Requirements for the layout of common equipment in chemical plants – worth saving!

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What are the different layout options for Tower 01? What are the specific requirements? (1) Single-row arrangement: This arrangement is generally preferred. When there are two or more towers or vertical vessels on one side of the pipe gallery, their center lines are usually aligned with each other. If two or more towers are equipped with a common platform, it is advisable to align their center lines or their tangent lines ； (2) For multi-row arrangements, in the case of towers with a smaller diameter but a higher height, they can be arranged in two rows or in a triangular pattern; this allows the towers to be connected using platforms, thereby enhancing their stability. However, sliding guide joints should be used for the platform’s rooting components in order to accommodate the thermal expansion effects caused by different operating temperatures ； (3) For a framed layout, towers with a diameter of DN≤1000 mm can also be placed within the frame or on one side of it. Improve its stability using a framework, and install platforms and ladders. For segmented towers mounted on a framework, when motorized lifting equipment cannot be used, maintenance lifting facilities should be installed on the framework. 02 What are the requirements for the layout of the tower and its associated equipment? The tower and its associated equipment, such as the feed heater, non-flame-heated reboiler, top condenser, reflux drum, bottom extraction pump, etc., should be arranged in sequence according to the process flow. If necessary, an independent operating system can be established within a specific area, which facilitates operation and management. 03 How is the distance determined between the towers and vertical pipe fittings arranged along the pipe gallery and the pipe gallery itself? (1) When installing pumps between the tower and the pipe gallery, it shall be determined in accordance with the requirements for pump operation, maintenance, and piping ； (2) When no pumps are installed between the tower and the pipe gallery, the distance between the outer wall of the tower and the centerline of the pipe rack columns should not be less than 3 m. 04 How is the distance between towers or between a tower and other adjacent equipment determined? The distance between towers or between towers and other adjacent equipment must not only meet the requirements for the layout and installation of pipes, platforms, instruments, and small equipment, but also satisfy the needs regarding operation and maintenance access paths as well as the layout of foundations. The clear distance between the two towers should not be less than 2.5 m. 05 What requirements should the installation height of towers and vertical vessels meet? (1) When using internal pressure or the gravity of the fluid to convey material to other equipment or pipelines, it shall be determined by their internal pressure as well as the pressure and height at the destination equipment or pipelines ； (2) When pumping, the installation height of the equipment should be determined by the pump’s net positive suction head and the pressure drop in the suction pipeline ； (3) For towers equipped with heavy reactors heated by means other than an open flame, their installation height shall be determined based on the relationship between the tower and the reboiler as required by the process, as well as the operational requirements ； (4) It shall meet the minimum clearance required for the installation and operation of the pipes at the bottom of the tower, and the foundation surface of the tower shall be at least 200 mm above the ground level. 06 What are the general requirements for the layout of heat exchange equipment? (1) Shell-and-tube heat exchange equipment associated with the distillation tower, such as the reboiler at the bottom of the tower and the condenser at the top of the tower. It is appropriate to arrange them in sequence according to the process flow, near the distillation tower ； (2) For heat exchangers where heat is exchanged between two fluids, they should be located as close as possible to the pipes connecting the inlets and outlets of these two fluids ； (3) A shell-and-tube heat exchanger in which one fluid exchanges heat with several different fluids should be arranged in groups ； (4) Coolers for several different materials using water or a coolant should be arranged in groups ； (5) For heat exchange equipment arranged in groups, it is advisable to align the center lines of the support foundations. When the spacing between the supports is not equal, it is preferable to align the center lines of the support foundations at one end. To facilitate pipeline connection, the heat exchangers installed on the ground can also have their tube side inlet and outlet nozzles aligned along the same centerline ； (6) Heat exchange equipment should be installed on the ground as much as possible; however, when there is a large number of such devices, they can be installed on frames. l) When floating-head heat exchangers are installed on the ground, the following requirements must be met: there should be a space of at least 0.6 m on both sides of the floating head and the tube box, and there should also be a space of at least 1.2 m in front of the floating head end ； In front of the tube box, starting from the end of the tube box, there should be a space that is at least 1.5 m longer than the length of the tube bundle. 