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(III) Corrosion resistance + cavitation resistance – immunity to the synergistic effect of corrosion; suitable for use in industrial environments with complex media. In such environments, cavitation often occurs alongside corrosion, and the passivation layer on metal materials can be broken down by micro-jets, resulting in an increase in corrosion rate by hundreds of times once the bare metal is exposed. Ceramic materials, on the other hand, possess extremely high chemical stability; they are resistant to strong acids, strong bases, and strong oxidizing agents, do not react with various industrial media, and do not experience oxidation or rusting； The dense ceramic surface lacks a passivation film, and microjet impact does not compromise its chemical stability; it is completely immune to the synergistic effect of cavitation and corrosion. Under combined conditions of corrosion plus cavitation/flash vaporization, it performs far better than metal valves. III. Structural adaptation: Mutual enhancement between the ball valve’s flow channel and ceramic properties. Ceramic ball valves are not simply a replacement of metal components with ceramic ones; rather, through optimized structural design, the inherent structural characteristics of the ball valve and the performance advantages of ceramic materials complement each other. This approach not only addresses the cavitation risk associated with high-recovery ball valves but also takes full advantage of the corrosion and impact resistance of ceramic materials, while preserving the ball valve’s key advantages of easy operation and reliable sealing. Fully ceramic valve seat with orifice plate to disperse the fluid and reduce flow velocity. (1) The straight-through flow channel of the ball valve features low flow resistance, enabling both high flow capacity and resistance to erosion. Although this design results in a lower FL value and an increased risk of cavitation, it also offers the advantage of low flow resistance and high flow capacity. Combined with the ultra-high wear resistance of ceramics, this leads to improved performance: compared to traditional anti-cavitation stop valves and labyrinth valves, the all-ceramic valve seat equipped with orifice plates in ceramic ball valves can distribute the fluid under high-flow conditions, reduce the fluid velocity, minimize pressure losses, and thus lower the energy consumption of the system ； Even in the presence of slight cavitation/flash vaporization due to the characteristics of the flow channel, ceramic materials can easily withstand it; there is no need to sacrifice flow capacity through multi-stage pressure reduction structures like in metal ball valves, thus achieving both high flow efficiency and strong resistance to erosive impacts. (II) The spherical seal ensures even distribution of forces, dispersing the impact forces and preventing cavitation. Ceramic ball valves utilize a spherical sealing mechanism, with the valve core and seat in surface contact; this results in even force distribution without any localized stress concentrations. The impact forces from cavitation jets are evenly dispersed, preventing excessive wear in specific areas. Compared to the linear-contact seals found in gate and globe valves, this design is better able to resist the localized damage caused by cavitation ； At the same time, ceramic spheres offer high machining precision and extremely small sealing gaps, which can effectively reduce fluid turbulence and lower the probability of bubble formation, thereby suppressing cavitation at its source. (III) Overall ceramic precision sealing to prevent leakage of gas-liquid two-phase flow; the gas-liquid two-phase flow generated by secondary erosion and flashing is highly permeable, and the sealing surfaces of metal valves are prone to developing gaps due to erosion, leading to medium leakage and subsequent secondary erosion. In ceramic ball valves, both the valve core and the seat are made from integral ceramic materials; after precise grinding, the roughness of the sealing surface can reach below Ra0.1μm, resulting in an extremely high degree of fit that enables zero-leakage sealing and effectively prevents the leakage of gas-liquid two-phase flow through the sealing gaps ； Moreover, ceramics have good thermal stability; under the local high temperatures generated by cavitation flashing, they do not suffer from thermal deformation or differences in thermal expansion, allowing them to maintain stable sealing properties over time and preventing seal failure in metal valves due to thermal deformation. (IV) Composite structure of ceramic inner components + metal casing, balancing performance and reliability. Modern high-end ceramic ball valves generally adopt a composite structure of \"ceramic inner components + metal casing\": the ceramic inner components provide extremely high wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and impact resistance, enabling them to withstand the critical damages caused by cavitation and flashing ； The metal casing provides sufficient structural strength and toughness to compensate for the brittleness of ceramic materials, preventing the valve body from being damaged by external impacts. This design achieves a balance between performance and reliability, enabling the ceramic ball valve to maintain high operational stability under harsh cavitation and flashing conditions.