How can the structure of the heat transfer surface in a heat exchanger be improved to enhance heat transfer?

Firstly, structures that increase the heat transfer surface area can be employed: 1) the use of finned tubes, stud tubes, threaded tubes, corrugated tubes, etc.; 2) mechanical processing of the tube surface, such as the use of helical tubes, tubes with spiral grooves, threaded tubes, etc.; 3) the use of tubes with smaller diameters, which allows for an increased number of tubes per unit area of the tube sheet, thereby increasing the heat transfer area. Secondly, increasing the flow velocity of the fluid within the heat exchanger can enhance its heat transfer coefficient: 1) the use of flow disruptors, such as spiral strips inserted inside the tubes, baffle plates placed outside the tubes, or dummy tubes. 2 Increase the number of tubeside or shellside passes. Furthermore, using materials with good thermal conductivity to manufacture heat exchangers, taking measures to prevent corrosion and scaling in these devices, and removing scale promptly are all ways to improve heat transfer efficiency.