Propane, propylene – Boiling point; Boiling point of C4 feedstock

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Chinese name of the chemical: Propylene English name of the chemical: propylene Alternative English name: propene Name of the refrigerant: R1270 Technical data sheet code: 31 CAS No.: 115-07-1 InChI code: InChI=1/C3H6/c1-3-2/h3H,1H2,2H3 Molecular formula: C3H6 Structural formula: CH2=CH-CH3 Molecular weight: 42.081 Chemical equation for the combustion of propylene: 2C3H6+9O2=6CO2+6H2O Note: The general molecular formula for monoalkenes is CnH2n; some people mistakenly remember it as CnH2n-2. (This is the wrong solution) Hazard overview Health hazards: This product is a simple asphyxiant and a mild ** agent. Acute poisoning: Inhalation of propylene by humans can cause loss of consciousness; at a concentration of 15%, it takes 30 minutes ； At 24%, it takes 3 minutes ； At 35%–40%, it takes 20 seconds ； When it exceeds 40%, it takes only 6 seconds and causes vomiting. Chronic effects: Prolonged exposure can cause dizziness, fatigue, general discomfort, and difficulty concentrating. In a few individuals, gastrointestinal function is disrupted. 　　Environmental hazards: It is harmful to the environment and can pollute water bodies, soil, and the atmosphere. 　　Fire and explosion hazard: This product is flammable. 　 First aid measures: Inhaling: Quickly move the affected person to a place with fresh air. Keep the airway clear. If there is difficulty breathing, administer oxygen. If breathing stops, perform artificial respiration immediately. Seek medical attention. 　 Fire-fighting measures 　　Hazardous properties: Flammable; can form explosive mixtures when mixed with air. There is a risk of combustion and explosion in the presence of heat sources and open flames. It reacts violently with nitrogen dioxide, dinitrogen tetroxide, nitrous oxide, etc., and undergoes intense reactions upon contact with other oxidizing agents. Gases are heavier than air and can spread over considerable distances at lower levels; they will catch fire and ignite when exposed to a source of flame. 　　Harmful combustion products: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide. 　　Fire extinguishing method: Cut off the gas supply. If the gas supply cannot be cut off, it is not allowed to extinguish the flame at the leak site. Use water spray to cool the container; if possible, move the container away from the fire to an open area. Extinguishing agents: fogged water, foam, carbon dioxide, dry powder. Emergency response to leaks: Take immediate action to evacuate people from the area affected by the leak to areas upwind, and establish a quarantine to strictly control access. Cut off the source of fire. It is recommended that emergency responders wear self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus and anti-static work clothing. Seal the source of the leak as much as possible. Cover areas such as sewers near the leak site with industrial coverings or adsorbents/sorbents to prevent gases from entering. Ensure proper ventilation to accelerate diffusion. Diluted and dissolved with spray water. Construct dikes or dig pits to contain the large amount of wastewater generated. If possible, use an exhaust fan to direct the escaping gas to an open area or install appropriate nozzles to burn it off. Leaking containers must be handled properly; they should be repaired and inspected before reuse. Handling and Storage Handling precautions: Operate in a sealed environment with adequate ventilation. Operators must receive specialized training and strictly adhere to operating procedures. Stay away from flames and heat sources; smoking is strictly prohibited in the workplace. Use explosion-proof ventilation systems and equipment. Prevent gas from leaking into the workplace air. Avoid contact with oxidizers and acids. During transfer, gas cylinders and containers must be grounded and bonded to prevent the generation of static electricity. Handle with care during transportation to prevent damage to the cylinders and accessories. Equipped with fire-fighting equipment of appropriate types and quantities, as well as emergency response equipment for leaks. 　　Storage precautions: Store in a cool, well-ventilated warehouse. Keep away from flames and heat sources. The storage temperature should not exceed 30°C. It should be stored separately from oxidizers and acids; mixed storage is strictly prohibited. Use explosion-proof lighting and ventilation facilities. The use of mechanical equipment and tools that may generate sparks is prohibited. The storage area should be equipped with emergency spill response equipment. 　 