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1. Introduction As one of the important energy sources, liquefied petroleum gas holds a pivotal position in the field of energy. It is widely used in various fields such as residential life and industrial production, providing the necessary energy support for people’s daily lives and social and economic development. Thanks to its advantages such as compact structure, uniform stress distribution, and small footprint, the spherical tank has become an important device for storing large volumes of liquefied petroleum gas, and is widely used in liquefied petroleum gas storage and distribution stations, storage areas, and other similar locations. However, in the event of a leak in a liquefied petroleum gas cylinder, it can cause extremely serious hazards. Due to the flammable and explosive nature of liquefied petroleum gas, a leak of this gas mixed with air can form an explosive mixture; even a spark or small flame can trigger an explosion, resulting in heavy casualties. At the same time, the shock waves generated by the explosion can damage surrounding buildings and facilities, leading to casualties and significant property losses. Furthermore, LPG leaks can also pollute the surrounding environment, affecting the ecological balance and the quality of life of residents. Currently, dealing with leaks in liquefied petroleum gas cylinders faces many severe challenges. On the one hand, the hazardous properties of liquefied petroleum gas cause leakage incidents to develop rapidly and be difficult to control. If handled improperly, it can easily lead to a larger-scale disaster. For example, failing to take effective containment or dilution measures in the early stages of a leak can lead to an increasing amount of leakage and a sharp rise in the risk of explosion. On the other hand, the environment at the accident site is complex and variable; factors such as wind direction and wind speed can affect the direction and range of the spread of liquefied petroleum gas, posing significant challenges to tasks such as evacuating people, establishing safety zones, and carrying out firefighting operations. Furthermore, some emergency response personnel lack sufficient professional training and practical experience; as a result, they may make operational mistakes or poor decisions in the face of emergencies, further affecting the effectiveness of accident handling. 2. Introduction to the physical properties of liquefied petroleum gas: Liquefied petroleum gas is an important energy fuel; its main components include light hydrocarbons such as propane and butane, and it is a mixture. In terms of physical properties, liquefied petroleum gas is in a gaseous state at normal temperature and pressure; it can be liquefied by applying pressure or reducing temperature, which facilitates its storage and transportation. Its gas density is greater than that of air, at around 1.686, which means that in the event of a leak, liquefied petroleum gas tends to spread rapidly toward lower areas, where it is more likely to come into contact with ignition sources. In terms of chemical properties, liquefied petroleum gas is flammable and explosive; its explosive concentration range is between 1.5% and 9.5%. Even a minimal source of energy can trigger combustion or explosion, which classifies it as a Class A fire hazard. Furthermore, liquefied petroleum gas is highly volatile with a very low boiling point; an increase in external temperature causes it to vaporize from a liquid state, leading to increased pressure inside the tank and thereby raising the risk of leakage as well as the amount of leakage that occurs. These hazardous properties determine that leaks from LPG spherical tanks are extremely destructive and dangerous. There are various causes of leaks in liquefied petroleum gas cylinders, such as equipment aging and improper operation. Some studies have developed models to calculate the spread range of liquefied petroleum gas after a leak and the radius of explosion hazard, in order to assess the potential consequences of such accidents. For example, the hazard radius is determined through radiant heat and shock waves, providing a reference for emergency response to accidents. At the same time, research on different types of leakage incidents has also become more detailed, with studies focused on specific areas prone to leaks such as bottom welds and flanges, and corresponding emergency response measures have been explored. Recent studies have also focused on the impact of environmental factors on leakage accidents, such as the dispersion patterns of liquefied petroleum gas under different weather conditions. These research findings provide strong support for formulating scientific and reasonable disposal plans, and demonstrate the research trends in this field. 2.3 Gaps in research on response plans Although there is already some research on response plans for leaks in liquefied petroleum gas cylinders, certain gaps still exist. In addressing complex situations, existing research mostly focuses on common scenarios, with fewer studies on response strategies for special environments such as severe weather and complex terrains. For example, in environments such as strong winds, heavy rain, or mountainous areas, measures such as personnel evacuation, fire fighting, and environmental monitoring face new challenges, yet there is a lack of targeted in-depth research on these issues. In terms of the application of new technologies, although advancements such as intelligent monitoring and new types of leak-sealing materials are ongoing, there is still a lack of research on their application in actual remediation strategies. How to effectively integrate these new technologies into the existing emergency response systems to improve response efficiency and success rates has not been fully explored. These gaps provide a starting point for the research in this paper, aiming to further improve the response plans for leaks in liquefied petroleum gas cylinders. 