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1 Types of leakage points: There are a wide variety of mechanical seals used in pumps, with different models, but there are mainly five locations where leakage can occur. (l) The seal between the shaft sleeve and the shaft； (2) Sealing between the rotating ring and the shaft sleeve ； (3) Sealing between the rotating and stationary rings ； (4) Sealing between the stationary ring and the stationary ring seat ； (5) Sealing between the seal end cover and the pump body. 2 Analysis and determination of leakage causes: Leakage occurs during the static test after installation. After the mechanical seal is installed and adjusted, a static test is generally carried out to observe the leakage rate. If the leakage amount is small, it is usually due to a problem with the seal ring of the rotating ring or the stationary ring ； A large leakage amount indicates a problem in the friction pair between the rotating and stationary rings. Based on the initial assessment of the leakage amount and identification of the leakage location, manual rotation of the shaft is carried out for further inspection; if there is no significant change in the leakage amount, then there is a problem with the static or dynamic ring seals ； If there is a significant change in the leakage amount during cranking, it can be concluded that there is a problem with the friction pair between the rotating and stationary rings ； If the leaking medium is ejected axially, there are usually problems with the rotating ring seal; if the leaking medium sprays in all directions or leaks out through the water cooling holes, it is typically due to a failure of the stationary ring seal. Furthermore, leakage paths can also exist simultaneously, but there is usually a primary and secondary distinction; with careful observation and familiarity with the structure, it is definitely possible to make the correct judgment. Leakage that occurred during the trial run. After a static test, the mechanical seal used in pumps prevents leakage of the medium due to the centrifugal force generated by high-speed rotation during operation. Therefore, during commissioning, mechanical seal leakage, after ruling out failures in the shaft-separation and end-cap seals, is basically caused by damage to the friction pair of the rotating and stationary rings. The main factors that cause seal failure in friction pairs are (l) during operation, abnormal conditions such as evacuation, cavitation, and pressure buildup generate significant axial forces, leading to the separation of the contact surfaces between the moving and stationary rings ； (2) Excessive compression during the installation of the mechanical seal leads to severe wear and scarring of the end faces of the friction pairs ； (3) The rotating ring seal is too tight, preventing the spring from adjusting the axial movement of the rotating ring ； (4) The seal ring of the stationary ring is too loose; when the moving ring moves axially, the stationary ring comes loose from its seat ； (5) There are particulate substances in the working medium, which enter the friction pair during operation, affecting the sealing surfaces of the moving and stationary rings used for flaw detection ； (6) Incorrect design selection, too low specific pressure at the sealing surface, or high cold shrinkage of the sealing material, etc. The above phenomenon occurs frequently during trial operation; sometimes it can be eliminated by making appropriate adjustments to the static ring seat, etc., but in most cases it is necessary to disassemble and reassemble the components and replace the seals. Failure resulting from the loss of the lubrication film at the two sealing surfaces: a) Dry friction occurs when the pump is started with no liquid in the sealing chamber, due to the sealing load on the surfaces ； b) The medium’s pressure is below its saturated vapor pressure, causing the liquid film on the end faces to flash and lose its lubricating effect ； c) If the medium is a volatile substance, when scaling or blockage occurs in the mechanical seal cooling system, the friction at the end faces and the heat generated by the rotating elements stirring the liquid cause the saturated vapor pressure of the medium to rise, which also results in the medium pressure being lower than its saturated vapor pressure. Mechanical seal failure caused by corrosion: a) Pitting on the seal surface, even penetration. b) Due to the welding of the tungsten carbide ring to the stainless steel seat, intergranular corrosion is likely to occur in the stainless steel seat during use ； c) Welded metal bellows, springs, etc. are prone to rupture under the combined effect of stress and medium corrosion. Mechanical seal failure caused by high-temperature effects: a) Thermal cracking is the most common failure phenomenon in high-temperature oil pumps, such as sludge pumps, re-refining oil pumps, and bottom pump in atmospheric and vacuum distillation towers. Radial cracks in the ring surface can occur at the sealing surface due to dry