Thermal displacement
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What does \"thermal displacement upward\" and \"thermal displacement downward\" mean? When a pipe is heated, doesn’t it experience slight displacements in both upward and downward directions, with the main displacement being axial?
What do people often refer to in books as upward thermal displacement and downward thermal displacement mean, and how should they be understood in practice?
Metal pipes expand when heated; if there is a rigid support at the lower part of the piping system, the entire system moves upward due to heating, or downward otherwise. Complex piping systems have both axial and radial displacements
I feel like I understand a bit, but it’s not entirely clear yet
When pipes are heated, they need to expand, causing the entire piping system to shift – some parts move upward while others move downward; it is necessary to consider the whole system as a whole.
But some of the offsets are diagonal, not upward or downward
I’d like to ask the experts upstairs: which standard should be followed for this thermal displacement direction?