3. Analysis of leakage accident scenarios in liquefied petroleum gas spherical tanks 3.1 Leakage caused by equipment aging: Liquefied petroleum gas spherical tanks and their associated equipment are in operation for extended periods of time, and material corrosion and fatigue are the main factors leading to aging. On the one hand, impurities such as sulfides contained in liquefied petroleum gas can cause chemical corrosion on the inner wall of the spherical tank; over time, this corrosion worsens, weakening the strength of the tank’s material. On the other hand, during the filling and unloading process of spherical tanks, alternating stresses occur due to changes in pressure and temperature, which can cause fatigue damage to the material. In particular, minor cracks tend to form at areas with poor welding, and these cracks continue to expand under the continuous action of alternating stresses. Such cracks are usually very dangerous; initially, they may be merely minor surface cracks that are not easy to detect. However, due to the cumulative effect combined with stress corrosion, minor defects can gradually develop into serious problems, ultimately leading to the formation of through-cracks or even rupture in the tank within a short period of time, resulting in a large amount of liquefied petroleum gas leakage and causing major safety accidents. 3.2 Leaks caused by improper operation During the operation of LPG spherical tanks, there are various common forms of improper operation. Overpressure operation is a relatively dangerous type; if the operator fails to control the pressure inside the spherical tank in accordance with regulations, causing the pressure to exceed the tank’s designed tolerance, the tank may rupture due to being unable to withstand such pressure, resulting in an immediate and large-scale leakage of liquefied petroleum gas. Improper operation of valves is also a significant factor that leads to leaks; for example, performing other operations while the valve is not fully closed, or forcing the valve to open when there is a pressure imbalance, can both result in liquefied petroleum gas leaks. Such leaks often occur suddenly, and due to the flammable and explosive nature of liquefied petroleum gas, they can easily lead to serious accidents such as explosions, which not only result in severe casualties but also cause enormous financial losses. 3.3 Leakage caused by external impacts External impacts pose a significant threat to liquefied petroleum gas cylinders, with natural disasters such as earthquakes and typhoons being common sources of such impacts. During an earthquake, the intense ground shaking can loosen the foundation of the spherical tank, cause the tank body to deform, and even lead to its rupture. The strong winds brought about by typhoons may damage the facilities attached to the spherical tank, thereby affecting its integrity. Furthermore, accidents involving other equipment in the vicinity or explosions in the surrounding area can also generate significant external forces; for example, shock waves from explosions or flying debris can strike the tank area and cause direct damage to the tanks. Leaks caused by external impacts are usually extremely destructive; the spherical tank can suffer severe damage in an instant, with a large amount of liquefied petroleum gas leaking out. This can trigger chain reactions such as fires and explosions, resulting in widespread effects and posing a serious threat to the surrounding environment and the safety of people. 4. Analysis of Existing Disposal Solutions 4.1 Control of the Leakage Source – Emergency shut-off valves are key devices for controlling the leakage source in incidents involving leaks from liquefied petroleum gas cylinders. Its working principle typically involves triggering a shut-off action in response to abnormal changes in parameters such as pressure and flow rate; when the system detects that these parameters exceed predetermined thresholds, the valve closes automatically, preventing further leakage of liquefied petroleum gas. Emergency shut-off valves are generally installed on the inlet and outlet pipes of spherical tanks, as well as at key connection points, to ensure that the gas supply can be quickly cut off in the event of an accident. In the event of a leak, the standard procedure is as follows: once the monitoring system issues a leak alarm, the operator must immediately verify the existence of the leak and activate the emergency shut-off valve manually or through a remote control system. The emergency shut-off valve serves as the final line of defense in emergency situations; it reacts quickly to prevent large-scale leaks of liquefied petroleum gas, thereby buying time for subsequent actions ； Therefore, regular maintenance is extremely important; it is essential to ensure that it can function properly at critical moments. Among the common leak sealing techniques, sealing under pressure is suitable for liquefied petroleum gas pipelines, flanges, and other applications where the pressure is high but the amount of leakage can be controlled. This method uses pre-made clamps, sealant, and a sealant injection tool to stop leaks without interrupting the flow of the medium. The procedure involves first selecting an appropriate clamp based on the shape and size of the leak site, fixing it in place at that location, and then injecting sealant into the clamp using a nozzle driven by a