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This post was last edited by footsteps on 2022-8-25 at 10:20. 1. For devices with jackets, when the pressure inside the inner cylinder is not high but the pressure inside the jacket is high, the calculated thickness of the upper head turns out to be very small. For example, if δ for the upper head is 6 and δ for the cylinder is 10, that is sufficient to meet the requirements. In such a case, what should the thickness of the upper head be? Why? 2. During hydraulic pressure tests on jacketed vessels, it is common for the inner cylinder to need to maintain a constant pressure. What do designers usually do in such cases? Do they increase the thickness of the cylinder, or indicate in the drawings that a constant pressure should be maintained during the hydraulic pressure test? (2) Is it proper for the manufacturing unit to carry out a hydrostatic test and maintain the pressure? Is this condition of holding pressure common in manufacturing plants? 3. Should the minimum forming thickness of the head be specified with or without accounting for the machining thinning? Should we just use the old method: nominal thickness minus negative deviation? 4. For cylinders with a diameter of DN300 or less, steel pipes are generally used as the cylinder material. Is it difficult to roll them into shape, or is it even impossible to do so? 5. How are conical shells formed? The size of the smaller end is very small, and there is also an inclination at that end. Is this shaping done by machines or manually?