furnace gas is not in use for an extended period, blind flanges should be installed to purge the gas from the pipelines. 164. Why is the air excess factor important in flame tuning? When gas burns in the vertical flame channel, appropriate amounts of air must be supplied. If too little air is available, the combustion will be incomplete; the heat generated by the burning gas cannot be fully utilized, resulting in waste of gas or a decrease in the temperature of the vertical flame channel. Especially when the gas reaches the regenerative chamber, it will burn in contact with any air that has leaked in, causing high temperatures to be generated in that chamber ； If the air volume is too high, the combustion flame becomes short, which is not conducive to uniform heating in the upward direction and will reduce the temperature of the vertical flue. Therefore, the air excess coefficient is very useful for providing timely guidance in adjusting the fire. 165. What requirements should be met for the thermal regulation of coke ovens? (1) The highest thermal efficiency, that is, using the minimum amount of gas while ensuring proper coking maturity, in order to achieve the lowest heat consumption for coking. (2) To improve coke quality and yield, it is necessary to maintain uniform furnace temperature, an appropriate pressure regime, and smooth operation. (3) To achieve the highest yield and the best quality for coking chemical products. (4) Improve the productivity of coke ovens and extend their service life to the maximum extent possible. 166. What principles must be followed to determine the pressure system? Answer: The pressure at the bottom of the carbonization chamber should, under all circumstances (including changes in sintering time due to normal operation, delays in coke pushing, cessation of heating, etc.), be higher than the pressure of the combustion system at the same elevation as well as the atmospheric pressure. 167. What are the most common causes of explosion accidents during the coking process? Answer: During the coking process, the main causes of explosion accidents are: (1) leaks in negative-pressure pipelines. (For example: Air can easily be drawn in at places such as the suction pipe and the primary cooler. ) (2) The pressure in the gas pipeline is too low. (For example: if the pressure in the main gas pipeline is too low, when gas is supplied, it is not possible to overcome the negative pressure generated in the branch pipes, which causes air to be drawn in; this results in the formation of explosive gases.) Furthermore, if there are leaks in the gas pipeline, when the pressure inside the pipeline suddenly increases (for example during switching), gas escapes from the pipeline, which can also result in the formation of explosive gases. If the water seal in the gas pipeline dries up and runs out of water, the water level becomes insufficient to serve as a proper water seal, resulting in large amounts of gas escaping – which can also lead to the formation of explosive gases. (3) Severe negative pressure in the carbonization chamber, causing a large amount of air to be drawn in. (4) Failing to follow the operating procedures and being careless during operation. (For example, when lighting gas, one should not light the torch first and then turn on the gas; instead, the gas should be turned on first and then ignited, as this can easily lead to an explosion.) 168. What are the heating characteristics of coke oven gas? Answer: 1. When heating with coke oven gas, the gas stream needs to be preheated; it is introduced directly from the branch pipes into the gas channels and then enters each vertical flame channel for combustion, with all the rising hot gases being used to preheat the air. 2. The combustible components in gas are very high, hence the consumption volume is large. The theoretical combustion temperature is high due to the fact that H2 accounts for over half of the composition of the gas. Therefore, the combustion speed is fast and the flame is short; the gas and exhaust gases, being less dense, mix easily with air and can explode. 3. Methane accounts for about 1/4 of the gas, along with other unsaturated hydrocarbons. Therefore, the combustion flame is bright and has a strong ability to emit thermal radiation. Graphite tends to form in the brick gas channels and nozzles under high temperatures, and air must be used for carbon removal during the exchange process. 4. When heated with coke oven gas, the heating system has low resistance, resulting in low energy consumption for coking; changes in gas flow rate cause a rapid response in the stack temperature. 5. If the purification in the recycling workshop is inadequate, naphthalene and tar in the gas can easily clog pipes and fittings, while ammonia, cyanides, and sulfides in the gas cause severe corrosion to pipes and equipment.

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