2) When a floating-head heat exchanger is installed on a frame, the following requirements must be met: the clear height of the platform in front of the floating-head end should not be less than 0.8 m; the clear height of the platform in front of the tube box end should not be less than 1 m. The platform shall be equipped with removable railings, and space required for removing the tube bundle must also be taken into account ； The frame height should be sufficient to meet the lifting requirements for the tube box and the head cover of the heat exchanger. (7) To save space or facilitate operational procedures, two heat exchange units can be arranged one on top of the other. However, it is not advisable to arrange them in overlapping fashion for two-phase flow media or heat exchangers with a shell diameter of 1.2 m or more ； (8) The clear distance between heat exchangers, as well as between heat exchangers and other equipment, should not be less than 0.7 m ； (9) Heat exchange equipment for heavy oil products or materials that pollute the environment should not be installed on the framework ； (10) Above heat exchangers whose operating temperature is above the auto-ignition point of the material, no other equipment should be installed if there is no floor or platform to provide separation. What are the general requirements for the layout of a 07 reboiler? (l) The distance between the reboiler heated by an open flame and the tower should be arranged in accordance with the requirements for the distance between heating furnaces and towers specified in the fire protection codes ； (2) Horizontal reboilers heated by steam or a heat carrier should be located near the tower, maintaining a certain height difference from it (determined by the process design); the distance between them must meet the requirements for pipeline layout, and one end of the reboiler’s tube bundle should have space and access for maintenance ； (3) The vertical reboiler should be supported by a tower and placed beside it, maintaining a certain height difference from the tower (determined by the process design). Sufficient space for maintenance should be left above it ； (4) When a tower requires multiple vertical reboilers connected in parallel, the location and installation height of the reboilers must not only meet the process requirements but also satisfy the layout requirements for the inlet and outlet manifolds, as well as facilitate operation and maintenance. What are the general requirements for the layout of 08 air coolers? (l) The air cooler (hereinafter referred to as AC cooler) should be located on the downwind side of the wind direction with the lowest frequency throughout the year for the facility ； (2) The air coolers should be located above the main corridor, on the top layer of the framework, or at the top of the tower ； (3) Air coolers should not be installed above equipment whose operating temperature is equal to or higher than the auto-ignition point of the material, as well as above equipment used for transporting and storing liquefied hydrocarbons ； Otherwise, a partition made of non-combustible material should be used for separation and protection ； (4) When multiple groups of air coolers are arranged together, they should be arranged in a consistent pattern; a row-based arrangement is preferred ； It should be avoided to have some elements arranged in columns while others are arranged in rows ； (5) For inclined-roof air coolers, the ventilation face should not be oriented toward the prevailing wind direction in summer. Slant-roof air coolers should be arranged in rows; when arranged in rows, there should be a space of no less than 3 meters between the rows ； (6) The distance between the frame columns of two humidified air coolers or combined dry-wet air coolers arranged side by side shall not be less than 3 m ； (7) Platforms should be provided at both ends of the air cooler tube bank’s tube boxes as well as at the location of the driving machinery ； (8) Sufficient maintenance space and access paths should be provided on the ground beside the frame or main corridor where the air cooler is installed. 09 How is the layout of the air coolers designed to avoid thermal air circulation within them or between them? (1) Air coolers of the same type are arranged at the same height ； (2) Adjacent air coolers are arranged closely together ； (3) The grouped dry forced-air coolers and the induced-air coolers should be arranged separately; the induced-air coolers shall be placed on the downwind side of the wind direction with the lowest frequency throughout the year for the forced-air coolers ； (4) When air-coolers of the induced draft type and those of the forced draft type are arranged together, the tube bank of the forced draft air-cooler should be raised. 