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1. Requirements for water quality in industrial cooling water: 1) The temperature should be as low as possible; 2) The water should not be prone to scaling; 3) There should be few corrosive substances in the water; 4) The water should not facilitate the growth of bacteria and algae. 2. What are the types and characteristics of cooling water systems? a. DC cooling water system: Advantages: Simple equipment, no need to cool the building, low investment. Disadvantages: High water consumption (50 times more) ； Large volume of wastewater is discharged directly into rivers, causing severe pollution ； Large water intake, high costs, significant amounts of treatment chemicals required, and substantial pollution – these are the reasons why systems of type B have been phased out. Circulating cooling water systems: 1) Closed-loop circulating cooling water system: Definition: A circulating cooling water system in which the cooling water does not come into direct contact with the atmosphere. In this system, the cooling water is used to cool the process fluid through a heat exchanger; once its temperature rises, it comes into contact with air to be cooled before being reused. Advantages: No need for concentration, no splashing, low water consumption, and reduced need for make-up water. Disadvantages: Scaling problems and corrosion issues (oxygen corrosion, galvanic corrosion). 2) Open-loop circulating cooling water system: Definition: A circulating cooling water system in which the cooling water is in direct contact with the atmosphere. Advantages: 3. What are the water losses that occur during the circulation of cooling water? (1) Evaporation volume (evaporation loss): The amount of water that evaporates from the cooling water and enters the atmosphere during the cooling process. (2) Wind-driven loss volume (wind loss): The amount of water droplets that are carried away by air currents. (3) Wastewater discharge volume (discharge loss): The amount of water that must be deliberately discharged in order to control the concentration that occurs due to evaporation losses during the cooling water circulation process. (4) Leakage loss: The amount of water lost due to leaks in pipes and storage systems. 4. Concentration ratio of cooling circulating water: The ratio of the salt concentration in the circulating cooling water to the salt concentration of the make-up water. 5. The purpose of treating the water flowing alongside the circulating cooling water is to remove suspended solids and control the quality parameters of the circulating cooling water. 6. The factors that affect the design capacity of a cooling tower include: 1) the contact time between air and water; 2) the surface area of the packing; 3) the distribution of water on the surface of the packing