【History of Sea and River Pipelines】Which was China’s first undersea pipeline? ?

The deployment of submarine pipelines in our country started relatively late. In 1973, China laid 3 submarine oil pipelines, each 500 meters long, near Huangdao in Shandong Province using the surface tow method. In 1985, the Bohai Petroleum Offshore Engineering Company successfully laid a 1.6-kilometer-long submarine oil pipeline (between drilling and production platforms) in the Chengbei oil field, also using the surface tow method. In 1987, our country introduced a small pipe-laying ship, ending the period without any such ships in the country and ushering in an era of pipe-laying using these vessels, **which improved the efficiency and quality of underwater pipeline construction.

 1  Pipeline laying in shallow coastal waters    1  Introduction  The oil and gas extracted from offshore oil and gas fields is, aside from a small portion that is transported directly by ship at sea, mostly transferred via pipelines to land for processing and then delivered to end-users. As offshore oil and gas exploration progresses, the role of marine pipelines becomes increasingly important, which necessitates efficient and feasible construction methods for submarine pipelines. The laying of submarine pipelines has a long history internationally. Since Browne & Root Offshore Engineering laid the first submarine pipeline in the Gulf of Mexico in the United States in 1954, countries around the world have successfully installed submarine pipelines of various types and diameters in their nearby seas. As the water depth in marine areas increases, pipelaying technology has also seen significant development accordingly. Currently, the main laying methods include surface tow method, underwater tow method, bottom tow method, bottom-away tow method, pipe-laying ship method, J-type pipe-laying method for deep-water areas, and reel pipe-laying method. In China, the deployment of submarine pipelines started relatively late. In 1973, China laid 3 submarine oil pipelines, each 500 meters long, near Huangdao in Shandong Province using the surface tow method. In 1985, the Bohai Petroleum Offshore Engineering Company successfully laid a 1.6-kilometer-long submarine oil pipeline (between drilling and production platforms) in the Chengbei oil field using the same surface tow method. In 1987, our country introduced a small pipe-laying ship, ending the period without any such ships in the country and ushering in an era of pipe-laying using these vessels, **which improved the efficiency and quality of underwater pipeline construction.   2 Segmented floating tow method  The most widely used methods for laying submarine pipelines in China at present are the floating tow method and the pipeline-laying ship method; this article focuses on these two pipeline-laying methods.   The segmented floating tow method is a relatively mature and earlier-developed method for laying submarine pipelines. It is commonly found in areas with complex seabeds, where there are other submarine pipelines or cables near the planned pipeline route, making it difficult to use the pipe-laying method. Areas with shallow water depths where pipe-laying vessels cannot carry out pipe-laying operations properly. The distance is short, such as the pipeline connections between offshore platforms. In these cases, the segmented floating tow method is generally used for laying. The segmented floating tow method mainly consists of two stages: prefabrication on land and installation at sea.   2.1 Onshore prefabrication  Onshore prefabrication consists of the following steps:  1) Prefabricating small sections. Generally, they are prefabricated in the factory floor as sections of about 60 meters long, and 2) the sleeves are inserted one within another. Suitable for double-wall pipes  3) Long-distance connections. This process is carried out in an open area and includes the connection of the inner tube and the outer tube. 4) It is lifted onto the delivery slide, as shown in Figure 1.   5) Ball test pressure

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Among the more than 40 oil and gas fields that have been built or are under construction in Chinese waters, almost every one of them has submarine pipelines, with the total length of all such pipelines already in place reaching nearly 2,100 km. Representative submarine pipelines include: (1) The Boshai SZ36—1 oil field, which built the world’s first insulated oil pipeline with a length of 70 km, an inner pipe diameter of 508 mm, and an outer protective pipe diameter of 660 mm. (2) The first oil and gas field in the East China Sea – the Shanghai Pinghu Oil and Gas Field – has seen the construction of a gas pipeline 367 km long and 356 mm in diameter, as well as an oil/gas condensate pipeline 303 km long and 254 mm in diameter. In the construction of such pipelines, there are submarine oil pipelines that use flexible hoses, as well as special types of submarine pipelines with a \"main pipe\" structure. Undersea oil and gas pipelines belong to the category of projects that require high investment, carry high risks, and involve significant technical challenges. In China, the technical foundation in this area was extremely weak; before the policy of reform and opening up, such projects practically did not exist at all. Since beginning to cooperate internationally in the development of offshore oil and gas resources, Chinese marine engineering professionals have continuously improved their design and construction capabilities through project collaboration and the introduction of technologies and equipment. From the project cooperation on the three oil transport pipeline projects for the Chengbei Oil Field and the Bozhong 28–1 Oil Field, which were developed through Sino-Japanese collaboration in 1984, to the design and installation of the 4 submarine pipelines and 8 platform risers for the Bozhong 34–2/4 Oil Field, the country has acquired design and construction capabilities that are on an international level. The latter has also received approval from a third-party authoritative inspection agency—the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), and this engineering design was awarded the **-level Excellent Design Award in 1991. For this project, small second-generation pipe-laying ships purchased from abroad were used to carry out the offshore pipeline laying in accordance with the most commonly used international methods for such tasks. The core pipeline-laying techniques were mastered, and these techniques were applied to complete the installation of multiple submarine pipeline projects in the Bohai Sea. For this reason, the laying technique using subsea pipeline layboats won the **-level Science and Technology Progress Award in 1992.

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