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The structural effect of irradiation is a phenomenon in which the interaction between high-energy rays and materials induces changes in their microstructure, thereby affecting the macroscopic properties of those materials. The main impacts can be categorized as follows: For metal and alloy materials, high-energy particle irradiation causes atomic displacement, leading to the formation of point defects such as vacancies and interstitial atoms. These defects further aggregate to form structures like dislocation loops and voids, ultimately resulting in issues such as irradiation hardening, embrittlement, and swelling in the materials. As a result, the service performance of steel used in nuclear reactor pressure vessels and materials constituting the first wall of fusion reactors is significantly reduced. In polymer materials, electron beam irradiation can simultaneously induce both cross-linking and chain scission of molecular chains. Cross-linking enables the formation of a three-dimensional network structure, thereby improving the mechanical and thermal properties of the material; however, excessive irradiation leads to chain scission and degradation, resulting in structural deterioration such as yellowing, brittleness, and cracking, as noted in international academic research. Semiconductors and functional materials: High-energy electron irradiation introduces deep-level defects, alters the carrier concentration, and results in a significant increase in the material’s resistivity ； Gamma-ray irradiation can also induce structural distortions in the surface layer of some oxide materials, affecting their optoelectronic properties. Biological bone tissue: A certain dose of ionizing radiation can damage the microstructure of bone tissue, leading to a decrease in bone mass and an increase in the spacing between bone trabeculae, thereby raising the risk of bone fractures.