Thread Content
1. Equipment: Equipment generally refers to the machinery and devices commonly used in production; it constitutes a major part of fixed assets. It is an umbrella term for physical materials in industrial enterprises that can be used over a long period of time while largely retaining their original physical form. In mechanical systems, equipment generally refers to two main categories of production facilities: machinery and power equipment. 2. Equipment management: The equipment management approach currently adopted and gradually implemented in China involves comprehensive management throughout the life cycle of equipment. That is, based on the business objectives of an enterprise, a range of technical, economic, and organizational measures are used to handle aspects such as equipment planning, acquisition (design, manufacturing), installation, operation, maintenance, repair, renovation, and replacement. Activities related to the transfer of equipment throughout its life cycle until it is scrapped; equipment management encompasses both the physical movement and the value movement of equipment. 3. Production equipment: Production equipment refers to equipment that directly or indirectly participates in the production process. It is a major component of a company’s fixed assets related to equipment; production equipment mainly includes complete sets of equipment, systems, individual machines, and other tangible assets such as installations. Production equipment needs to have depreciation deducted from production costs in order to compensate for the physical and technical wear and tear it suffers over time. 4. Economic life of equipment: (Also known as the value life of equipment), it is determined based on the operating costs of the equipment (including maintenance and depreciation costs). It generally refers to the number of years during which the average annual operating cost is at its minimum. The economic life is used to determine the optimal depreciation period and the ideal time for equipment replacement. 5. Technical life of the equipment: The period during which the equipment retains technical value, that is, from the time it starts to be used until it is replaced by newer models that are more advanced technologically. The length of the technical life depends on the rate of intangible wear and tear of the equipment. 6. Equipment freshness: Equipment freshness = Book value / Original value of the equipment. It reflects the degree of freshness of a company’s equipment; in a sense, it indicates the technical level of that equipment. As the economic reforms in enterprises continue to deepen, equipment freshness has become an important indicator for evaluating the renovation and upgrading of corporate equipment. 7. Equipment selection: Equipment selection refers to the process of determining the optimal equipment for purchase. This is done by conducting investigations and comparative analyses, taking into account the requirements of the production process and market availability, as well as principles such as technical advancement and economic Reasonableness Other factors such as reliability, maintainability, operability, and energy supply also play a role in this decision-making process. 8. Technical and economic evaluation: This refers to the analysis of equipment planning from both technical and economic perspectives, based on the dialectical relationship between technology and economics. It involves comparing and evaluating various options in order to determine their necessity, feasibility, and cost-effectiveness, thereby achieving the optimal combination of technological advancement and economic rationality and securing the best possible economic benefits. 9. Equipment operation procedures: Refer to the relevant regulations and procedures for operators to correctly use the equipment. Since the structures of different types of equipment vary, the requirements for operating them also differ. When drafting equipment operation procedures, it is necessary to rely primarily on the specifications provided in the equipment manuals issued by the manufacturers. 10. Equipment Operation Procedures: The equipment operation procedures specify the requirements and regulations for operators to use the equipment. For example: Operators must undergo training in the basic skills of equipment operation. After passing an exam, they are issued an operating certificate, which is required to operate the equipment ； Do not overload the equipment ； Comply with the equipment shift-handover system, etc. 11. Equipment maintenance procedures: Equipment maintenance procedures refer to the measures and precautions that workers must take to ensure the proper operation of the equipment. For example: Operators must inspect and lubricate the equipment at the start of their shift, and ensure that the equipment is cleaned at the end of the shift; they must also perform lubrication as specified in the lubrication chart. Maintenance workers, on the other hand, are responsible for conducting periodic inspections, regular maintenance, and adjustments of the equipment. 12. Planned preventive maintenance system: A system for carrying out preventive daily maintenance, inspections, as well as major, medium, and minor repairs on equipment in accordance with a repair plan. It was first introduced in the Soviet Union; it is based primarily on the repair cycle structure and the complexity coefficient of repairs, and represents a type of preventive repair plan implemented in advance. 13. Equipment maintenance plan: Based on the actual operating hours of the equipment, its technical condition, inspection data, the types of repairs required for key components, and the role of the equipment in the production process, different maintenance methods are employed to develop preventive strategies; this is a maintenance plan that combines preventive measures with condition-based approaches. 14. Hierarchical management of equipment: In the field of equipment management, the principle of \"hierarchical management\" should be applied. For key equipment that has a direct impact on the completion of **important national or local tasks as well as key product plans, the relevant industry and local authorities must manage such equipment carefully in accordance with their assigned responsibilities. Plans, policies, regulations, and rules related to equipment management across the entire industry must be formulated uniformly, and their implementation should be monitored and supervised. Important technical and economic indicators as well as rules and regulations for equipment management must be established and checked by the authorities responsible for equipment management. 15. Combining maintenance with planned repairs: Equipment maintenance refers to the daily activities carried out to maintain the equipment’s specified functions, while planned repairs refer to the comprehensive inspection and repair work needed to restore those specified functions. (The maintenance plan is prepared based on the actual technical condition of the equipment.) The maintenance of equipment and scheduled inspections are integral parts of equipment repair work; neither can be neglected. They should be planned carefully and integrated closely together to ensure that the equipment remains in good technical condition. 16. A combination of repair, modification, and renewal: The repair of equipment refers to the technical activities carried out to restore its specified functions, serving as a partial compensation for the physical wear and tear of the equipment. Equipment modification involves upgrading existing equipment by using new technologies, new structures, and components ； It is a partial compensation for the technical wear and tear of equipment, while upgrading refers to replacing the existing equipment with newer models that are more advanced technologically or have better performance – representing a thorough compensation for the wear and tear of the equipment. Considering the repair, modification, and renewal of equipment together enables it to achieve better economic benefits, and this is also the main approach to equipment management and maintenance. 