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Lecture 10: First Aid Knowledge 1. Methods for treating minor wounds (1) Place the injured person in a well-lit area that is clean and free from dust. (2) Avoid touching the wound and the skin around it with your hands. (3) If there are loose foreign objects in the wound (such as mud or sand), it can be rinsed with clean water (hydrogen peroxide or alcohol) first before further treatment. 2. Hemostatic methods: (1) Direct pressure – Apply firm pressure directly to the bleeding area and maintain sufficient pressure on the wound. (2) Elevation method: Raise the injured area as high as possible, above the level of the heart. 2. Common knots for bandaging 3. Burns and scalds: Excessive exposure to heat causes damage to the skin or subcutaneous tissues. (1) Differences between burns and scalds: ① Burns are caused by dry heat; ② Scalds are caused by wet heat. (2) Treatment for minor burns: ① Isolate the heat source from the injured person; ② Cool the affected area with water until the skin temperature returns to normal; ③ Cover the wound with a clean dressing. (3) Contraindications in burn treatment: ① Do not puncture blisters; ② Do not remove stuck clothing; ③ Do not apply any medications; ④ Do not give any food or drink; ⑤ Do not overcool the area. 4. First aid for heatstroke: (1) Definition of heatstroke: Heatstroke is an acute condition that occurs when the body cannot adapt to high temperatures in hot weather; it is also the most common disease resulting from the body’s reaction to high heat ； (2) Types of heat stroke: heatstroke type, heat exhaustion type, heat cramp type, sunstroke type. Symptoms of heatstroke: ① Heat stroke type: Slight rise in body temperature, dizziness and headache, irritability and palpitations, general weakness, thirst and dry mouth, nausea, and excessive sweating. These are all early signs of heatstroke; if no action is taken promptly, high fever, flushed face, hot skin, no sweating, vomiting, nosebleeds, unsteady gait, and even fainting may occur ； ② Heat exhaustion type: characterized by pale complexion, cold and wet skin, weak pulse, low blood pressure, confusion, and even coma ； ③ Heat cramp type: It is characterized by a possibly normal body temperature, as well as muscle cramps in the abdomen and limbs, accompanied by severe pain ； ④ Solar stroke type: Symptoms include dizziness, severe headache, nausea and vomiting, restlessness or lethargy, and a weak pulse; generally, there is no increase in body temperature. First aid for toxic gases: Carbon monoxide poisoning can occur whenever carbon-containing materials such as coal and wood burn incompletely, producing carbon monoxide (CO). Once carbon monoxide enters the body, it quickly binds to hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which does not dissociate easily. (1) Symptoms of poisoning: When the victim exhibits symptoms such as headache, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, general weakness, and fainting, and in severe cases coma and convulsions, it is also considered carbon monoxide poisoning when the person is in an environment filled with flames and thick smoke and lacks proper ventilation. (2) First aid measures: The patient should be immediately moved to a place with fresh air, and their clothing should be loosened, while care must be taken to keep them warm. For those with stopped breathing and heartbeat, artificial respiration and chest compressions should be carried out immediately, along with intramuscular injection of respiratory stimulants such as amyl nitrite or lobeline, while oxygen is also administered. For comatose patients, acupoints such as Renzhong, Shixuan, and Yongquan are needled. The patient can be taken to the hospital only after their spontaneous breathing and heartbeat have resumed. Hydrogen sulfide poisoning: Hydrogen sulfide is a gas that is produced by the decomposition of sulfur-containing organic compounds or through the reaction of metal sulfides with acids. Colorless, with a smell of rotten eggs, volatile, and produces a blue flame when burned. Hydrogen sulfide is widely present in the sugar industry, pharmaceutical industry, fiber industry, dye manufacturing, as well as in urban sewers. Firefighters dealing with such fires or carrying out rescue operations must be particularly vigilant against hydrogen sulfide poisoning. (1) Symptoms of poisoning: In acute poisoning, local irritation symptoms include tearing, burning pain in the eyes, photophobia, and conjunctival congestion ； Severe coughing, chest tightness, nausea and vomiting, dizziness and headache. As the poisoning worsens, difficulty breathing, palpitations, cyanosis of the face, extreme excitement and restlessness occur, and even seizures may happen; consciousness becomes blurred, eventually leading to coma and loss of awareness, with the entire body turning cyanotic. (2) First aid measures: The patient should be moved as quickly as possible away from the site of poisoning to a place with fresh air and good ventilation. Clothes, belts, etc., should be removed, and care should be taken to keep the patient warm. Administer oxygen, perform artificial respiration for those with stopped breathing, and use respiratory stimulants. Chest compressions should be performed if necessary. Natural gas poisoning: The main components of natural gas are low-molecular-weight alkanes such as methane, ethane, propane, and butane; it also contains small amounts of gases like hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Common natural gas contains over 85% methane. Poisoning often occurs due to fires, gas leaks in accidents, and explosions. (1) The main symptoms of poisoning are suffocation; if natural gas also contains hydrogen sulfide, its toxicity increases. In the early stages, symptoms such as dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue occur; in severe cases, there may be fixed gaze, coma, difficulty breathing, muscle stiffness in the limbs, and decorticate syndrome. (2) First aid measures should involve quickly removing the patient from the site of poisoning and providing oxygen or fresh air. For patients with impaired consciousness, the main goals are to improve hypoxia, relieve cerebral vasospasm, and eliminate cerebral edema. Oxygen therapy can be administered, and medications such as flumethasone, mannitol, and furosemide can be given via intravenous infusion.