How to simulate pipe skew joints?

In common software used for pipeline stress analysis (such as CAESAR II), concentrated rigid elements combined with adjusted node coordinates are generally used to simulate the oblique connection of pipelines. The specific steps are as follows: 1. Determine the coordinate difference between the two pipe segments based on the miter angle (the 3° you mentioned). 2. In the software modeling interface, split the miter joint location into two nodes, with a very short rigid element (a Rigid element with high thickness and stiffness) used between the nodes. 3. By adjusting the relative positions of the nodes at both ends of this rigid element (i.e., the differences in X, Y, and Z coordinates), the 3° slope angle can be accurately represented. 4. If sensitivity to local stress is a concern, considering the use of local stress concentration factors or conducting further verification through FEA local models is advisable. This method is simple and easy to implement, and is widely used in stress analysis practices. .