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Liquid distributor: The liquid distributor is a highly critical component within a packed tower; it not only affects the mass transfer efficiency of the packing but also influences its operational flexibility. It is explained that in order to reduce the amplification effect caused by poor liquid distribution and to maximize the efficiency of the filler, a liquid distributor must be installed in the packed tower to distribute the liquid evenly over the top of the filler layer. The mass of the initial liquid distribution not only affects the mass transfer efficiency of the filler but also influences its operational flexibility. Therefore, the liquid distributor is a highly critical component within a packed tower. There are various types of distributors, and the choice of such a distributor is based on many factors including distribution quality, operational flexibility, processing capacity, gas resistance, and levelness. Category 1: Classified by the hydrodynamics of the distributor – gravity-type liquid distributors (hole-type, weir-type, pressure-type liquid distributors, spray-type, porous tube-type). Category 2: Classified by the shape of the distributor – tube-type, double-layer tube arrangement, trough-type, disc-type, impact-type, nozzle-type, pagoda-type, lotus-pod type, combined types, etc. 3. Classified by the manner in which the liquid leaves the distributor: pore flow type and overflow type. 4. Classified by the number of liquid distribution stages: single-stage, multi-stage. 5. Classified by the configuration of the distributor: trough-type, hole-trough type, and tray-type. The function of a liquid distributor is to evenly distribute or redistribute the liquid at the top of the packing or at a certain height, thereby increasing the effective surface area for mass and heat transfer, improving inter-phase contact, and thus enhancing the efficiency of the tower. Experiments have shown that the flow of liquid within the packing layer is not a uniform plug flow, but rather exhibits phenomena such as channeling, deflection, and wall flow. This will result in amplification effects and end effects in the packed tower. The proper design and selection of liquid initial distributors and redistributors aim to reduce and prevent these amplification effects, thereby decreasing the tower height and diameter and lowering construction costs or operating expenses. The poor distribution of liquid in packed towers is divided into large-scale and small-scale types. Small-scale uneven distribution is caused by liquid channeling within the packing layer, while large-scale uneven distribution is caused by the liquid distributor, which can severely reduce the efficiency of the entire tower. Tests show that the higher the packing efficiency, the greater the impact of liquid distribution quality on the performance of the filler. For example, when the liquid distribution mass reaches 50%, for packing with a theoretical number of plates per meter equal to 20, the actual theoretical number of plates is only 11.5, whereas for packing with a theoretical number of plates per meter equal to 8, the actual theoretical number of plates is only 5.5. Requirements: 1. The liquid should be distributed evenly, with a certain density of distribution points; the unevenness in liquid flow rate should be <10%. 2. It should have high operational flexibility – the flexibility of liquid distributors for highly elastic liquids can exceed 10*1. 3. The structure should be compact, occupying little space inside the tower, while allowing ample gas flow (≥25%). 4. It should have multiple functions, such as liquid collection, distribution, and gas distribution. 5. It can be used with liquids containing solid impurities as well as systems with foam. 6. It should present low gas resistance and require lower operating pressures. 7. It should have good mixing capabilities regarding liquid concentration and temperature. 8. It should prevent fogging and film lift. 9. It should be easy to manufacture and install, and resistant to corrosion. 10. It should have a wide range of applications, such as in normal-pressure, pressurized, or vacuum operations in processes like distillation, absorption, and extraction