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The boiling point of hydrogen at standard pressure is minus 252 degrees (–252.75°C). Has anyone ever seen hydrogen at such a temperature? And how is such a low temperature achieved?
These are all the result of experiments; those in engineering fields don’t see them
Vacuum insulation is used for liquid hydrogen, which is used as fuel in rockets and cars. I’ve heard that helium is also transported in liquid form, at even lower temperatures
They’re all in a compressed state, right? As the pressure increases, the boiling point also rises accordingly
It is not in a compressed state; gases are generally transported in liquid form
I think the production of liquid hydrogen can reach a temperature of -252 degrees
Pressuring a gas: 1. When pressurized, heat is released even if liquefaction does not occur. 2. Liquefaction releases even more heat. 3. Heat is absorbed during vaporization or expansion. Then it becomes understandable that liquefied gases are produced by applying pressure and cooling. Similarly, low temperatures can be obtained through the reduced-pressure evaporation of liquid gases with very low boiling points. The super-low temperatures that are currently known can be achieved in the following ways: (search on Baidu) by reducing the pressure in a 4He liquid bath, the lowest temperature attainable is around 0.5K; other methods include using a 3He liquid bath, whereby the lowest temperature achievable is 0.3K ; Adiabatic demagnetization using paramagnetic salts such as cerium magnesium nitrate (CMN) can achieve temperatures in the range of a few millikelvin ;
Company XX employs two-stage refrigeration, as well as high-efficiency hydrogen expanders and high-efficiency plate-fin heat exchangers. The use of two-stage refrigeration and a high-efficiency hydrogen expander results in low power consumption per unit. First, the hydrogen that has been purified through preprocessing is pressurized, and then it exchanges heat with liquid nitrogen in a heat exchanger, causing its temperature to drop to around -190 degrees Celsius. The hydrogen then passes through a hydrogen expander, where it undergoes expansion-based cooling; as a result, the temperature of the hydrogen drops close to its liquefaction temperature. After repeated cycles of this process, the hydrogen is liquefied and sent to a normal-butylic hydrogen converter for conversion. Once more than 95% of the liquid hydrogen has been converted into normal butylic hydrogen, it is transported via vacuum pipelines to storage tanks. The entire system consists of a nitrogen-cycle liquefaction cryostat, a first-stage hydrogen-powder adiabatic liquid nitrogen pre-cooling system and a second-stage liquid hydrogen vacuum cryostat, as well as several nitrogen expanders and hydrogen expanders, and large liquid hydrogen storage tanks. The smaller units have a production capacity of 10 tons of liquid hydrogen per day; the power consumption for producing liquid hydrogen is 10–13 kWh per kg of hydrogen. Moreover, the greater the production capacity of the liquid hydrogen facility, the lower the power consumption per unit. Liquid hydrogen has an extremely low boiling point of about -243 degrees Celsius, and there is a conversion between ortho and para hydrogen. Evaporation losses during storage and transportation have a significant impact on the economic viability of the entire project.