10 What are the general requirements for the layout of heating furnaces? (1) Open-flame heating furnaces should be located concentratedly at the edge of the facility, near fire access routes, and on the downwind side of the wind direction with the lowest frequency of occurrence throughout the year for flammable gases, liquefied hydrocarbons, and Class A/B liquid equipment ； (2) The heating furnace and other open-flame equipment should be located together ； (3) Several heating furnaces can be arranged in a row, aligned along their centerlines. The clear distance between the two heating furnaces should not be less than 3 m ； (4) When using mobile maintenance equipment to lift the furnace tubes of the heating furnace, there should be passages and maintenance areas available for such equipment. For heating furnaces equipped with horizontal furnace tubes, on the side where the tubes are removed, the length of the maintenance area should not be less than the length of the furnace tubes plus 2 meters ； (5) The distance between the outer wall of the heating furnace and the edge of the maintenance road should not be less than 3 m ； (6) For heating furnaces equipped with steam generators, the steam drum should be located at the top of the furnace or on a framework adjacent to it ； (7) The distance between the heating furnace and its associated fuel gas separation tank and fuel gas heater should not be less than 6 m ； (8) When the heating furnace is equipped with auxiliary equipment such as air preheaters, blowers, and exhaust fans, the layout of these auxiliary devices should not prevent the maintenance of both them and the heating furnace itself ； (9) The fire separation distance between the heating furnace and the liquefied hydrocarbon equipment installed outdoors shall not be less than 22.5 m. If a solid wall made of non-combustible material is installed between the equipment, this distance can be reduced, but it must still be no less than 15 m. The height of the solid wall should not be less than 3 m, and it should be no more than 5 m away from the heating furnace; it must also prevent combustible gases from entering the furnace ； (10) When the wall facing the heating furnace in the building housing the liquefied hydrocarbon equipment or the Class A gas compressor room is a closed wall, the distance between the heating furnace and the building can be reduced, but it must not be less than 15 m. 11 What are the requirements for the layout of vertical containers? The shape of a vertical container is similar to that of a tower, except that its internal structure is less complex than that of a tower. The layout and installation height of vertical containers can follow the requirements applicable to towers; in addition, the following considerations should be taken into account: (1) For ease of operation, vertical containers can be installed on the ground, floor slabs, or platforms, or they can pass through floor slabs or platforms and be supported on them using brackets ； (2) When a vertical container is installed through a floor or platform, efforts should be made to prevent the liquid level indicators and control instruments on the container from also passing through the floor or platform ； (3) In vertical containers, in order to prevent the solidification of viscous materials or the settlement of solid materials, and when there are high-capacity mixers inside, support structures should be installed as close to the ground as possible in order to avoid vibrations ； (4) For vertical containers with an open top that require manual feeding, the height of the feeding point should not be more than 1 m above the floor or platform; if it is higher than 1 m, a feeding platform or steps should be considered. What are the requirements for the layout and installation height of 12 horizontal containers? (l) Horizontal containers should be arranged in groups. When horizontally arranged containers are grouped, they should be aligned along the center line of the support foundation or along the tangent to the head. The clear space between horizontal containers can be taken as 0.7 m. (2) When determining the dimensions of horizontal vessels in process design, it is advisable to use vessels of the same length but different diameters to facilitate equipment layout. (3) When determining the installation height of horizontal containers, in addition to meeting requirements such as the gravity flow of the material or the pump suction height, the following requirements must also be satisfied: if there is a liquid collection tank below the container, sufficient space must be provided for the operating and monitoring instruments of that tank ； When an operating passage is required beneath the container, the clear height between the piping at the bottom of the container and the ground should be no less than 2.2 m ； When horizontally oriented vessels of different diameters are arranged in groups on the ground or on the same floor or platform, the elevation of the centerline of the smaller-diameter vessels may be appropriately raised so that it matches the elevation of the top surface of the shell of the larger-diameter vessels, thereby facilitating the construction of a common platform. (4) When horizontal containers are installed in a pit, proper measures must be taken to deal with water accumulation in the pit as well as the buildup of toxic, flammable, and explosive