2 Production Methods Edit 1. A product of the high-temperature cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons; it is a by-product in the production of ethylene ； 　　2. The catalytic cracking gas from the refinery is distilled to remove the C2 and C4 fractions, yielding propylene and propane fractions; propylene is then obtained through further distillation ； 　　3. Propane dehydrogenation, using chromium oxide-alumina as a catalyst; reaction temperature of 635°C, propane conversion rate of 54%, propylene selectivity of 76%, and recovery rate of 93% (molecular ratio). 　　Purification: The adsorption-expansion desorption method is used to obtain high-purity propylene from the adsorbed phase. Using industrial propylene as the raw material, it is first roughly purified and then subjected to selective adsorption by a molecular sieve adsorbent, which has a strong selective adsorption capacity for polar compounds and unsaturated hydrocarbons. During the desorption process at elevated temperatures, the components that are less easily adsorbed than propylene pass into the gas phase and are distilled out, thereby yielding a high-purity propylene product from the adsorbed phase. Contact control/Personal protection Occupational exposure limits China’s MAC (mg/m3): No standard established Former Soviet Union’s MAC (mg/m3): 100 TLVTN: ACGIH – Asphyxiating gases TLVWN: No standard established Engineering controls: Enclosed production processes and comprehensive ventilation. 　　Respiratory protection: No special protection is generally required, but it is recommended to wear a self-priming filter-type respirator (half-mask) in special situations. 　　Eye protection: No special protection is generally required; chemical safety goggles can be worn in case of high-concentration exposure. 　　Body protection: Wear anti-static work clothing. 　　Hand protection: Wear general-purpose work protective gloves. 　　Other protections: Smoking is strictly prohibited at the work site. Avoid prolonged and repeated exposure. When entering tanks, confined spaces, or other areas with high concentrations, supervision must be provided. 3 Main Uses: Editing. Used to produce acrylonitrile, propylene oxide, propylene, etc. It is used to produce a variety of important organic chemical raw materials, as well as synthetic resins, synthetic rubbers, and various fine chemicals. Physical and chemical properties　　Main component: pure substance　　Appearance and characteristics: colorless gas with a hydrocarbon odor. 　　Melting point (°C): -191.2 Boiling point (°C): -47.72 Relative density (water = 1): 0.5 Relative vapor density (air = 1): 1.48 Saturated vapor pressure (kPa): 602.88 (0°C) Heat of combustion (kJ/mol): 2049 Critical temperature (K): 364.75 Critical pressure (MPa): 4.550 Logarithm of octanol/water partition coefficient: No data available Flash point (°C): -108 Ignition temperature (°C): 455 Upper explosive limit (% V/V): 11.7 Lower explosive limit (% V/V): 2.0 Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in ethanol. 　　Other physical and chemical properties: Besides reacting at the double bond, propene can also react at the methyl group. Propylene polymerizes in the presence of acidic catalysts (such as sulfuric acid, anhydrous hydrofluoric acid, etc.) to form a mixture of dimers, trimers, and tetramers, which can be used as a high-octane fuel. The polymerization of propylene in the presence of a Ziegler catalyst produces polypropylene. Propylene is copolymerized with ethylene to produce EPDM. Propylene undergoes an addition reaction with sulfuric acid to form isopropyl sulfate, which is then hydrolyzed to produce isopropanol. Propylene also undergoes an addition reaction with chlorine and water to yield 1-chloro-2-propanol; this compound reacts with a base to form propylene oxide, and upon addition of water, it produces propylene glycol. In the presence of an acidic catalyst, propylene reacts with benzene to form cumene, C6H5CH(CH3)2, which serves as a raw material for the synthesis of phenol and acetone. In the presence of acidic catalysts (such as sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid), propylene can undergo alkylation with isobutane; the resulting branched alkanes can be used as high-octane fuels. In the presence of a catalyst, propylene undergoes ammoxidation with ammonia and oxygen in the air to produce acrylonitrile, which is a raw material for synthesizing polymers such as plastics, rubber, and fibers. Propylene is chlorinated at high temperatures to produce allyl chloride, CH2=CHCH2Cl, which is a raw material for the synthesis of glycerol.