A Brief Discussion on Hastelloy

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Hastelloy HASTELLOY C is a product from American Hastelloy (Chinese Hastelloy) that boasts excellent performance and outstanding corrosion resistance. It is characterized by high strength, high density, good corrosion resistance, and high thermal conductivity. 1. Introduction to HASTELLOY C: HASTELLOY C is a high-performance corrosion-resistant alloy developed by the American company Haynes in the 1960s. It possesses excellent corrosion resistance, heat resistance, and oxidation resistance. Hastelloy C is a composite material composed of 10 metal elements including nickel, chromium, molybdenum, titanium, manganese, iron, zinc, nickel, cobalt, and copper. It is manufactured through special processing techniques. It possesses excellent corrosion resistance, heat resistance, and oxidation resistance, and is widely used in industries such as chemicals, power generation, metallurgy, aerospace, automotive, and shipbuilding. 2. Applications of HASTELLOY C in the United States: HASTELLOY C is a corrosion-resistant alloy that is commonly used in the manufacture of chemical reactors, steam generators, and other equipment resistant to corrosion. This alloy includes elements such as nickel, cobalt, chromium, titanium, molybdenum, tin, antimony, and tungsten. It possesses excellent corrosion and heat resistance, enabling it to effectively resist the corrosive effects of gases and liquids. Hastelloy C also possesses excellent wear resistance and impact resistance. 3. Applications of HASTELLOY C in China: HASTELLOY C is widely used in China, mainly in industries such as chemicals, power generation, aerospace, and military manufacturing. Hastelloy HASTELLOY C is a product from American Hastelloy (Chinese Hastelloy) that boasts excellent performance and outstanding corrosion resistance. It is characterized by high strength, high density, good corrosion resistance, and high thermal conductivity. In addition, Hastelloy C also possesses good weldability. Hastelloy is a nickel superalloy with extremely high corrosion resistance. It is primarily composed of nickel, chromium, and molybdenum. In addition to corrosion resistance, Hastelloy metals also possess high-temperature resistance. The use of Hastelloy materials is increasing in the chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and oil and gas industries. Hastelloy is a very strong and corrosion-resistant nickel alloy, widely used in highly corrosive chemicals and acids. The addition of chromium and molybdenum improves its high-temperature and corrosion resistance. Hastelloy metal is ductile, making it easy to shape. Hastelloy is manufactured by combining base elements during the hot liquid state. Generally, Hastelloy materials contain 1% to 25% chromium, 5% to 30% molybdenum, 0% to 30% iron, with the remainder being nickel. Other elements such as carbon, tungsten, vanadium, and titanium are sometimes added as well. I. Properties of Hastelloy The properties of Hastelloy vary depending on the grade, but it generally possesses the following characteristics: ① Excellent corrosion resistance; ② Density: 8.89 g/cm³; ③ Melting point range: 1323–1371°C; ④ Tensile strength: 690 to 783 MPa; ⑤ Good weldability; ⑥ High resistance to oxidation and acids. II. Types and grades of Hastelloy There are various grades of Hastelloy based on the chemical composition of the material. Common Hastelloy metal grades include: Type B Hastelloy material, Type C Hastelloy material, Hastelloy G, Hastelloy X, and Hastelloy N. Type B alloy, namely Hastelloy B, is a superalloy that contains a high proportion of nickel and molybdenum. Grade B Hastelloy is renowned for its ability to withstand extreme reducing environments. Some B-type Hastelloy materials include: B-2 alloy (UNS N10665): B-2 Hastelloy contains 65% nickel and 30% molybdenum. It also contains small amounts of carbon, iron, silicon, chromium, cobalt, manganese, and sulfur. Grade B alloys exhibit excellent corrosion resistance to hydrochloric acid, but poor resistance to oxidizing agents. B-3 alloy (UNS N10675): Compared to B-2 alloy, this alloy exhibits excellent pitting resistance and outstanding thermal stability. The chemical composition of B-3 alloy is 