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Basic knowledge of accident case analysis: (I) Classification by accident type. According to the **Standard for Classification of Work-related Injuries and Deaths among Employees (GB6441—86)**, accidents are classified by their cause, as follows: 1. Object strike (excluding object strikes caused by explosions): Refers to injury incidents resulting from the inertial force of out-of-control objects. 2. Vehicle injuries: refer to mechanical injury accidents caused by the company’s motor vehicles. 3. Mechanical injuries: refer to injuries caused by mechanical equipment or tools, such as crushing, grinding, bumping, cutting, puncturing, and slicing. But it does not include injuries caused by vehicles or lifting equipment. 4. Lifting injuries: Refer to mechanical injury accidents that occur during various lifting operations, but do not include falls that happen while moving in and out of the cab, electric shocks caused by lifting equipment, or injuries resulting from brake failure during maintenance. 5. Electric shock: Physiological injury caused by an electric current passing through the human body. 6. Drowning: An incident in which a large amount of water enters the lungs through the mouth and nose, causing airway obstruction, acute hypoxia, and death by suffocation. It is applicable to drowning accidents that occur to ships, rafts, and facilities while at sea, berthed, or during operations. 7. Burns: Refer to injuries caused by strong acids or strong bases splashing onto the body, burns resulting from flames, scalds caused by hot objects, and skin damage caused by radiation, among other such incidents ； Burns caused by electric burns and fire accidents are not included. 8. Fire: Refers to industrial fire accidents that cause casualties. It does not apply to fire accidents caused by reasons other than business operations and recorded by the fire department. 9. Fall from height: refers to injury accidents caused by a dangerous difference in gravitational potential energy. It is suitable for fall accidents that occur in situations such as scaffolding, platforms, and work on steep slopes, as well as for injury accidents resulting from stepping into holes, ditches, lift shafts, funnels, etc. due to losing balance on the ground. 10. Collapse: Refers to accidents caused by the collapse of buildings, structures, piles of materials, etc., as well as by landslides and rockfalls. Not applicable to roof and slope collapse accidents in mines, nor to collapse accidents caused by explosions. 11. Roof and sidewall collapse: Refers to accidents where the working face of a mine or the sides of tunnels collapse (sidewall collapse) as well as the roof giving way (roof collapse), due to inadequate support or excessive pressure. Applicable to collapse accidents that occur during mining, underground excavation, tunneling, and other trench work. 12. Water inrush: refers to casualties caused by unexpected water sources during mining, underground extraction, or other tunneling operations. Not applicable to surface water hazard incidents. 13. Blasting: Refers to casualties caused by blasting operations. 14. Gas explosion: refers to a chemical explosion that occurs when a mixture formed by the combination of flammable gases, coal dust, and air, reaching its ignition limit, comes into contact with a fire source. 15. **Explosion**: Refers to explosion accidents that occur during the production, transportation, and storage processes. 16. Boiler explosion: Refers to a physical explosion accident that occurs in a boiler. It is suitable for steam boilers that use water as the working medium and have a working pressure greater than 0.07 MPa, but it is not suitable for boilers on railway locomotives and ships, nor for boilers in train power stations and ship power stations. 17. Explosion of pressurized vessels: This refers to gas explosions caused by the rupture of a pressure vessel (physical explosions), as well as chemical explosions that occur when flammable liquefied gases contained within the vessel evaporate immediately after the vessel ruptures, mix with the surrounding air to form an explosive gas mixture, and then come into contact with a fire source. 18. Other explosions: Explosions caused by the mixture of flammable gases such as gas and acetylene with air ； Explosions caused by explosive gas mixtures formed when flammable vapors mix with air (such as gasoline vaporization) ； Explosions caused by explosive gas mixtures formed when combustible dusts and combustible fibers mix with air ； An accident in which combustible gases formed indirectly mix with air, or combustible vapors mixed with air explode when exposed to a fire source ； Furnace explosions, ladle explosions, and explosions caused by flax dust are also considered “other explosions”. 19. Poisoning and asphyxiation: Refer to acute poisoning incidents in humans caused by exposure to toxic substances or inhalation of toxic gases, or accidents in poorly ventilated work environments where sudden fainting or even death from asphyxiation may occur due to lack of oxygen. 20. Other injuries: Refer to injury incidents outside the aforementioned categories, such as sprains, falls, frostbite, animal bites, and so on. (II) Classification by degree of injury: After an accident occurs, it can be classified into three categories – minor injuries, serious injuries, and death – based on the degree of harm inflicted on the victims and the extent of loss of their working capacity. 1. Minor injury accidents: These refer to incidents that result in a loss of working days of less than 105 days, meaning the injured person is temporarily unable to perform their usual job duties. 2. Severe injury accidents: Refer to those that cause physical disabilities in workers or serious damage to organs such as vision and hearing, generally leading to long-term functional impairments, or resulting in a loss of working days equal to or exceeding 105 days (and less than 6,000 days), thereby causing significant loss of working capacity. Generally speaking, an accident is considered a serious injury in any of the following circumstances: (1) It has been diagnosed by a doctor as resulting in disability or potentially leading to disability ； (2) Severe injuries requiring major surgery to save the patient ； (3) Severe burns or scalds to vital parts of the body, or, although not to vital parts, burns or scalds covering more than one-third of the total body surface area ； (4) Severe fractures (fractures caused by injuries to the sternum, ribs, vertebrae, clavicle, scapula, wrist bones, leg bones, and foot bones), severe concussions, etc ； (5) Severe eye injuries with a possibility of blindness ； (6) Thumb with one segment broken off ； Any one of the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, or little finger has two segments crushed off; or any two fingers each have one segment crushed off ； Severe local tendon injuries can cause functional impairment, with a possibility of disability resulting in an inability to move freely ； (7) More than three toes crushed off ； Severe local tendon injuries can cause functional impairment, with a possibility of disability that prevents free walking. (8) Internal injuries: damage to internal organs, internal bleeding, or injury to the pleura ； (9) For injuries that fall outside the aforementioned scope, if a doctor determines that the injury is severe, the enterprise may, based on the actual circumstances and with reference to the points mentioned above, submit a preliminary opinion for review and determination by the local labor safety authorities. 