substances. The dimensions of the pit shall meet the requirements for the operation and maintenance of the container. In rainy areas, it is advisable to consider installing a canopy above the pit. (5) The design of the platform for horizontal tanks must take into account operations such as manholes and level gauges. The elevation of the top platform should be 150 mm lower than the flange surface of the top nozzle. When the height of the upper interface of the level gauge from the ground or the operating platform exceeds 3 m, the level gauge should be installed near a straight ladder. A combined platform can be provided for horizontally arranged containers that are positioned together. What are the different arrangements for pump 13? There are three ways to arrange pumps: outdoor arrangement, semi-outdoor arrangement, and indoor arrangement. (1) Outdoor arrangement: Pumps in an outdoor arrangement are usually placed together beneath or alongside the pipe racks, or they can also be located near the equipment that is to be pumped. Its advantages are good ventilation, as well as ease of operation and maintenance ； (2) Semi-outdoor layout: Pumps in a semi-outdoor layout are suitable for rainy areas; generally, the pumps are placed beneath pipe galleries, with canopies installed above the pipes. Alternatively, the pump can be placed on the lower floor of the framework, using the framework platform as a canopy. These pumps can be arranged in a single row, double row, or multiple rows, depending on the design requirements related to the pump ； (3) In indoor installations in cold or windy/dusty areas, the pump can be placed indoors. If the process requirements dictate that the equipment be installed indoors, then the pumps associated with it should also be installed indoors. What are the specific requirements for the layout of 14 pumps? (1) Pumps arranged in rows should be grouped according to fire protection requirements, operating conditions, and material properties ； When the pump is installed in an open or semi-open area ； Pumps for flammable liquids whose operating temperature is equal to or above their autoignition point should be installed in a centralized manner ； There should be a fire separation distance of not less than 4.5 m between such pumps and combustible liquids whose operating temperature is below their auto-ignition point ； There should be a fire separation distance of not less than 7.5 m from liquid hydrocarbon pumps ； (2) When pumps are arranged in rows, it is advisable to position the pump outlet at one end. Align the population centerline, or align the pump end foundation edge line ； (3) When pumps are arranged in two rows, it is advisable to position the power ends of the two rows opposite each other, leaving a maintenance passage in between ； (4) When the pump is located below or outside the main corridor, the minimum clear width of the passage in the pump area shall be 2 m, and the minimum clear height shall be 3 m. The width of the operation passage in front of the pump shall not be less than 1 m ； (5) When the pumps are installed below or outside the pipe gallery, whether in a single row or double row, the centerlines of the pumps and drives should be perpendicular to the direction of the pipe gallery ； (6) When pumps are installed indoors, the clear distance between two rows of pumps should not be less than 2 m. The clear distance between the pump end or the side of the pump and the wall should meet the requirements for operation and maintenance, and should not be less than 1 m ； (7) Except for small pumps installed on a common foundation, the clear distance between the two pumps should not be less than 0.7 m ； (8) The base surface of the pump should be 200 mm above the ground level. The minimum value must be no less than 100 mm ； When installing a filter in front of the pump’s suction inlet, the height of the pump foundation should take into account the ease of cleaning and removing the filter ； (9) When vertical pumps are installed below the main corridor or beneath the framework, space should be left above them for the installation and maintenance of the pumps ； (10) Transport of highly hazardous substances (such as propylene?) Pump rooms for substances such as hydrocyanic acid should be separated from other pump rooms ； (11) The fire pump room shall be equipped with dual power sources ； (12) The utility standby pump should be located in the middle of the corresponding pump ； (13) The layout of the pump should take into account the requirements for flexible pipeline design. 