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Operating temperature 1. Operating temperature is sometimes also referred to as service temperature. 2. In technical documents within the pressure vessel industry, both domestically and internationally, “operating temperature” refers to the temperature of the material. 3. The material temperature in different parts of a container may vary; where necessary, the operating temperature of each part should be specified separately. Metal temperature 1. Different components of a vessel, or different parts of the same component, can have different metal temperatures. 2. The metal temperature of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger refers to the metal temperature (wall temperature) used in the calculations for the tube sheet. Design temperature refers to the metal temperature of a component, as specified under normal operating conditions (the average temperature across the metal cross-section of the component). 1. The design temperature, together with the design pressure, serves as the design load condition. 2. When the metal temperatures of various parts of the container differ under normal operating conditions, a design temperature can be set for each part separately. Minimum designed metal temperature: The minimum metal temperature of various components of the vessel under all the possible conditions expected during operation, as determined during the design phase. 1. The “various possible conditions” referred to in this clause include not only normal operating conditions but also the possible lowest operating temperatures, abnormal operating conditions, automatic cooling, ambient temperature, as well as other cooling factors. 2. The various pressure-bearing components of a vessel may have different minimum design metal temperatures. 3. The minimum design metal temperature is the lowest temperature that the finished container (or component) can withstand. 4. The minimum design metal temperature is one of the criteria for selecting materials in design. In addition to meeting the requirements for use under various design conditions of the vessel, the material chosen must also satisfy the requirements regarding the energy absorption capacity of the material and its welded joints at the minimum design metal temperature. The metal temperature of the container shell during pressure resistance tests or leakage tests at the test temperature. 1. In practical engineering applications, the test temperature is usually taken as the temperature of the test medium. 2. To ensure that the container does not suffer from low-stress brittle fracture during pressure resistance tests or leakage tests, the metal temperature of the container shell during these tests must be maintained above a specified level, as stipulated in the current regulatory document \"Safety Technical Inspection Regulations for Fixed Pressure Vessels\" TSG21-2016. Ambient temperature 1. The ambient temperature is usually the atmospheric temperature surrounding the container. 2. Extreme temperatures of the environment refer to the lowest (highest) atmospheric temperatures recorded over the years. 3. In the current regulations, namely the \"Technical Regulations for Safety Inspection of Fixed Pressure Vessels\" TSG21-2016, the current **standard \"Pressure Vessels\" GB/T150 (all parts), the current **standard \"Steel Spherical Storage Tanks\" GB/T12337, and the current industry standard \"Tower Vessels\" NB/T47041, the ambient temperature is taken as the \"lowest value of the average monthly minimum temperatures over the years\". 4. In the current **standard, the “Design Code for Vertical Cylindrical Welded Steel Oil Tanks” GB50341, the environmental temperature is taken as the “lowest daily average temperature”.