high-pressure oil pump, so as to create a sealing layer between the clamp and the leak site. During operation, it is necessary to pay attention to selecting the appropriate fixture and to controlling the injection pressure properly, in order to prevent the sealant from leaking or the fixture from being damaged. Wooden wedges for sealing leaks are often used in situations with low pressure and small leak openings. The procedure involves driving wooden wedges of appropriate size into the leak, using the wedges’ own expansion to block the leakage path. However, the use of wooden wedges for sealing leaks is limited; they are not effective for large leaks or high-pressure leaks. In practical applications, these leak sealing techniques can control leaks to a certain extent when used properly; however, due to factors such as site conditions and the varying complexity of leaks, the effectiveness of these techniques may vary. 4.2 Evacuation of personnel and establishment of safety zones In the event of a leak in liquefied petroleum gas cylinders, it is crucial to develop an evacuation plan. Depending on the severity of the leak and the conditions at the site, evacuation routes should be planned in advance; usually, routes in the upwind direction, away from the spherical tanks and on higher ground, are chosen to avoid exposure to toxic and harmful gases. Evacuation can be carried out on foot; for those with limited mobility, special assistance should be provided. In terms of organizational methods, it is necessary to designate evacuation supervisors for each area, who are responsible for guiding and ensuring that people evacuate in an orderly manner, so as to ensure that no one is left behind. At the same time, on-site personnel should be notified in a timely manner through broadcasts, alarms, etc., to inform them of the evacuation direction and relevant precautions. The demarcation of the warning area is determined based on factors such as the spread range of liquefied petroleum gas and wind direction. Generally, the concentration distribution of liquefied petroleum gas is measured using devices such as combustible gas detectors; together with wind direction and speed data, relevant models are used to estimate the range of gas dispersion, and alert zones are established based on this information. The standards for warning zones are divided into different levels; for example, the core warning zone is an area where the concentration of liquefied petroleum gas may reach the explosive limit, and no sources of fire or unauthorized personnel are allowed to enter this area ； The surrounding warning zone is an area where the gas concentration is lower but still poses a potential risk, and certain restrictions are placed on human activity there. The importance of managing restricted areas is self-evident; it helps to prevent unauthorized persons from entering dangerous zones, thus avoiding secondary accidents, and simultaneously provides a relatively safe and orderly environment for emergency response efforts. 4.3 The fire extinguishing measures for liquefied petroleum gas fires involve extinguishing agents such as dry powder and foam. Dry powder fire extinguishants extinguish fires primarily through chemical inhibition; their powder particles can bind with the free radicals in the flame, interrupting the chain reaction of combustion and thus achieving the purpose of extinguishing the fire. Dry powder extinguishers are suitable for extinguishing initial fires involving liquefied petroleum gas, especially effective in cases where the fire is small and the area affected by combustion is limited. Foam extinguishants work by using foam to cover the surface of the burning material, thereby preventing air from reaching it; meanwhile, the water contained in the foam serves to cool the area. In the case of liquefied petroleum gas tank fires, foam extinguishing agents can effectively cover the surface of the tank, reduce temperature, and prevent the fire from spreading. For different leakage fire scenarios, cooling control tactics are primarily used in situations where the fire is severe and it is not possible to cut off the gas supply immediately. Cooling is achieved by spraying large amounts of water onto the burning tank and adjacent tanks, thereby reducing their temperature and preventing them from rupturing due to high temperatures, which could lead to more serious consequences. During operation, it is necessary to ensure an adequate water supply, and the spraying angle and position must be accurate in order to cover the entire surface of the tank. The valve-shutting to cut off the supply tactic is applicable in situations where it is possible to quickly locate and close the valve at the source of the leak; by stopping the supply of liquefied petroleum gas, the flame is extinguished due to a lack of fuel. When applying this tactic, the operator must be familiar with the process flow of the tank area, accurately determine the positions of the valves, and carry out the operations while ensuring their own safety. 