15 What are the general requirements for the layout of compressors? (1) The layout of the compressor unit and its auxiliary equipment shall meet the requirements of the manufacturer ； (2) The compressor should be located near the equipment to be evacuated, and its auxiliary equipment should be placed close to the unit ； (3) The layout of combustible gas compressors shall meet the following requirements: The distance from open-flame equipment and non-explosion-proof electrical equipment shall comply with the provisions of the current standards **\"Code for Design of Electrical Installations in Explosive and Fire-Hazardous Environments\" GB 50028 and \"Code for Fire Protection Design of Petrochemical Enterprises\" GB 50160 ； It is suitable for outdoor or semi-open placement. In cold or windy/dusty areas, it can be installed inside a factory building ； Gas compressor plants of Class A with a single-unit drive power of 150 kW or more should not share the same building with other rooms of Classes A, B, or C ； Above the compressor, no equipment containing Class A, B, or C liquids shall be installed, except for high-mounted lubricating oil tanks for internal use, which are exempt from this restriction. (4) For compressors arranged in a single layer, when the foundation is at a high level, an operating platform should be provided as needed ； When there are many auxiliary devices, it is advisable to arrange them in two layers. 16 What are the requirements for the installation height of a compressor? The installation height of the compressor should be determined based on its structural characteristics. The installation height of the compressor, with its inlets and outlets at the bottom, shall meet the following requirements: (l) Requirements regarding the clearance between the inlet and outlet pipes and the ground surface ； (2) Requirements for the connection height between the import/export connection pipes and the pipes in the pipe gallery ； (3) Requirements for the installation height and dimensions of the filter on the intake pipeline ； (4) To reduce vibration, the installation height of the reciprocating compressor should be lowered. What fire protection regulations must be followed regarding the layout of the control room, power distribution room, and laboratory in a facility numbered 17? (1) The control room and the power transformation and distribution room should be located on the ground floor of the building; however, if production requirements or other constraints exist, they can be placed on the second floor or higher ； (2) In installations where flammable gases that are heavier than air may be released, the indoor floors of control rooms, power distribution rooms, and laboratories should be at least 0.6 m higher than the outdoor ground level ； (3) The exterior wall of the control room facing the equipment side with fire hazards shall be a solid wall made of non-combustible material, without any doors, windows, or openings ； (4) Online analytical primary instruments for combustible gases, liquefied hydrocarbons, and combustible liquids shall not be installed inside control rooms or laboratories. When the aforementioned instruments are installed in rooms adjacent to the control room and laboratory, the partition wall between them should be a fire wall. 18 What requirements should be met for the channel setup of production units? What are the minimum width and minimum clear height of the passages within the device? When arranging the equipment, necessary passages and areas should be considered comprehensively based on the requirements for construction, maintenance, operation, and fire safety. Inside the facility, application roads divide it into equipment and building areas with a floor area not exceeding 10,000 m2. When the floor area of the esterification polymerization, spinning, and post-processing facilities for synthetic fiber production exceeds 10,000 m2, passageways should be provided on both sides of them. The main vehicle passage within the facility should be connected to the factory roads. (l) The installation of fire access routes shall meet the following requirements: · When the width of the installation exceeds 60 m, a through fire access route shall be provided within the installation ； · If the width of the facility is 60m or less and there are fire access routes on both sides of the facility, a continuous fire access route may not be required. Non-through roads within the facility should be provided with turnaround areas. · The width of the road should not be less than 4m; the clear distance between the pipe rack on the road shoulder and the edge of the road surface should not be less than 1m. The inner turning radius of the road surface should not be less than 7m, and the clear height above the road surface should not be less than 4.5m. (2) The maintenance access road shall meet the requirements of the machinery used for mechanical maintenance in terms of road width, turning radius, and load capacity, and shall lead to the lifting holes for equipment maintenance. (3) The main vehicle passages, fire access routes, and maintenance passages within the facility should be arranged together. (4) The operation passages should be determined based on the frequency of production operations, routine inspections, minor repairs, etc., as well as the distribution of the operation points. How should the layout design of the pipes along the tower be considered? (1) It shall meet the requirements of the process piping and instrumentation diagram ； (2) The pipeline layout should be planned from the top to the bottom of the tower, starting with the location of the pipes at the top of the tower and those of large-diameter pipes, as well as the direction of gravity-fed pipes. After that, pressure pipes and ordinary pipes should be arranged, and finally, the pipes at the bottom of the tower and those of small diameter should be considered ； (3) Consideration