friction, sudden interruption of cooling water, intrusion of impurities into the sealing surface, evacuation, and other such conditions ； b) Graphite carbonization is one of the main reasons for seal failure when carbon-graphite rings are used. During use, if the graphite ring exceeds its allowable temperature (usually between -105 and 250°C), resin will precipitate on its surface; the resin near the friction surface will carbonize. In the presence of a binder, this will cause the material to foam and soften, thereby increasing leakage at the sealing surface and leading to seal failure ； c) Auxiliary seals (such as fluororubber, EPDM, all-rubber types) will rapidly age, crack, and harden and lose their elasticity when exposed to temperatures above the allowable limit. The flexible graphite currently in use has good high-temperature resistance and corrosion resistance, but its resilience is poor. It is also prone to cracking and can be easily damaged during installation. Seal failure caused by wear of the sealing end face: a) Factors such as poor wear resistance of the materials used in the friction pair, high friction coefficient, and excessive end face pressure (including spring pressure) can all reduce the service life of mechanical seals. For commonly used materials, the order of wear resistance is silicon carbide—carbon graphite, cemented carbide—carbon graphite, ceramics—carbon graphite, sprayed ceramics—carbon graphite, silicon nitride ceramics—carbon graphite, high-speed steel—carbon graphite, and surfacing cemented carbide—carbon graphite. b) For media containing solid particles, the penetration of solid particles into the sealing surface is the main cause of seal failure. Solid particles that enter the end surfaces of the friction pair act as abrasives, causing severe wear on the seal and leading to its failure. A proper gap in the sealing surface, the degree of balance of the mechanical seal, as well as the flashing of the liquid film on the sealing surface, are all major causes of the sealing surface opening and allowing solid particles to enter. c) The balance degree β of the mechanical seal also affects the wear of the seal. Under normal circumstances, a balance level of around β=75% is most suitable. When β < 75%, although wear decreases, leakage increases, and the likelihood of the sealing surface opening rises. For mechanical seals under high load conditions (high PV values), due to the significant frictional heat generated at the end faces, a value of β between 65% and 70% is generally appropriate. For hydrocarbon media with low boiling points, since temperature has a significant impact on the vaporization of such media, a value of β between 80% and 85% is better in order to reduce the effect of frictional heat. Mechanical seal leakage is caused by errors resulting from installation, operation, or the equipment itself; mechanical seal leakage occurs due to improper installation. It is mainly manifested in the following aspects: 1) The contact surfaces of the rotating and stationary rings are uneven, and they are damaged due to collision during installation ； 2) The dimensions of the dynamic and static ring seals are incorrect, damaged, or not properly compressed ； 3) Foreign objects on the surfaces of the moving and stationary rings ； 4) The direction of the V-shaped seals on the moving and stationary rings is reversed, or the edges are installed in the wrong orientation ； 5) Leakage at the shaft sleeve; the sealing ring is not installed or the compression force is insufficient ； 6) The spring force is uneven; individual springs are not perpendicular, and springs of different types vary in length ； 7) The perpendicularity between the end face of the sealing chamber and the shaft is insufficient ； 8) There are corrosion spots at the moving parts of the seal ring on the shaft sleeve. When the equipment is in operation, the main reasons for leakage in the mechanical seal are as follows: 1) The axial movement of the pump impeller exceeds the specified limits; periodic vibrations of the shaft, unstable process operations, and frequent changes in pressure within the sealing chamber can all lead to periodic leakage of the seal ； 2) Leakage caused by damage or deformation of the friction pair, preventing proper running-in ； 3) Improper selection of seal ring material, resulting in swelling and loss of elasticity ； 4) The large spring is not oriented correctly ； 5) Excessive vibration when the equipment is in operation ； 6) Scale formation between the moving and stationary rings and the shaft sleeve causes the spring to lose its elasticity, thereby preventing it from compensating for wear on the sealing surfaces ； 7) Cracking and other defects occur in the sealing ring. Leakage occurs when the pump is restarted after being shut down for a while, mainly due to the solidification and crystallization of the medium near the friction pairs, as well as scale formation on these pairs, corrosion of the springs, and loss of their elasticity due to blockages. The pump shaft deflection is too large.