It’s beautiful; excellent mechanical processing technique

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Repost: The most amazing thing about machinery is that it brings great convenience to daily life. From cars to kitchen knives, do you know how their parts are manufactured? Together with the editor from the machinery community, let’s learn about 7 common methods used in mechanical processing. ) ]6 Y8 v0 b; ^- v3 _# o 1. Why is a turning factory also called a workshop? By “machine,” it refers to turning machining. The key to turning is to rotate the workpiece that needs to be processed, and then bring a tool that moves in a straight line close to it in order to shape the surface of the workpiece. http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20181123/b055c1ba3c04429d82b6867cc7298bb6.gif First, the workpiece is fixed to the machine tool using a chuck. Then, the workpiece rotates at high speed driven by a motor, and the rotation speed can be controlled manually according to our requirements for the processing. Then, it is possible to start controlling the tool to carve on the surface of the workpiece, which is called \"tool movement\". Common cutting tools are often made of high-speed steel or cemented carbide; in recent years, ceramic tools and synthetic diamond tools have also become widely used. Turning tools of different shapes can meet various machining requirements: http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20181123/ee0c11cd62954b54a657ae2edf2dc668.jpeg In addition to the outer surface, boring tools used in turning allow for the precision finishing of inner surfaces where holes already exist in the workpiece. http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20181123/1d320313e5e443c0bb0c8534e21bbfb8.gif& Q# q1 Z8 u/ P* \ 2. Milling processing: http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20181123/eb17c4e0281a4674bc5397171f97c9d1.gif. After talking about “turning,” what is “milling”? In fact, it still uses a rotational machining method; only this time it is the milling tool that rotates. There are two types of relative movements in traditional milling processes. In one case, as shown in the diagram above, the workpiece to be processed remains fixed, with the milling tool being the one that rotates and translates on its own ； The other type is as shown in the figure below: the milling tool performs only rotational motion, while the workpiece can move in the front-back, left-right, and up-down directions. A milling cutter is a multi-edge tool; during each rotation in the milling process, only one edge of the cutter participates in cutting, while the remaining edges are inactive, which helps with heat dissipation. As a result, milling cutters have a higher cutting efficiency compared to single-edge end mills. Mills of different shapes can be used to machine various surfaces such as planes, stepped surfaces, grooves, and cavities. The milling parameters during milling are composed of four factors: cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut (milling depth), and width of cut (milling width). Several common milling processes: http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20181123/255a763980274847b7a3033a53385467.jpeg. Several common types of milling cutters: http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20181123/faad0280ee11410086814b3a88926015.jpeg. 3. Planing: http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20181123/a4fc2dcdbaea401fbd5b17d51670e7f1.gif. The working principle of planing is straightforward – it involves simple back-and-forth movements. Compared to turning and milling, its productivity is very low. However, due to the simplicity of its equipment and tools, it is still used for roughening the surface of workpieces. 8 H& v8 y& @4 W8 _: ?" W 4. Grinding process: http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20181123/75768b8bc4784176ac8da35326b9d161.gif The grinding process involves using tools such as grinding wheels or sand belts to cut the surface of a workpiece. In modern machining, grinding heads can now be integrated into CNC milling machines and machining centers quite effectively. 5. Tooth surface machining: http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20181123/87b31c5d3eb144b3a15263addcff08f9.jpeg Tooth surface machining is a new type of machining method; it can be divided into two main categories: one is the forming method, and the other is the generating method. The forming method primarily uses a conventional milling machine for processing; the tool employed is a forming mill cutter, which requires two simple forming motions: rotational movement and linear movement. The common machine tools used for generating tooth surfaces by the development method are gear hobbing machines, gear shaping machines, etc. V, J5 ], \" ]. e9 X7 m6 ?1 S7 U 6. Machining of complex surfaces: http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20181123/b0d288a28c15407e8620a998f104d9f9.jpeg For the machining of complex surfaces, CNC machines are very useful. The machining of three-dimensional surfaces primarily employs profiling milling and CNC milling methods, or special machining techniques. Profile milling must have a prototype as a template. During processing, the ball-shaped profiling head remains in contact with the prototype surface under a constant pressure. The movement of the profiling head is converted into an inductance value, which controls the movement of the three axes of the milling machine to determine the trajectory followed by the cutting tool along the surface. Milling cutters often use ball-nosed milling cutters with the same radius as the profiling head. The advent of CNC technology has provided more effective methods for surface machining. ; X# D; c; g5 m t1 M" \! \ 7. Other processing techniques: http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20181123/d9cb2ca5bad741b9b74fcad74f170e24.gif▲ Drilling process: 6 |+ T' L- }" I" x! w: P When drilling on a drill press, generally, the drill bit must perform two movements simultaneously: the primary movement, which is the rotation of the drill bit around its axis (the cutting motion) ； The auxiliary motion refers to the linear movement of the drill bit along the axis direction towards the workpiece (the feeding motion). During drilling, the quality of the machining is affected mainly due to defects in the design of the drill bit; the machining accuracy is generally below IT10 level, and the surface roughness is around Ra12.5μm, which indicates that it belongs to rough machining. http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20181123/f3629e8a65cf4a8a9910d270bd420fa2.gif▲Multi-axis CNC machining – It enables simultaneous control of more than 4 coordinate axes, combining functions such as CNC milling, CNC boring, and CNC drilling. With a single clamping of the workpiece, it is possible to carry out various processing operations such as milling, boring, and drilling on its surface. This approach effectively avoids positioning errors that can occur due to multiple fixations, thereby reducing production time and improving processing accuracy. http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20181123/10088156e11d476da776fc365a18b1f5.gif▲Metal electrodeposition: Metal electrodeposition is a process that involves the formation of a metal layer on a solid surface through electrolytic methods, specifically through the reduction of metal ions at the cathode of an electrolytic cell and the subsequent electrocrystallization process. Its purpose is to alter the surface properties of solid materials or to produce metal materials with specific compositions and properties. http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20181123/473a64cdb2004e309dbe0afd8413b6eb.gif▲Induction heating: The workpiece is placed inside an inductor, which is usually a hollow copper tube that supplies medium-frequency or high-frequency alternating current (300–300,000 Hz or higher). The alternating magnetic field generates an induced current of the same frequency within the workpiece. This induced current is distributed unevenly within the workpiece: it is strong on the surface but weak inside, approaching zero at the core. By utilizing this skin effect, the surface of the workpiece can be heated rapidly, with its surface temperature rising to 800–1000°C within a few seconds, while the temperature at the core increases only slightly. http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20181123/7026e9c04e9149219b2fd9625235749e.gif▲ Welding process. g, c5 J Q. e8 v The basic principle of electric welding is that, after applying a voltage of 220V or 380V, the voltage is reduced using a voltage regulator in the welding machine, which increases the current; this electrical energy generates intense arc heat that melts the welding rod and the steel, and the melting of the welding rod enhances the fusion between the steel pieces. % F) u# i9 L S" d5 y6 I" v