should be given to ease of operation, maintenance, safety and reliability, as well as economic Reasonableness ； (4) Each pipeline should be as short as possible according to its starting and ending points, but it must still meet the requirements regarding pipeline flexibility ； (5) Each pipeline should be arranged as much as possible along the tower, with attention paid to achieving a \"good appearance\":· Two scenarios can be considered: one is to arrange each pipeline separately ； Second, arrange the pipes in groups (when the concentrated load resulting from this approach is high, approval from the equipment designer must be obtained) ； They are arranged in concentric circles along the outer wall of the tower on the pipeline side, or tangentially along the outer wall of the tower. What are the key points in the design of tower top pipelines? (1) The top of the tower is typically equipped with pipes for the oil and gas at the top of the tower, as well as pipes for venting and safety valves. The tower top vent pipe is generally installed at the top of the horizontal section at the highest point of the oil and gas pipes in the tower, and must comply with the requirements of fire protection regulations ； (2) The medium in the oil and gas pipelines at the top of the tower is generally in gaseous form. The pipe diameter is large, the pipes should be as short as possible; they should have a gradual decline in elevation, bag-shaped sections should be avoided, and the pipes must possess a certain degree of flexibility ； (3) For each pipe running along the tower, a load-bearing support must be installed at the upper part, and guide supports must be placed at appropriate locations to prevent excessive stress on the pipe nozzles ； (4) The oil and gas pipelines at the top of the distillation tower are generally not insulated, only protected from heat ； If there are multiple heat exchangers connected to this pipeline, they should be arranged symmetrically in order to avoid flow imbalance ； (5) When the tower top features two-stage condensation, the piping layout should be such that the condensate flows by gravity stage by stage. The main oil and gas pipe and the inlet branches for the condensation circuit should be arranged symmetrically to ensure uniform flow rates ； (6) When the top pressure of the tower is controlled by a thermal bypass, the tubes of this bypass system should be insulated, and their length should be kept as short as possible. The control valve for this system should be installed above the reflux tank, and there should be no \"pouch-like\" sections in the pipes to prevent liquid accumulation ； (7) The oil and gas pipelines at the top of the vacuum tower are welded directly to the tower opening instead of being connected using flanges, in order to reduce leaks. 21 What are the specific requirements for the pipeline design on the side of the tower? (l) The pipes on the side of the tower generally include return pipes, feed pipes, side draw pipes, stripping steam pipes, reboiler inlet pipes, and return pipes. To prevent liquid accumulation after the valves are closed, the valves on these pipes should be connected directly to the tower’s ports. When there are two or more feed (or discharge) openings at the same angle on the feed (or discharge) pipes, a certain degree of flexibility should be considered for those pipes ； (2) If there is a control valve on the pipeline from the side line of the fractionation tower to the stripping tower, its installation location should be near the stripping tower, so as to ensure that there is a certain length of liquid column ahead of it for regulation. The height of this liquid column should meet the requirements of the process. 22 What are the characteristics of the bottom pipe design? (1) The operating temperature at the bottom of the tower is generally high; therefore, when installing the pipes at that location, their flexibility must meet the requirements of relevant standards or specifications. Especially when the pipe at the bottom of the tower is connected to the pump, the pipe should be short and have few bends, while also possessing sufficient flexibility to reduce the stress on the pump nozzle. The extraction lines at the bottom of the tower should be led outside the tower skirt or base. It is strictly prohibited to install pipe fittings such as flanges and instrument joints inside the tower skirt. The suction pipeline from the bottom of the tower to the bottom-stage pump should not have any \"pouch-like\" sections in its horizontal sections; it should slope downward gradually to prevent cavitation in the bottom-stage pump. The isolation valve on the suction pipeline should be placed as close as possible to the tower body to facilitate operation. (2) Unless it is an auxiliary reboiler, or two or more reboilers operating in parallel with a requirement to adjust their heat load over a wide range, valves should generally not be installed on the piping from the bottom of the column to the reboiler. When a bottom-reactor type reboiler is equipped with a centrifugal pump, the elevation of the reboiler must meet the required net positive suction head for the centrifugal pump; at the same time, the static head generated by the difference in height between the liquid level at the bottom of the tower and the liquid level in the reboiler must be sufficient to overcome the pressure losses in the downcomer, reboiler, and upcomer. Therefore, the piping layout should meet the flexibility requirements while keeping the pipes short and minimizing the number of elbows. 