4.4 Environmental Monitoring and Pollution Control At LPG leakage sites, it is crucial to monitor environmental parameters such as the concentration of harmful gases in the air, as well as wind direction and speed. For monitoring harmful gas concentrations, a combination of portable combustible gas detectors and fixed gas detectors is typically used. Portable detectors can be carried by emergency responders to monitor the gas concentration in the surrounding area in real time, enabling them to adjust their positions and take protective measures promptly ； Fixed detectors are installed in key areas of the tank farm to continuously monitor changes in gas concentration, transmitting the data in real time to the control center. The monitoring frequency is generally determined based on the leakage situation and the on-site conditions. It is necessary to increase the monitoring frequency during the early stages of a leakage or when there are significant changes in gas concentration, in order to keep track of the dynamics of gas dispersion. Wind direction and speed are monitored using anemometers and wind vane sensors installed on-site; the data is also transmitted in real time to the control center, providing a basis for personnel evacuation, the designation of safety zones, and the formulation of firefighting strategies. To prevent liquefied petroleum gas from spreading and contaminating the environment, measures such as installing dikes and using adsorbent materials can be taken. Installing cofferdams involves building retaining walls of a certain height around the spherical tank to prevent the leaked liquefied petroleum gas from spreading everywhere; this keeps it contained within a specific area, facilitating its subsequent collection and treatment. The installation of the cofferdam must take into account factors such as the flow rate of liquefied petroleum gas and the terrain, to ensure it has sufficient capacity and strength. Using adsorbent materials involves laying materials with adsorption properties such as activated carbon and oil-absorbing felt around the area where a leak has occurred, in order to absorb the leaked liquefied petroleum gas and reduce its environmental impact. The key to implementation lies in selecting the appropriate adsorption material, determining the amount of this material needed based on the amount of leakage, and replacing the saturated adsorption material in a timely manner to ensure effective adsorption. 5. Shortcomings and challenges of existing disposal plans 5.1 Equipment failure issues In the handling of liquefied petroleum gas cylinder leaks, equipment failure is a significant factor that adversely affects the disposal process. As a key device for preventing large-scale leakage of liquefied gas, if the emergency shut-off valve fails at a critical moment due to quality issues or improper maintenance, it will be impossible to cut off the gas supply in time, allowing the leakage to continue and thereby increasing the severity of the accident. For example, some emergency shut-off valves may have issues such as poor sealing or stuck valve cores, which prevent them from closing properly in the event of an accident, resulting in continuous leakage of liquefied petroleum gas. The same is true for leak-sealing equipment; its quality and maintenance status have a direct impact on the effectiveness of leak sealing. If the leak-sealing equipment is outdated or damaged, or if the materials used for sealing do not match the leaking medium, it is very likely that the leak will not be effectively sealed during the actual sealing process, resulting in the leak remaining uncontrolled. This poses significant difficulties for subsequent handling efforts and may even lead to more serious safety accidents. 5.2 Human factors The behavior of personnel during emergency response plays a decisive role in the outcome of accident handling. However, there are currently a series of problems caused by insufficient training, lack of experience, and other factors. Due to insufficient training, some personnel are not proficient in operating emergency equipment such as emergency shut-off valves and leak-sealing devices in the event of a leak in liquefied petroleum gas cylinders; this may lead to operational errors and an inability to take swift and effective action, thus missing the optimal timing for handling the situation. Furthermore, during the evacuation process, due to a lack of relevant training and experience, those on site may be unable to evacuate in an orderly manner along the predetermined routes and methods, resulting in chaos during evacuation and increasing the risk of casualties. For example, in some accident cases, the people on site, influenced by panic, failed to follow the evacuation instructions, which led to congestion in the exits and prevented some people from escaping in time. 5.3 Existing solutions for dealing with challenges in complex environments face many difficulties in special conditions such as severe weather and complex terrain. Under severe weather conditions such as strong winds, heavy rain, and blizzards, the accuracy and stability of environmental monitoring equipment may be affected, preventing the accurate measurement of key parameters at the site of a leak, such as the concentration of harmful gases and wind direction and speed. This, in turn, affects the decisions taken for subsequent handling. In complex terrain areas such as mountains and river valleys, evacuation routes may be restricted, making evacuation more difficult and hindering the rapid removal of people in accordance with established evacuation plans. At the same time, complex terrain can also hinder firefighting operations; it is difficult for fire trucks and equipment to reach the accident site, and the implementation of firefighting tactics is restricted, making it extremely challenging to extinguish the fire. This makes it impossible to effectively control the blaze, thereby exacerbating the severity of the accident. 