17. Combination of professional management and mass management: The integration of professional management and mass management of equipment is the organizational form adopted in China for equipment management. Professional management refers to the comprehensive functional management of an enterprise’s equipment and power systems, while mass management involves carrying out mass-based equipment management activities among operating workers. This organizational form combining professional and mass management has been proven effective in practice. 18. Combination of technical management and economic management: Technical management is a general term for all organizational and managerial activities related to production technology within an enterprise. Economic management refers to the overall term for management activities in social material production, aimed at achieving greater results with fewer human, material, financial resources, and time. Throughout the life cycle of a device, there exist two forms of movement: physical movement and value movement. The control of the physical movement of equipment falls under the scope of technical management, while the control of its value movement belongs to economic management. The aim of improving both the technical and economic aspects of equipment management is to achieve economical total life-cycle costs for the equipment, and these two aspects must be closely integrated. 19. Equipment in good condition: Equipment in good condition means it possesses the specified functions and is in a sound state. The specific standards for such a condition are established based on the characteristics of equipment in that industry as well as general requirements. 20. Key equipment: Enterprises identify, based on the nature and requirements of their production, the equipment that plays a vital role in the manufacturing process, and focus maintenance and management efforts on such equipment to ensure the smooth operation of production. Once the key equipment is identified, it does not remain unchanged for long; it is adjusted regularly as the company’s production structure, production plans, and product manufacturing requirements change. 21. Sudden failures of equipment: Random failures that cannot be predicted through prior testing or monitoring, with no obvious signs in advance nor any progression over time; the probability of such failures is independent of the amount of time the equipment has been in use. 22. Gradual failure of equipment: Failures that can be predicted through prior testing or monitoring, where the probability of failure increases over time; the longer the equipment is in use, the higher the likelihood of failure, such as due to part wear, corrosion, fatigue, aging, etc. 23. The four principles of not letting go: In the case of serious equipment accidents, it is necessary to adhere to the four principles of not letting go; the accident must not be resolved until its causes have been clearly analyzed ； Those responsible for the accident, as well as those who lack education, will not be spared ； Those responsible for the accident will not go unpunished ； No risk is overlooked without preventive measures. The purpose is to prevent similar accidents from occurring again. 24. Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF): The MTBF analysis method refers to the average value of the time intervals between failures for a device that can be repaired, from one failure to the next. Companies use the MTBF analysis method to examine how \"all equipment downtime leads to maintenance tasks,\" record the various problems that occur, and create analysis tables thereby identifying the key areas for reducing maintenance efforts, in order to improve the reliability and maintainability of the equipment. 25. Daily inspections and regular inspections of equipment: Daily inspections refer to a equipment condition management and maintenance method in which operators, in accordance with specified standards and relying primarily on their senses, check the technical condition of various parts of the equipment. Regular inspections, on the other hand, are a equipment condition management and maintenance method in which maintenance workers, at predetermined intervals, use their senses or instruments to conduct comprehensive checks and measurements of the equipment’s performance and accuracy. 26. The “five disciplines” for using equipment: (1) Use the equipment only with an operation permit, and comply with safety operating procedures. (2) Keep the equipment clean regularly and refuel it as specified. (3) Comply with the equipment shift handover system. (4) Manage tools and attachments properly to prevent loss. (5) If any abnormality is detected, stop the machine immediately. For issues that cannot be resolved on one’s own, notify the relevant personnel promptly to conduct an inspection and take action. 27. “Four requirements” for equipment maintenance: (1) Neatness, meaning that tools, workpieces, accessories, safety devices, as well as wires and pipes, should be neat, complete, and in good condition. (2) Cleaning, that is, the inside and outside of the equipment should be clean without oil residues, and any chips and debris around the equipment must be removed. (3) Lubrication, which involves filling and changing oil on schedule, using oil of appropriate quality, keeping all lubrication devices, oil felt, oil lines, and oil gauges clean, and ensuring unobstructed oil flow. (4) Safety, which means strictly following the operating and usage procedures for the equipment, using it properly, maintaining it carefully, and ensuring no accidents occur. 28. The eight-principle guideline for power equipment management: safety, reliability, economy, rationality. The economic operation of power equipment refers to an operating mode in which the entire power system achieves minimal losses and lowest costs while ensuring load supply. 29. Five fixed points for lubrication and three-stage filtration: The five fixed points refer to: assigning a specific person (designating someone to carry out the oiling) ； Timing (scheduled oil change) ； Fixed point (fixed-point fueling) ； Qualitative (qualitative oil feeding) ； Quantitative (oil for quantification). Third-level filtration refers to the fact that liquid lubricants must be filtered before entering the company’s main oil storage tank, filtered again when placed in the lubrication containers, and filtered once more when added to the equipment. 30. Specialization in equipment maintenance: Planning and implementing networks of specialized repair shops or regional maintenance centers based on regions or different types of equipment. Through economic contracts, these specialized repair shops carry out equipment maintenance for enterprises that lack the capability or resources for such work; this represents an important form of specialization in maintenance services. 31. Socialization of equipment maintenance: Separating equipment maintenance tasks from enterprises, establishing and improving various independent professional repair facilities to undertake these tasks, thereby gradually forming a socialized repair system. This is a strategic goal for achieving reform of the organizational structure in industrial production. 32. Equipment safety management: The safe operating condition of equipment should be an important aspect of equipment management. Equipment safety management is widely integrated into all aspects of equipment management. A safety assessment should be conducted for the planning and procurement of equipment ； Safety procedures must be strictly followed during installation and commissioning. Safety inspections and adherence to safety regulations should be strengthened during use, maintenance, and repair. More safe and reliable equipment and devices should be selected for upgrades and renovations.