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Structure of ball valves: There are many different structures for ball valves, but they are generally similar to each other. The closing element in these valves is a spherical core. A ball valve mainly consists of a valve seat, a sphere, sealing rings, a valve stem, and other driving mechanisms. The valve is opened and closed by rotating the valve stem by 90 degrees; it is used in pipelines to shut off flow, distribute fluid, regulate flow rates, and change the direction of the medium. Different valve seat sealing types are used for the valve seats depending on the operating conditions. The body of an O-type ball valve contains a ball with an intermediate through-hole; this ball has a through-hole whose diameter is equal to that of the pipeline. The ball can rotate within the sealing seat, and ring-shaped elastic elements are located on either side of the pipeline direction to ensure sealing. The ball core of the V-type ball valve features a V-shaped structure; it is a 1/4 sphere with V-shaped notches, offering high flow capacity, a wide adjustment range, shear force, and the ability to seal tightly. It is particularly suitable for applications involving fluids containing fibrous materials. I. Structure of the O-type ball valve: Inside the valve body of an O-type ball valve, there is a ball with an intermediate through-hole; this ball has a through-hole whose diameter is equal to that of the pipeline. The ball can rotate within the sealing seat, and ring-shaped elastic elements are located on each side of the pipeline to ensure sealing. By rotating the sphere 90°, the direction of the through-hole can be changed, thereby enabling the opening and closing of the ball valve. O-type ball valves come in floating or fixed designs, and the moving parts are made of self-lubricating materials with a very low friction coefficient; as a result, the operating torque is low. Additionally, the long-term sealing effect provided by the sealing grease makes operation more flexible. The advantages of these valves are as follows: 1. Low fluid resistance – Ball valves generally have either a through-bore or reduced-bore design, and in either case, their flow resistance coefficient is relatively low. Conventional ball valves are of the straight-through type, also known as full-flow ball valves; the diameter of their flow channel is equal to the inner diameter of the pipe, and the pressure loss is only that resulting from friction in a pipe of the same length. Among all valves, this ball valve has the lowest fluid resistance. There are two ways to reduce the resistance in a piping system: one is to lower the fluid flow velocity, by increasing the pipe diameter and the valve aperture, which will **increase the cost of the piping system**. Second, to reduce the local resistance of the valve, a ball valve is the best choice. 2. The O-type ball valve operates quickly and conveniently. A 90-degree rotation of the ball valve is sufficient to achieve full opening or closing, thus allowing for rapid operation. 3. Ball valves of the O-type have good sealing performance. The seat of the vast majority of ball valves is made from elastic materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and these valves are commonly referred to as soft-seal ball valves. Soft-sealed ball valves exhibit good sealing performance, and they do not require very high standards regarding the roughness and machining precision of the valve sealing surfaces. 4. O-type ball valves have a long service life. Due to the excellent self-lubricating properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE or F4), the coefficient of friction between it and the ball is low. The improved processing technique reduced the roughness of the spheres, thereby **increasing the service life of the ball valve. 5. The O-type ball valve has high reliability; the sealing pair consisting of the ball and the seat does not suffer from issues such as abrasion or rapid wear ； After changing to an internally mounted stem, the potential hazard of the stem being ejected due to loosening of the packing gland under fluid pressure has been eliminated ； Ball valves with anti-static and fire-resistant structures can be used in pipelines for transporting oil, natural gas, and gas. The valve core (sphere) of a ball valve of type O is spherical in shape; structurally, when sealed, the sphere sits within the seat located on the side of the valve body. The parts that move relative to each other are made of self-lubricating materials with an extremely low friction coefficient, resulting in low operating torque. Additionally, the long-term sealing provided by the sealing grease enhances operational flexibility. It is generally used for two-position control, with a fast-opening flow characteristic. When the O-type ball valve is fully open, it provides unobstructed flow on both sides, forming a straight pipe passage with bidirectional sealing; it boasts excellent self-cleaning properties and is suitable for two-position shut-off applications in particularly dirty environments with fibrous media. The ball core is in constant friction with the valve during its opening and closing processes. Meanwhile, the sealing between the valve core and the valve seat is achieved through a pre-sealing force exerted by the valve seat on the ball core; however, thanks to the excellent mechanical and physical properties of soft-sealing valve seats, their sealing performance is particularly good. II. Structure of V-type ball valve: The ball core of a V-type ball valve features a V-shaped structure; it is a 1/4 sphere with V-shaped notches, offering high flow capacity, a wide adjustment range, shear force, and the ability to seal tightly. These characteristics make it particularly suitable for applications involving fluids with fibrous components. Under normal circumstances, V-type ball valves are single-seal ball valves. It is not suitable for two-way use. V-shaped edge to cut off impurities. As the sphere rotates, its V-shaped cutting edge comes into contact with the valve seat, thereby cutting off fibers and solid particles in the fluid. Conventional ball valves do not possess this function, which can lead to fibers and impurities getting stuck when the valve is closed, causing significant difficulties in maintenance. In a V-type ball valve, the valve core is not trapped by fibers. In addition, thanks to the flange connection design, it is easy to assemble and disassemble without the need for special tools; maintenance and servicing are also simple and straightforward. When the valve is closed. A wedge-shaped shearing action is generated between the V-shaped notch and the valve seat, which provides both self-cleaning functionality and prevents the ball core from getting stuck. The valve body, valve cover, and valve seat all feature a metal-to-metal point-to-point structure; in addition, a valve stem spring with a low friction coefficient is used, resulting in low operating torque and high stability. A V-type ball valve features a right-angled rotating structure that enables flow regulation; the degree of regulation can be adjusted by changing the V-angle of the V-shaped ball. Such valves are typically used in combination with valve actuators and positioners to achieve proportional control. The V-shaped valve core is ideal for various regulation applications, offering a high rated flow coefficient, a large adjustable range, excellent sealing performance, low sensitivity to regulation changes, a compact size, and the ability to be installed either vertically or horizontally. Suitable for controlling media such as gases, vapors, and liquids. The V-ball valve features a right-angle rotary structure and consists of a V-shaped valve body, a pneumatic actuator, a positioner, and other accessories ； There is an inherent flow characteristic that is approximately proportional ； It features a dual-bearing structure, resulting in low starting torque, excellent sensitivity and response speed, as well as strong shear capacity.