6. Optimization and improvement of disposal plans 6.1 Equipment optimization With the continuous advancement of technology, utilizing advanced techniques such as smart sensors and drone monitoring to identify potential issues with equipment in advance has become an important measure for preventing leakage incidents. Smart sensors can monitor in real time key parameters such as pressure, temperature, and liquid level of spherical tanks and associated equipment. Through precise analysis of this data, potential issues with the equipment, such as material corrosion or seal aging, can be detected early, providing a basis for taking preventive maintenance actions and thus helping to avoid leakage incidents. Drone monitoring enables a comprehensive inspection of the spherical tank area from a macro perspective. Especially in areas that are difficult to access or monitor manually, drones can, thanks to their flexibility and high-definition camera equipment, clearly capture any abnormalities on the surface of the equipment such as cracks or deformations, allowing for timely warnings to be issued. In terms of leak sealing, it is urgent to develop new, efficient leak-sealing materials and equipment. New types of leak-sealing materials should possess improved corrosion resistance, sealing performance, and adaptability, enabling them to function promptly under various temperature and pressure conditions to effectively seal leak points. At the same time, developing advanced leak sealing equipment, such as more automated tools for sealing leaks under pressure, can improve the precision and efficiency of these sealing operations, thereby increasing the success rate and reliability of leak repairs and providing strong technical support for emergency response to leakage incidents. 6.2 Personnel Training: It is crucial to develop comprehensive and systematic emergency training content and plans tailored to personnel in different positions. For operators, theoretical training should cover the properties of liquefied petroleum gas, the structural principles of spherical tank equipment, and safety operating procedures, so that they can fully understand the risk factors and precautions involved in daily operations. In terms of operational skills, emphasis should be placed on training the proper methods for operating spherical tanks and related equipment, as well as how to properly close valves and activate emergency equipment in emergency situations. For emergency response personnel, in addition to the aforementioned basic skills, training in specialized skills such as leak sealing techniques, fire fighting tactics, and personnel rescue is also necessary. Regularly organizing practical drills is key to improving personnel’s emergency response capabilities and collaborative combat skills. By simulating real accident scenarios, personnel in various roles can carry out emergency responses in a highly realistic environment, thereby becoming familiar with the emergency procedures and mastering the relevant skills. During the drill, emphasis is placed on coordination among various positions, with improved communication and coordination to enhance the overall efficiency of emergency response. Through practical drills, issues and shortcomings in personnel operations can be identified in a timely manner, allowing for further refinement of training content and plans, so as to ensure that personnel can carry out emergency response actions swiftly, accurately, and effectively in the event of a real incident. 6.3 Strategies for dealing with complex environments Different complex environments present various challenges for the emergency response to leaks in liquefied petroleum gas cylinders; therefore, it is necessary to develop targeted emergency response plans based on their characteristics. For example, in adverse weather conditions such as strong winds, heavy rain, and blizzards, it is necessary to fully consider the impact of these weather factors on the dispersion of leaked gases, the effectiveness of fire extinguishing agents, and the movement of people. In strong wind conditions, it is necessary to dynamically adjust the scope of the warning area based on the wind direction, and to deploy firefighting resources appropriately ； During heavy rainfall, it is necessary to prevent the fire extinguishing agent from being diluted, while also ensuring proper drainage at the site. In complex terrain areas such as mountains and areas near rivers, it is necessary to plan in advance the evacuation routes for personnel and the delivery paths for firefighting equipment, to ensure the smooth conduct of emergency response operations. Establishing information sharing and collaboration mechanisms with departments such as meteorology and transportation is an important guarantee for jointly addressing leakage incidents in complex environments. Maintain close contact with the meteorological department to obtain weather warning information in a timely manner and make preparations in advance. In collaboration with the transportation authorities, efforts are made to ensure that transportation resources can be deployed swiftly in the event of an accident, thereby keeping rescue routes unobstructed and buying valuable time for emergency response efforts. 7. Outlook on Future Development Trends 7.1 Intelligent Monitoring and Response Systems With the rapid advancement of technology, the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things and big data to develop intelligent monitoring and response systems has become an important approach for dealing with leaks in liquefied petroleum gas tanks in the future. IoT technology enables the real-time collection and transmission of parameters related to the operating status of spherical tank equipment. By installing smart sensors such as pressure sensors, temperature sensors, and level sensors in key areas of the spherical tank, it is possible to monitor critical parameters like pressure, temperature, and liquid level in real time, with the data being transmitted to the monitoring center immediately. Big data technology can be used to analyze and process this massive amount of data, thereby creating accident warning models. Through deep learning of historical accident data and normal operation data, it is possible to predict the locations and times when failures may occur in spherical tanks, allowing early warning signals to be sent so that staff can take timely action to prevent accidents. In addition, the intelligent disposal system can also automatically initiate emergency response measures in the event of an accident, in accordance with pre-set procedures – such as automatically shutting down emergency shut-off valves and activating fire suppression systems – thereby enabling automatic handling of the accident, improving the efficiency of emergency responses, and reducing casualties and property losses. 