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The bottleneck of hydrogen energy utilization is hydrogen storage. Although there are various hydrogen storage methods and technological innovations are flourishing, it is very difficult to break through new hydrogen storage technology, and hydrogen energy is still waiting for a Nobel Prize-level breakthrough. Current hydrogen storage methods are either costly or energy-intensive. One kilogram of hydrogen is equivalent to 33 kilowatt-hours of electricity, but storage costs 10-15 kilowatt-hours of electricity. From the perspective of levelized cost, technology maturity, and pressure-bearing containers, ammonia is still the best choice at present. ; From a vehicle perspective, the current main source of hydrogen energy storage is gas cylinders, but the current cost of gas cylinders is relatively high, and the core of this breakthrough is carbon fiber. In the long term, bottling will remain the mainstream technology in vehicles. Transporting hydrogen is also a costly issue. What about long-distance, large-scale hydrogen transportation? He believes that when the current scale is not large, perhaps there is a cost advantage in transmitting electricity than transporting hydrogen. In the long run, there are three technologies. The first type, short-distance and small-scale, uses gaseous hydrogen. The second type is liquid ammonia for long distances (above 5000KM). The third type, if it exceeds 10 tons per day, can be transported through pipelines.
Projects like Sinopec’s Xinjiang project are possible, eliminating the hydrogen storage link and supplying it directly to refineries. Liquid hydrogen is the least desirable, unless the cost of future electricity is negligible, which of course will require the day nuclear fusion is implemented.
That is, using it directly is one more link and one more expense to save money.