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To prevent accidents, it is first necessary to understand the principles behind accident prevention in order to deal with them more effectively. The following 12 engineering and technical principles for preventing accidents are intended to be useful to everyone. I. The principle of eliminating potential hazards involves essentially removing the sources of accidents; this is an ideal, proactive, and progressive measure for accident prevention. The basic approach is to replace old systems, technologies, and processes with new ones in order to eliminate accidents fundamentally. For example: use non-flammable materials in place of flammable materials ； Improve mechanical equipment and eliminate hazardous factors related to human operation and the working environment. II. Principle of reducing the values of potential hazard factors: When it is not possible to eliminate the danger associated with a system, efforts should be made to reduce the level of risk within that system, thereby minimizing the severity of the consequences in the event of an accident. For example: Drill tools employ double insulation measures ； Use a transformer to reduce the circuit voltage ； Safety valves and pressure relief valves are installed in high-pressure containers to control the occurrence of hazards, etc. III. The principle of redundancy involves enhancing the system’s safety factor and increasing its safety margin through measures such as multiple safeguards and backup systems. For example: increasing the strength of steel cables ； The aircraft is equipped with twin engines ； Add backup devices, etc., to the system. http://p6.itc.cn/images01/20201112/0323010935a14ec696791169e9c59f57.png IV. The principle of interlock: In a system, mechanical interlocks or electrical interlocks provided by certain components are used as conditions to ensure safety. For example: safety interlocks for stamping machinery, door interlock devices installed on metal shearing machine rooms, automatic circuit protectors, etc. V. The principle of the energy barrier involves placing a barrier between people, objects, and sources of danger, in order to prevent accidental release of energy from affecting humans and objects and thus ensuring the safety of both people and equipment. For example, safety nets used in high-altitude construction work, and the containment structures of reactors, all serve as barriers. VI. Principle of distance protection: When the harmful effects of dangerous and hazardous factors decrease as distance increases, it is necessary to keep as much distance as possible between people and these sources of danger. For example, in occupations that are exposed to hazardous factors such as noise sources and radiation sources, increasing the distance can help reduce occupational risks; additionally, chemical plants should be located away from residential areas, and a safe distance should be maintained during blasting operations. VII. The principle of time protection involves reducing the amount of time that people spend in environments with hazardous or occupational disease-causing factors to a level that is safe. For example, for jobs involving exposure to dust, toxic and harmful gases, noise, and radioactive substances, reduce the duration of each exposure. VIII. The principle of weak links involves introducing weak links into a system, in order to achieve overall system security at the cost of minimal, localized losses. For example: fuses in electrical circuits, safety valves in boilers, explosion-proof membranes in gas generators, pressure vessel relief valves, etc. These components fail before a dangerous situation occurs, thereby releasing or blocking energy to ensure the safety of the entire system. IX. The principle of robustness: This is a countermeasure to the principle of weak links, namely ensuring the safety of a system by increasing its strength. For example: increasing the system safety factor and enhancing the structural strength of the equipment. X. The principle of personal protection involves providing workers with appropriate protective equipment and supplies based on the nature and conditions of different tasks. For example: providing dust masks for workers who are exposed to dust, and protective face shields for welders, etc. http://p1.itc.cn/images01/20201112/80053eb754564279b7ad9da7282f673e.png XI. The principle of replacing workers: In situations where it is not possible to eliminate or control dangerous and harmful factors, tools and machinery are used to replace manual labor, thereby preventing harm to the human body caused by such factors. For example: using handling machinery to lift heavy objects, and employing robotic arms in the cutting section to replace manual handling of workpieces. XII. The principle of warning and prohibition messages involves using light, sound, color, or other indicators to convey organizational and technical information in order to ensure safety. For example: Install safety warning signs in workplaces where there are hazardous factors or risks related to occupational diseases. http://p0.itc.cn/images01/20201112/e65f4c9ae1044b1f845e9b797ea75f58.png Weiwei believes that those working in the chemical industry should be familiar with these 12 principles. This article is intended for those who are in or want to enter the water chemistry industry; understanding these principles will be of great help to their future work. This article is reproduced from China Hazardous Chemicals Logistics Network.