7.2 Research and development of new sealant materials At present, it is of great significance and holds broad prospects to develop new sealant materials with improved performance that can be applied in various leakage scenarios. Traditional leak-sealing materials have certain limitations when dealing with complex and variable leakage situations; for example, some of these materials do not provide long-lasting sealing effects, or their performance is unstable under specific environmental conditions. The future research and development of new sealant materials may focus on improving their sealing performance, chemical resistance, high-temperature resistance, and rapid curing properties. For example, developing polymer materials with excellent elasticity and adhesion enables them to better fit leak openings of different shapes and sizes, while maintaining good sealing performance under various environmental conditions ； Alternatively, develop sealing materials with intelligent response capabilities that can automatically adjust their properties based on factors such as the nature of the leaking substance and temperature, thereby achieving more efficient leak sealing. The development of these new leak-sealing materials will provide more reliable technical support for the emergency response to leaks in liquefied petroleum gas cylinders. 7.3 Multidisciplinary integrated response strategies: Integrating knowledge from disciplines such as chemistry, materials science, and environmental science to develop more comprehensive and effective response strategies for leakage incidents is the trend for the future. Knowledge of chemistry helps to gain a deeper understanding of the chemical properties of liquefied petroleum gas, thereby enabling the selection of appropriate extinguishing agents and neutralizing agents to effectively address the chemical hazards in case of leaks ； Knowledge of materials science can be used to develop high-performance materials for spherical tanks and leak-sealing materials, thereby enhancing the safety of spherical tanks and the effectiveness of leak sealing ； Knowledge of environmental science can guide the monitoring, assessment, and remediation of environmental pollution caused by leakage incidents, thereby reducing their impact on the environment. By integrating multidisciplinary knowledge, liquefied petroleum gas tank leakage accidents can be analyzed comprehensively from various perspectives, enabling the development of more scientific and rational response strategies that enhance the overall effectiveness of emergency handling. For example, when formulating emergency response plans, safety distances and protective measures are determined by taking chemical factors into account; appropriate methods for sealing leaks are selected based on advances in materials science; and effective pollution control measures are implemented using knowledge from environmental science, thereby enabling a comprehensive and multi-level approach to dealing with leakage incidents. 8. Conclusion This paper conducts an in-depth discussion on the response plans for leaks in liquefied petroleum gas cylinders. First, a comprehensive analysis was conducted of the existing disposal plans, covering various key aspects such as source control of leaks, evacuation of personnel and establishment of safety zones, fire suppression measures, as well as environmental monitoring and pollution control. It clarifies the role and limitations of emergency shut-off valves and leak sealing techniques in controlling the source of leaks ； It outlines the criteria and methods for establishing evacuation routes and defining security zones ； Analyzed the types of extinguishing agents and firefighting tactics suitable for LPG fires ； It explains the monitoring methods for environmental monitoring parameters and the key points of pollution control measures. Secondly, through in-depth analysis, it was revealed that the existing disposal solutions have various issues such as equipment failures, human factors, and challenges in dealing with complex environments. For example, equipment may fail at critical moments due to quality or maintenance issues, and personnel may make operational mistakes and cause chaos during evacuations due to insufficient training; moreover, many difficulties arise when carrying out operations in special environments such as bad weather or complex terrains. Based on this, a series of targeted optimization and improvement measures were proposed. In terms of equipment, it is recommended to use advanced technologies such as smart sensors and drone monitoring to prevent accidents, and to develop new, efficient leak-sealing materials to improve the success rate of leak repairs ； In terms of staff training, comprehensive and systematic training content and plans are established, with an emphasis on the importance of regular practical drills ； For complex environments, develop targeted plans and establish multi-departmental collaboration mechanisms.