23 What requirements should be met for the layout of manholes on towers? (1) The manhole of the tower should be located within the tower’s operational area, at a place that facilitates and ensures safe and reasonable access in and out of the tower, and it is advisable to place them in the same orientation. (2) When determining the location for the manhole, attention must be paid to the internal components of the tower; it should generally be placed in the bubbling zone above the tray, and not in the downcomer or liquid receiving area of the tower ； (3) Manholes (or access holes) on the tower are generally provided every 3–8 layers of trays ； (4) The height of the center distance between manholes above the platform surface is generally between 600 mm and 1000 mm, with 750 mm being the most suitable height ； (5) The manholes on a tower should be arranged on the same vertical line to ensure a neat and aesthetically pleasing appearance. What are the requirements for the orientation of the nozzles on Tower 24? (1) The orientation of the pipe openings in the tower should meet the requirements of the working principles and structure of the internal components of the tower; during design, attention should be paid to the relative orientation between the overall structure of these internal components and the pipe openings ； The vapor outlet at the top of the tower is located in the middle of the tower’s top cover ； The reflux opening of the tower is generally located on the pipe side above the tray ； The gas feed opening is located above the tray, parallel to the downcomer ； The gas-liquid mixed-phase feed opening is located above the tray, with a distribution pipe in place ； The stripping steam inlet is located below the stripping tray, along with a gas distribution pipe. A extraction hopper should be installed in the circular area below the downcomer at the side-line product extraction port; for double-overflow tray columns with intermediate downcomers, the extraction port can be arranged at any angle there, and an extraction hopper should be provided ； The bottom extraction port is located in the middle of the bottom head cover, equipped with an anti-vortex plate, and should extend outside the tower’s skirt. (2) For towers equipped with trays, the manholes should be located on the tower diameter parallel to the tray overflow weir; if conditions do not permit this, they need not be parallel, but the horizontal distance between the manhole and the overflow weir should not exceed 50 mm. (3) The orientation of the manhole lifting mechanism and the placement of the ladder should be coordinated; in the event of an accident, the direction in which the manhole cover can be closed smoothly should be the same as the direction in which people evacuate. (4) The level gauge interface can be connected directly to the level gauge via a root valve, or it can be connected to the level gauge through a connecting pipe attached to the root valve. The level gauge interface must not be located within a 60° angle range opposite the feed inlet, unless the feed inlet is protected by an internal baffle. Baffles should be installed on the externally floating barrel type level control nozzle that is connected directly to the tower. Devices such as level gauges, level control floats, and alarms are usually located within the tower platform or at the ends of the local platforms to facilitate maintenance. (5) The pressure gauge interface should be located in the gas phase region of the tower, so that the pressure gauge readings are not affected by the liquid level head. (6) Placement of sampling ports and temperature measurement ports: The gas-phase sampling ports and temperature measurement ports should be located away from the gas phase region of the tray liquid drop chamber, while the liquid-phase sampling ports and temperature measurement ports should be placed within the liquid holdup layer of the tray in the liquid drop tube area ； For the liquid phase sampling tube that is prone to crystallization, it should be directed toward the tray. (7) The positioning of the suspension column at the top of the tower should allow it to rotate to reach above the lifting points outside the platform, as well as the location of all access hatches on the platform. In addition to showing the pipe openings, what other orientations does the 25 equipment pipe opening diagram indicate? In addition to indicating the ports for processes and utility media, it should also show: (1) the location of instrument connections, including for temperature, pressure, and level ； (2) Location of manholes, handholes, and suspension columns, location of skirt base exhaust vents ； (3) The orientation of the equipment’s foot bolt holes or the orientation of the brackets ； (4) Position of lifting lugs, grounding plates, and nameplates ； (5) Location of internal ladders and reinforced supports at the bottom of the skirt.