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Previously, I saw these two formulas on HaiChuanShang. Does anyone know where they were taken from? I wouldn’t dare to use it without a source. Determination of the discharge rate 5.14.2.1 For fluids in the high-pressure side that are in liquid phase, the discharge rate is given by: W = 72000 × Ct × At × (2g × (PH – PL) × ρ)^0.5. Here, W represents the mass flow rate in kg/h; Ct is the flow coefficient, with a default value of 1.0; At is the cross-sectional area of the pipe, in m2, calculated as At = (Dtube²/4) × π; Dtube is the inner diameter of the pipe, in mm; g is the acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.80665); PH is the operating pressure on the high-pressure side, in kPa; PL is the discharge pressure on the low-pressure side, in kPa; ρ is the density of the fluid on the high-pressure side, in kg/m3. 5.14.2.2 For fluids in the high-pressure side that are in gas phase, the discharge rate is given by: W = 20 × At × (2g × (kH/(kH–1)) × (MPH²/(ZHRTH)) × ((PL/PH)(2/kH) – (PL/PH)((kH+1)/(kH))))^0.5. Here, W again represents the mass flow rate in kg/h; At is the cross-sectional area of the pipe, in m2, calculated as At = (Dtube²/4) × π; Dtube is the inner diameter of the pipe, in m; g is the acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.80665); kH is the adiabatic index of the fluid on the high-pressure side (k = Cp/Cv); M is the molecular weight; ZH is the compressibility factor of the fluid on the high-pressure side; R is the gas constant, with a value of 8.314, in kj/kmol·K; TH is the operating temperature on the high-pressure side, in K; PH is the operating pressure on the high-pressure side, in kPa; PL is the discharge pressure on the low-pressure side, in kPa