3. Fatal accidents: Accidents in which a person dies immediately after the occurrence of the accident (including death due to acute poisoning) or dies within 30 days after sustaining injuries. The loss of working days due to death is 6,000 days (this figure is calculated based on the average retirement age and average death age of workers in our country). Acute poisoning refers to an accident in which toxic substances are introduced into the body in large quantities, either at once or over a short period of time, through the respiratory tract, skin, or digestive system, causing pathological changes in the body within a short time and leading to the death of workers or the need for emergency treatment. Acute poisoning is characterized by a rapid onset, usually within one working day. Some poisons have a certain latency period before their toxicity becomes apparent, which may cause the victim to fall ill hours after finishing work. The number of lost working days involved in such classification can be selected or calculated in accordance with the relevant provisions in GB6441—86. (III) Classification by the severity of the accident: Classification by the severity of the accident is based on the degree of injury suffered by the people involved and the number of victims. 1. Minor injury accident: refers to an accident in which only minor injuries occur. 2. Serious injury accident: refers to an accident in which there are serious injuries (including minor injuries) but no deaths occur. 3. Fatal accidents: refer to accidents in which 1 or 2 people die in one incident. 4. Major death accidents: refer to accidents in which 3 to 9 people die at once. 5. Catastrophic casualty accidents: refer to accidents in which 10 or more people (including 10) die at once. 6. Extraordinarily serious death accidents: In accordance with the relevant provisions of the Interim Provisions on the Procedures for Investigating Extraordinarily Serious Accidents issued by the former Ministry of Labor on March 20, 1990, an extraordinarily serious accident refers to one of the following situations: (1) An accident involving a civil aviation aircraft in which the aircraft is destroyed and resulting in deaths (40 deaths or more) ； (2) Aircraft crashes and fatalities involving charter planes and foreign civil aircraft within China ； (3) Accidents in railways, water transport, mining, water resources, and electricity sectors that result in 50 or more deaths at once, or cause economic losses of 10 million yuan or more at once ； (4) Road accidents and other accidents resulting in 30 or more deaths per incident, or direct economic losses of 5 million yuan or more (excluding accidents that occur during aviation or spacecraft research and development) ； (5) An acute poisoning incident that results in 100 or more workers and residents being affected at once ； (6) Other accidents with particularly serious nature and significant impact. (IV) Classification by degree of economic loss: Based on the amount of economic loss caused by an accident (including both direct and indirect economic losses, the same below), accidents can be classified as follows: 1. Accidents with minor losses: Those in which the economic loss is less than 10,000 yuan ； 2. Major loss accidents: refer to accidents in which the economic loss is 10,000 yuan or more (including 10,000 yuan) but less than 100,000 yuan ； 3. Major loss accidents: Accidents in which the economic losses exceed 100,000 yuan (including 100,000 yuan) but are less than 1 million yuan ； 4. Catastrophic loss accidents: refer to accidents with economic losses of over 1 million yuan (including 1 million yuan). (5) Classification by mode of damage: This classification method divides accidents into the following categories: 1. Fire and explosion accidents: Those caused by the combustion or explosion of combustible materials ； 2. Breakage and collapse accidents: refer to accidents such as the rupture of high-pressure containers, the breaking of steel wires, the collapse of structures or mechanical equipment and devices, and the collapse of sand, soil, or tunnels ； 3. Industrial poisoning accidents: refer to poisoning incidents caused by human exposure to toxic substances or inhalation of toxic gases ； 4. Work-related injury accidents: such as falls, injuries caused by heavy objects, electric shocks, fractures, contusions, trauma, burns, and other such incidents. The choice of accident classification method depends on the purpose and scope of statistics on casualty accidents. The higher-level management authorities need to have an overall understanding of the situation regarding casualties and accidents, and can opt for a relatively general method of classifying such accidents ； In order to determine the root causes of an accident and explore solutions for correction, a department or company often needs to conduct a detailed classification of the accident. With a fixed number of samples, the finer the classification, the more dispersed the data becomes. To ensure a fine level of classification without excessive data dispersion, it is sometimes necessary to expand the statistical scope. IV. Analysis of accident causes: (Basis: Rules for the Investigation and Analysis of Work-related Injuries and Deaths in Enterprises (GB6442-86)) 1. The following situations constitute direct causes: ① Unsafe conditions of machinery, materials, or the environment; ② Unsafe behaviors of humans. 2. The following situations constitute indirect causes: ① Defects in technology and design – issues exist in the design, construction, and use of materials for industrial components, buildings, mechanical equipment, instruments, manufacturing processes, operating methods, maintenance, and inspections ； ② Insufficient education and training, lack of training, absence of or ignorance of safety operation techniques ； ③. Unreasonable labor organization ； ④ Lack of inspection or incorrect guidance regarding on-site work ； ⑤ No safety operating procedures or they are inadequate ； ⑥ Failure to implement accident prevention measures, or doing so inadequately, as well as poor handling of rectifications for potential accident risks ； ⑦. Others. V. The hazardous and harmful factors in the production process can be divided into four major categories: “human factors,” “physical factors,” “environmental factors,” and “management factors.”