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The effects of irradiation span multiple fields such as biology, materials, and electronic devices, with significant differences in their impact depending on the context. I. Effects on living organisms and the human body: Harmful aspects – High doses of ionizing radiation can damage cellular DNA, leading to acute radiation sickness and organ failure. Long-term exposure to low doses can increase the risk of cancer and genetic diseases, posing a greater threat to the health of fetuses and sensitive individuals. Beneficial aspect: Irradiation can be used to precisely kill tumor cells, for use in radiotherapy ； It can also enable irradiation breeding, as well as irradiation sterilization and pest control of food, thereby expanding the application scope in agriculture and food processing. II. Effects on materials: Metal materials: Irradiation induces a large number of point defects, leading to issues such as irradiation hardening, embrittlement, swelling, and creep, which directly affect the service life of core components in nuclear reactors and aerospace applications. Polymer/ceramic materials: Irradiation can cause the breaking of chemical bonds, leading to a decrease in the material’s strength and deterioration of its dielectric properties. Controlled irradiation can also be used to cross-link polymers, thereby improving the material’s heat resistance and mechanical properties. III. Impact on electronic devices: In scenarios such as space radiation, effects such as total dose effects and single-event effects can occur, leading to a degradation in device performance, changes in logical states, or even permanent damage. This is an issue that requires careful attention in order to ensure the reliability of aerospace electronic systems.