65% nickel and 30% molybdenum, with trace amounts of chromium, cobalt, and manganese. ⑵ Hastelloy grade C contains a high percentage of nickel, chromium, and molybdenum. Chromium improves high-temperature properties and resistance to reducing environments. Hastelloy C grade is suitable for cold working and hot working. Grade C Hastelloy metal is the most widely used Hastelloy material. Common types of Type C Hastelloy materials include: C-4 Hastelloy (UNS N06455). C-4 Hastelloy contains 60% nickel, 18% chromium, 16% molybdenum, 3% iron, 2% cobalt, with the remainder being silicon, carbon, sulfur, titanium, and other elements. Ductility and corrosion resistance. C-22 Hastelloy (UNS N06022): C-22 Hastelloy is composed of 58% nickel, 20% chromium, 13% molybdenum, 3.5% tungsten, 2.5% cobalt, and trace amounts of other elements. C-22 Hastelloy is well-known for its weldability, and it is the most commonly used alloy in pharmaceutical reaction vessels and desulfurization systems. Hastelloy C-276 (UNS N10276): This grade of Hastelloy can be used in the petrochemical industry. It contains 59% nickel, 16% molybdenum, 15% chromium, 4% tungsten, and trace amounts of other elements. It exhibits high corrosion resistance to oxidizers, pitting, stress corrosion cracking, and intergranular corrosion. C-2000 Hastelloy: It possesses excellent oxidation resistance and dielectric properties, and is used in chemical process equipment. ⑶ Type G alloys are suitable for welding using TIG, SAW, SMAW, and Type G Hastelloy materials, and contain tungsten as one of their alloying elements. The main alloys in this group are: Hastelloy G-3 (UNS N06985): This superalloy contains nickel, chromium, tungsten, iron, molybdenum, and cobalt as its main components. G-30 Hastelloy (UNS N06030): It is composed of 43% nickel, 30% chromium, 15% iron, 5% cobalt, 4% tungsten, 1.5% manganese, and trace amounts of other elements. ⑷ Hastelloy X alloy (UNS N06002): It possesses excellent oxidation resistance, high-temperature strength, and resistance to SCC. Chemical Hastelloy X contains 44% nickel, 23% chromium, 20% iron, 10% molybdenum, 1% manganese and silicon, as well as trace amounts of other elements. They can be cold-worked and welded. This type of Hastelloy material is used in industrial furnaces and gas turbine applications. ⑸ Hastelloy N (UNS N10003) contains 71% nickel, 16% molybdenum, 7% chromium, 5% iron, 1% silicon, and trace amounts of other elements. Due to its high-temperature oxidation resistance, Hastelloy N is used in industrial applications such as chemical processing equipment. ⑹ Other Hastelloy grades include: Hastelloy D-205, Hastelloy G50 (UNS N06950), Hastelloy S (UNS N06635), Hastelloy W (UNS N10004), and Hastelloy G-2 (UNS N06975). III. Applications of Hastelloy materials: Its excellent corrosion resistance makes Hastelloy an ideal choice for any environment with moderate to severe corrosion. Hastelloy pipes, exchangers, pressure vessels, and valves are very common in the chemical and petrochemical industries. Hastelloy is also used in reactor vessels in the chemical and nuclear industries. Other industries that use Hastelloy include geothermal energy, mining, solar energy, biomass, seawater, the petrochemical industry, liquefied natural gas, aerospace, desalination, and pulp production. Hastelloy is fully resistant to service with the following fluids: Acids such as acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, boric acid, carbolic acid, citric acid, uric acid, malic acid, salicylic acid, gallic acid, etc ； Chlorides: such as aluminum chloride, ammonium chloride, pentyl chloride, barium chloride, calcium chloride, ethyl chloride, zinc chloride, potassium chloride, titanium tetrachloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, iron chloride, etc ； Nitrates: such as ammonium nitrate, copper nitrate, nickel nitrate, sodium nitrate, mercurous nitrate, magnesium nitrate, potassium nitrate, iron nitrate, etc ； Hydroxides: such as ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, iron hydroxide, etc ； Sulfates: such as aluminum sulfate, ammonium sulfate, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, nickel sulfate, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, sodium bisulfate, potassium sulfate, etc ；