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The impact of radiation on electrochemical processes is multi-dimensional; it can either lead to a deterioration in performance or enable an improvement in material properties. The main effects can be categorized as follows: changes in electrode potential and kinetics. Ionizing radiation causes the electrolyte to undergo radiolysis, altering the redox properties of the medium and resulting in shifts in the electrode potentials. The direction and extent of these shifts depend on factors such as radiation intensity, electrode material, and solution properties. Additionally, radiation disrupts the kinetic equilibrium of electrode processes, accelerating the electrochemical reactions at metal electrodes. Performance degradation of battery systems: Radiation induces the decomposition of the electrolyte, resulting in gas generation; it causes cation disorder in the cathode material and breaks the bonds in the binders, ultimately leading to a rapid decline in the battery’s cycling performance. Under high-dose radiation, the battery may even fail after just a few cycles. The positive modifying effect of controlled irradiation: Low-dose directional irradiation can introduce controllable defects in electrode and electrolyte materials, reduce the lithium ion diffusion barrier, lower the charge transfer resistance, and increase the ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes, thereby achieving positive improvements in electrochemical performance. Other fundamental effects: Radiation exposure is a special external factor that can alter the rate of chemical reactions; moreover, ionizing radiation generates electron-hole pairs in insulating and semiconductor-type electrochemical materials, leading to significant changes in their electrical and chemical properties.